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Our knowledge of the conservation status of reptiles, the most diverse class of terrestrial vertebrates, has improved dramatically over the past decade, but still lags behind that of the other tetrapod groups. Here, we conduct the first comprehensive evaluation (~92% of the world's ~1714 described species) of the conservation status of skinks (Scincidae), a speciose reptile family with a worldwide distribution. Using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, we report that ~20% of species are threatened with extinction, and nine species are Extinct or Extinct in the Wild. The highest levels of threat are evident in Madagascar and the Neotropics, and in the subfamilies Mabuyinae, Eugongylinae and Scincinae. The vast majority of threatened skink species were listed based primarily on their small geographic ranges (Criterion B, 83%; Criterion D2, 13%). Although the population trend of 42% of species was stable, 14% have declining populations. The key threats to skinks are habitat loss due to agriculture, invasive species, and biological resource use (e.g., hunting, timber harvesting). The distributions of 61% of species do not overlap with protected areas. Despite our improved knowledge of the conservation status of the world's skinks, 8% of species remain to be assessed, and 14% are listed as Data Deficient. The conservation status of almost a quarter of the world's skink species thus remains unknown. We use our updated knowledge of the conservation status of the group to develop and outline the priorities for the conservation assessment and management of the world's skink species. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Aim\ud \ud Variation in body size across animal species underlies most ecological and evolutionary processes shaping local‐ and large‐scale patterns of biodiversity. For well over a century, climatic factors have been regarded as primary sources of natural selection on animal body size, and hypotheses such as Bergmann's rule (the increase of body size with decreasing temperature) have dominated discussions. However, evidence for consistent climatic effects, especially among ectotherms, remains equivocal. Here, we test a range of key hypotheses on climate‐driven size evolution in squamate reptiles across several spatial and phylogenetic scales.\ud \ud \ud \ud Location\ud \ud Global.\ud \ud \ud \ud Time period\ud \ud Extant.\ud \ud \ud \ud Major taxa studied\ud \ud Squamates (lizards and snakes).\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud We quantified the role of temperature, precipitation, seasonality and net primary productivity as drivers of body mass across ca. 95% of extant squamate species (9,733 spp.). We ran spatial autoregressive models of phylogenetically corrected median mass per equal‐area grid cell. We ran models globally, across separate continents and for major squamate clades independently. We also performed species‐level analyses using phylogenetic generalized least square models and linear regressions of independent contrasts of sister species.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Our analyses failed to identify consistent spatial patterns in body size as a function of our climatic predictors. Nearly all continent‐ and family‐level models differed from one another, and species‐level models had low explanatory power.\ud \ud \ud \ud Main conclusions\ud \ud The global distribution of body mass among living squamates varies independently from the variation in multiple components of climate. Our study, the largest in spatial and taxonomic scale conducted to date, reveals that there is little support for a universal, consistent mechanism of climate‐driven size evolution within squamates.

The efficient use of resources for the achievement of educational objectives is a key issue in attaining sustainable educational development. This essay reports the results of the application of production frontier methodology, a method first developed in the field of the economy, comparing the SIMCE score of student in private, subsidized and municipal schools in the county of Talca. Accounting for data restraints, the results show that the ten schools with the best SIMCE scores do not coincide with those judged to be the ten most efficient schools under the Stochastic Frontier Model. This is due to the fact that the SIMCE test measures performance achievement in specific test of knowledge; nevertheless, efficiency, as defined by the stochastic frontier models, embodies variables that affect such achievement, and also let us identify the degree of influence of these variables in product (SIMCE)., La eficiencia en el uso de los recursos para el logro de los objetivos educacionales es materia clave para alcanzar un desarrollo educacional sostenido. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de la aplicación de la metodología de Fronteras de Producción, proveniente del ámbito económico, comparando los logros en el SIMCE de los establecimientos educacionales particulares, subvencionados y municipales de la comuna de Talca.Superando las limitantes de la información, los resultados dan cuenta que los diez establecimientos con mejores resultados en SIMCE no coinciden con los diez colegios más eficientes bajo el modelo de Fronteras Estocásticas. Lo anterior se debe a que el SIMCE mide logros de rendimiento en determinadas pruebas de conocimientos, en tanto que la eficiencia, aplicando modelos de Fronteras Estocásticas, incorpora variables que afectan dicho logro y también permite identificar el grado de influencia de estas variables en el producto (SIMCE).

The article analyzes the short term future of the current university system for the admission of undergraduate students, in the light of the impacts and changes which should emerge in the Chilean educational system as a result of the current educational reform. As known that the first national admission system generated in Chile from 1930 onwards (‘bachillerato’) was modified as an outcome of the formal educational system the transformations and the requirements of a better predictive capacity of the applicants’ entrance background.The current admission system, implemented in 1967, has often been modified within the same theoretical framework. The article discusses uncertain topics in relation to the new conditions required by the students and the scientific, professional level in the country and its impact on the admission processes. The possibility that the framework can be modified in order to fulfil the new requirements, or substituted for a new admission system is examined., El artículo analiza el futuro de mediano plazo del actual Sistema de Selección de alumnos de pregrado de las Universidades del Consejo de Rectores, a partir de los impactos y cambios que se estima debería generar la reforma educacional en el nivel medio de la educación nacional. Como se sabe, el primer sistema masivo de admisión impulsado en nuestro país (Bachillerato) desde 1930 en adelante fue forzado al cambio producto de las transformaciones del sistema educacional formal, así como también por los requerimientos de mejoría de la capacidad predictiva de los antecedentes de ingreso de los postulantes en pos de las nuevas competencias y conocimientos exigidos al mismo sistema universitario.El actual sistema de selección de alumnos, puesto en práctica desde 1967 en adelante, ha experimentado adecuaciones sucesivas, todas dentro del paradigma teórico que le sustenta. Las dudas que se presentan dicen relación con las nuevas demandas de egresados y del medio científico y profesional del país y su impacto en los procesos de selección. Las interrogantes se dirigen a establecer si el paradigma permite más adecuaciones o finalmente terminará cambiando hacia un nuevo esquema de selección.

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Aim: Community assembly is traditionally assumed to result from speciation and colonization mediated by available niche space. This paradigm is expanded by the theory that niche space can also be saturated by intersexual adaptive divergence (ecological sexual dimorphism) when interspecific competition is relaxed. This theory (here termed 'niche-packing equivalence') predicts that the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism constrains the ecological opportunity that would otherwise lead to ecological speciation or colonization, and that saturation of niches by different species constrains divergent selection for divergence between the sexes. Therefore, sexes and species are equivalent, yet antagonistic units of niche occupation. We present the most comprehensive test of the niche-packing equivalence theory at ecological time-scales (assemblage level) to date. Location: South America Major taxa studied: Liolaemus lizards. Methods: We identified 23 Liolaemus assemblages varying in species richness and sexual size dimorphism (SSD), distributed across a wide environmental range. We used mixed effects models, permutation tests and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) regressions to quantify the relationship between SSD and species richness. We then partitioned the body size niche dimension between the sexes and amongst species, and tested for non-overlapping body size distributions. We regressed SSD and species richness of each assemblage against environmental predictors, using multi-model inference and structural equation modelling. Results: Sexual dimorphism declines with increasing species richness, and a strong signal of tension between the two remains following phylogenetic control. This pattern is accompanied by evidence of constraints on body-size partitioning amongst species and between the sexes: the two units of niche saturation tend not to overlap. However, across assemblages, species richness and SSD correlate with different environmental variables, suggesting that their tension is context-specific. Main conclusions: Our evidence supports the prediction that sexual dimorphism and species richness are alternative outcomes of adaptive radiation. However, this antagonism is mediated by a suite of environmental predictors that influence dimorphism and species richness differentially.

Resumen Introduccion La acalasia es el trastorno motor primario mas frecuente del esofago. El estandar de tratamiento actual es la miotomia de Heller laparoscopica. En los ultimos anos, el desarrollo de tecnicas endoscopicas avanzadas ha permitido el posicionamiento de la tecnica POEM (del ingles: per-oral endoscopic myotomy) como una nueva alternativa terapeutica con resultados promisorios. Objetivo Presentar nuestra experiencia clinica, con descripcion de la tecnica utilizada, resultados perioperatorios y seguimiento a corto plazo en el desarrollo de esta alternativa terapeutica. Materiales y metodos Se realizo un analisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos en forma prospectiva de 15 pacientes intervenidos mediante POEM en 3 hospitales docentes asociados. Se recopilaron variables demograficas preoperatorias, detalle del intraoperatorio y registro de morbimortalidad operatoria. Se realizo un seguimiento clinico dirigido registrando el puntaje de Eckardt y la presencia de sintomas de reflujo gastroesofagico. Resultados Entre agosto de 2015 y noviembre de 2016 se realizaron 15 POEM. Seis de estos pacientes eran mujeres, y la edad promedio fue de 49 anos. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 110 min; no hubo morbimortalidad operatoria. La estadia hospitalaria promedio fue de 2,8 dias. El seguimiento fue de entre 1 y 15 meses. El puntaje de Eckardt promedio en el preoperatorio y en el postoperatorio fue de 10,5 y 0,4 puntos, respectivamente. Tres pacientes presentaban sintomas de reflujo gastroesofagico al momento del seguimiento. Conclusion Los resultados obtenidos en nuestra serie apoyan la efectividad y seguridad del POEM a corto plazo. Se requiere de un seguimiento mayor para determinar el rol definitivo de esta tecnica.

De 4.584 urocultivos, 1.112 (24.3 o/o) fueron positivos para infecciones del tracto urinario, los mismos que corresponden a pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Vozandes entre septiembre

Global biodiversity loss is creating a more urgent need to understand the role organisms play in ecosystem functioning and mechanisms of control. Decomposition of dead organic matter is a key ecological process that ensures soil formation, nutrient availability, and carbon sequestration. To gain understanding of how biodiversity and ecosystems function together to control leaf-litter decomposition processes in a tropical rain forest (Yasuni National Park, Ecuador), we predicted the consequences of the decomposition process using a protocol in which we systematically disassemble the structural functionality of the soil macrofauna communities. We (1) describe the structure and function of the edaphic communities in detail and (2) explore the functional consequences of structural changes in these communities using a non-random exclusion experiment to simulate body size-related extinctions. To do this, we manipulated access of five size classes of soil invertebrates to eight types of plant leaf-litter resources. After measuring and identifying about 4400 soil individuals belonging to 541 morphospecies, 12 functional groups, and following the fate of about 2000 tree leaves in a 50-ha plot, we showed that (1) soil invertebrate communities were composed of a few common and many rare morphospecies that included mostly leaf-litter transformer groups, with the most morphospecies and the greatest abundance coming from Hymenoptera, Collembola, and Coleoptera; (2) our survey captured 63-74% of the total soil biodiversity of the study area (meaning there may be up to 860 morphospecies); (3) litter transformers covered the widest range of body volume, and all groups were evenly distributed at small and large spatial scales (i.e., we found no patterns of spatial aggregation); (4) changes in food web structure significantly altered biomass loss for only three of the eight leaf-litter treatments, suggesting the decomposition process was highly resistant to drastic changes such as size-biased biodiversity loss independent of resource quality. We conclude organic matter decomposition may depend on all non-additive effects that arise from multi-species interactions, including facilitation, interspecific interference competition, and top-down control that predators exert over detritivores at all body size ranges.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile y la sobrevida se encuentra en directa relación con la etapa de la enfermedad. El cáncer gástrico incipiente se define como aquel cáncer limitado a la mucosa o sub-mucosa independiente del compromiso ganglionar y se caracteriza por su excelente pronóstico, con sobrevida mayor a 90% a 10 años de seguimiento. La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una técnica descrita y desarrollada en Japón que permite la resección en bloque y con márgenes negativos de tumores incipientes mayores a 2 cm por vía endoscópica. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos (Pubmed, EBSCO, Cochrane) bajo las palabras clave: "gastric cáncer", "early gastric cáncer", "endoscopic submucosal dissection". Resultados: Los resultados de grandes series demuestran una sobrevida comparable a la cirugía clásica, con menor morbilidad y sin mortalidad asociada. La presente revisión describe la técnica de disección sub-mucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente, sus indicaciones, los resultados, el análisis de las piezas resecadas, las complicaciones y el modo de seguimiento de los pacientes. Conclusión: La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una alternativa válida, con buenos resultados a largo plazo en pacientes debidamente seleccionados.

Se realizo un estudio con el objetivo de cuantificar y caracterizar la carga polinica en la ciudad de Temuco, entre los anos 2006-2009. Para el muestreo aerobiologico se utilizo un captador volumetrico Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap®. Las muestras obtenidas fueron analizadas semana tras semanas durante el periodo en estudio. Con los resultados del conteo polinico semanal se determinaron las 11 principales especies de flora urbana anemofilas de Temuco mas susceptibles de producir polinosis. Las mayores concentraciones de polen se obtienen entre Septiembre y Marzo, siendo las especies mas importantes: Pastos (Gramineae/Poaceae), Cipres (Cupressus sp) y Acedera (Rumex sp).

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows curative treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) in selected patients. Aim: To report our initial experience with ESD. Material and Methods: Analysis of prospective data from 16 patients aged 61 to 84 years, who underwent ESD between December 2011 and June 2014. Tumor type, operative time, hospitalization length, oncologic outcomes, complications and short-term follow up were registered. Results: En-block resection was achieved in all cases. The median operative time was 135 min (range: 50-320 min). Specimens' median size was 3.5 cm (range: 3-10). All the resections were R0. In 14 patients ESD was considered curative. In two patients, ESD was considered potentially non-curative due to the presence pathological risk factors for lymph-node metastases in the biopsy specimen. Both patients underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph-node dissection. There was one case of gastric wall perforation that was repaired by laparoscopic suture. There was no mortality. The median follow-up time was 15 months (range: 2-30 months). Conclusions: ESD is a feasible and safe procedure in our institution with good results in this initial experience.

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows curative treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) in selected patients. Aim: To report our initial experience with ESD. Material and methods: Analysis of prospective data from 16 patients aged 61 to 84 years, who underwent ESD between December 2011 and June 2014. Tumor type, operative time, hospitalization length, oncologic outcomes, complications and short-term follow up were registered. Results: En-block resection was achieved in all cases. The median operative time was 135 min (range: 50-320 min). Specimens’ median size was 3.5 cm (range: 3-10). All the resections were R0. In 14 patients ESD was considered curative. In two patients, ESD was considered potentially non-curative due to the presence pathological risk factors for lymph-node metastases in the biopsy specimen. Both patients underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph-node dissection. There was one case of gastric wall perforation that was repaired by laparoscopic suture. There was no mortality. The median follow-up time was 15 months (range: 2-30 months). Conclusions: ESD is a feasible and safe procedure in our institution with good results in this initial experience.

El Programa de Escuelas Focalizadas (antes P-900) es una iniciativa educativa de larga data impulsada en Chile por el Ministerio de Educación tras el retorno de la democracia (1990). Es uno de los programas que tuvo mayor éxito, aunque su rediseño se hace inminente por los resultados derivados de diversos estudios. Su estrategia significó apoyar pedagógicamente a las escuelas cuyos resultados en las pruebas de medición de logros de los cuartos grados se situaban en el 10% con peores valores (actualmente en el 18%). El proceso pedagógico sustentado por el Programa se centra en maestros y alumnos, con una acción positiva en diversos ámbitos. Los resultados dan cuenta de la percepción de los docentes participantes en una de las áreas geográficas con más bajos resultados y mayores índices de pobreza del Chile: la Provincia de Talca. Se trabajó con 249 docentes, aplicándoles un cuestionario estructurado con escalas Likert y Nominal. Los resultados confirman que los docentes conocen el programa, que tienen una percepción positiva pero que sus nuevas prácticas aún no son valoradas como un factor de desarrollo laboral de significación. Desde el punto de vista de una política educativa de acción positiva es indispensable introducir cambios de significación que implican su rediseño, aspecto que se debate en las conclusiones del texto.The Program of Focused Schools (formerly P-900) is a long-standing education initiative promoted in Chile by the Ministry for Education in the wake of the return to democracy (1990). It is one of the most successful programs, even if its redesign is already needed in face of results derived from several studies. Its strategy was to give pedagogical support to the schools whose pupils from the first four grades were within the 10% worst results in assessment exams (nowadays the 18% worst results). The pedagogical process proposed by the Program centers on teachers and pupils, with a positive action in several spheres. The text reports on the perception of participating teachers from one of the geographical areas with the worst results and levels of poverty in Chile: the Talca Province. The work involved 249 teachers, with the application of structured questionnaires with Likert and Nominal scales. The results confirm that the teachers know about the program, that they have a positive perception of it, but that its new practices are still not valued as a significant factor of professional development. From the point of view of an education policy based on positive action it is essential to introduce changes of meaning, implying in the redesign of the program, an aspect discussed in the conclusions of the article.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows curative treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) in selected patients.To report our initial experience with ESD.Analysis of prospective data from 16 patients aged 61 to 84 years, who underwent ESD between December 2011 and June 2014. Tumor type, operative time, hospitalization length, oncologic outcomes, complications and short-term follow up were registered.En-block resection was achieved in all cases. The median operative time was 135 min (range: 50-320 min). Specimens' median size was 3.5 cm (range: 3-10). All the resections were R0. In 14 patients ESD was considered curative. In two patients, ESD was considered potentially non-curative due to the presence pathological risk factors for lymph-node metastases in the biopsy specimen. Both patients underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph-node dissection. There was one case of gastric wall perforation that was repaired by laparoscopic suture. There was no mortality. The median follow-up time was 15 months (range: 2-30 months).ESD is a feasible and safe procedure in our institution with good results in this initial experience.

La Acalasia es el trastorno motor primario más frecuente del esófago. Existen diversas alternativas para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, siendo el gold standard actual la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica. Durante los últimos años, con el desarrollo de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas, se ha desarrollado una nueva técnica endoscópica para el tratamiento de esta patología; la técnica POEM (del inglés: Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy). Hoy en día pocos centros en el mundo realizan esta técnica, con un total de pacientes intervenidos hasta la fecha de aproximadamente mil, reportándose excelentes resultados y escasas complicaciones. La técnica consta de 5 pasos críticos: elevación de la mucosa esofágica, incisión de la mucosa, creación del túnel submucoso, miotomía de las fibras circulares internas de la pared esofágica extendiéndose hasta el estómago y cierre del defecto en la mucosa. Los mayores exponentes de esta compleja técnica recomiendan el entrenamiento previo en modelos animales simulados, con el fin de disminuir las curvas de aprendizaje previo a la realización en pacientes. En este artículo se presenta la técnica POEM, así como la implementación de un modelo de entrenamiento animal porcino ex vivo desarrollado en nuestra institución.

La Acalasia es el trastorno motor primario más frecuente del esófago. Existen diversas alternativas para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, siendo el gold standard actual la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica. Durante los últimos años, con el desarrollo de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas, se ha desarrollado una nueva técnica endoscópica para el tratamiento de esta patología; la técnica POEM (del inglés: Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy). Hoy en día pocos centros en el mundo realizan esta técnica, con un total de pacientes intervenidos hasta la fecha de aproximadamente mil, reportándose excelentes resultados y escasas complicaciones. La técnica consta de 5 pasos críticos: elevación de la mucosa esofágica, incisión de la mucosa, creación del túnel submucoso, miotomía de las fibras circulares internas de la pared esofágica extendiéndose hasta el estómago y cierre del defecto en la mucosa. Los mayores exponentes de esta compleja técnica recomiendan el entrenamiento previo en modelos animales simulados, con el fin de disminuir las curvas de aprendizaje previo a la realización en pacientes. En este artículo se presenta la técnica POEM, así como la implementación de un modelo de entrenamiento animal porcino ex vivo desarrollado en nuestra institución. Achalasia is the most common primary motor esophageal disturbance. The most recommended surgical treatment is laparoscopic surgical myotomy. In the last years a new endoscopic technique, called Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy, was developed for the treatment of the disease. Approximately 1.000 patients have been treated using this technique with good results and a low rate of complications. The five critical steps of the technique are elevation of esophageal mucosa, mucosal incision, creation of a submucosal tunnel, myotomy of internal circular muscular fibers of the esophageal wall, extending it to the stomach and closure of the mucosal wound. This article reports the technique and the implementation of an ex vivo swine training model to learn the technique.

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) can allow males and females of the same species to specialize on different sized food items and therefore minimize intraspecific competition. Interspecific competition, however, is thought to limit sexual dimorphism, as larger competitors in the community will prevent the larger sex from evolving larger size, and smaller species may prevent the smaller sex from becoming even smaller. We tested this prediction using data on the sexual size dimorphism of lizards, and mammalian carnivores, on islands world-wide. Because insular communities are depauperate, and guilds are species-poor, it is often assumed that enhanced sexual size dimorphism is common on islands. The intensity of interspecific competition, hindering enhanced dimorphism, is thought to increase with competitor richness. We tested whether intraspecific sexual size dimorphism of mammalian carnivores and lizards decreases with increasing island species richness. We further computed the average sexual dimorphism of species on islands and tested whether species-rich islands are inhabited by relatively monomorphic species. Within families and guilds across carnivores and lizards, and with both intraspecific and interspecific approaches, we consistently failed to find support for the notion that species-poor islands harbour more sexually dimorphic individuals or species. We conclude that either interspecific competition does not affect the sexual size dimorphism of insular lizards and carnivores (i.e. character displacement and species sorting are rare in these taxa), or that the number of species in an assemblage or guild is a poor proxy for the intensity of interspecific competition in insular assemblages. © 2014 British Ecological Society.

Se exponen los resultados de un estudio que analiza el aporte de la formación por competencias en el marco de los procesos de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación y su relación con los fenómenos sociales y económicos vigentes, atendiendo al escenario latinoamericano. Las crisis económicas mundiales presagian un agravamiento de la inestabilidad del trabajo en la región, y para contribuir a la gobernanza de los sistemas políticos se precisa de un pacto social sustentado en una educación de calidad con mayores oportunidades laborales. Ello demanda dispositivos institucionales y financieros que den soporte a la educación técnica y profesional por competencias. El texto enuncia diez proposiciones para resolver nudos estratégicos de la formación técnica y profesional de nivel secundário y superior.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile y la sobrevida se encuentra en directa relación con la etapa de la enfermedad. El cáncer gástrico incipiente se define como aquel cáncer limitado a la mucosa o sub-mucosa independiente del compromiso ganglionar y se caracteriza por su excelente pronóstico, con sobrevida mayor a 90% a 10 años de seguimiento. La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una técnica descrita y desarrollada en Japón que permite la resección en bloque y con márgenes negativos de tumores incipientes mayores a 2 cm por vía endoscópica. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos (Pubmed, EBSCO, Cochrane) bajo las palabras clave: "gastric cáncer", "early gastric cáncer", "endoscopic submucosal dissection". Resultados: Los resultados de grandes series demuestran una sobrevida comparable a la cirugía clásica, con menor morbilidad y sin mortalidad asociada. La presente revisión describe la técnica de disección sub-mucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente, sus indicaciones, los resultados, el análisis de las piezas resecadas, las complicaciones y el modo de seguimiento de los pacientes. Conclusión: La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una alternativa válida, con buenos resultados a largo plazo en pacientes debidamente seleccionados. Introduction: Gastric cancer is the leading cause of mortality in Chile and the survival rates are in direct relation with the stage of the disease. Early gastric cancer is defined as that confined to the mucosa or submucosa, regardless of the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases and it is characterized for its great prognosis, with a survival rate of more than 90% at ten years of follow up. Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a technique described and developed in Japan that allows the endoscopic complete en-bloc resection of lesions of more than 2 cm with tumor cell-negative margins. Method: Databases (Pubmed, EBSCO, Cochrane) were reviewed under the terms "gastric cancer", "early gastric cancer", "endoscopic submucosal dissection". Results: The results of published series demonstrate survival rates comparable to standard surgery with less morbidity and without mortality. The present revision describes the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique in early gastric cancer, its indications, the results, the analysis of the resected pieces, the complications and the follow up of the patients. Conclusion: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a feasible technique, with excellent oncologic results and low morbidity in selected patients.

Aim: Temperature influences most components of animal ecology and life history - but what kind of temperature? Physiologists usually examine the influence of body temperatures, while biogeographers and macroecologists tend to focus on environmental temperatures. We aim to examine the relationship between these two measures, to determine the factors that affect lizard body temperatures and to test the effect of both temperature measures on lizard life history. Location: World-wide. Methods: We used a large (861 species) global dataset of lizard body temperatures, and the mean annual temperatures across their geographic ranges to examine the relationships between body and mean annual temperatures. We then examined factors influencing body temperatures, and tested for the influence of both on ecological and life-history traits while accounting for the influence of shared ancestry. Results: Body temperatures and mean annual temperatures are uncorrelated. However, accounting for activity time (nocturnal species have low body temperatures), use of space (fossorial and semi-aquatic species are 'colder'), insularity (mainland species are 'hotter') and phylogeny, the two temperatures are positively correlated. High body temperatures are only associated with larger hatchlings and increased rates of biomass production. Annual temperatures are positively correlated with clutch frequency and annual longevity, and negatively correlated with clutch size, age at first reproduction and longevity. Main conclusions: Lizards with low body temperatures do not seem to have 'slower' life-history attributes than species with high body temperatures. The longer seasons prevalent in warm regions, and physiological processes that operate while lizards are inactive (but warm enough), make environmental temperatures better predictors of lizard life-history variation than body temperatures. This surprisingly greater effect of environmental temperatures on lizard life histories hints that global warming may have a profound influence on lizard ecology and evolution. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Se exponen los resultados de un estudio que analiza el aporte de la formación por competencias en el marco de los procesos de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación y su relación con los fenómenos sociales y económicos vigentes, atendiendo al escenario latinoamericano. Las crisis económicas mundiales presagian un agravamiento de la inestabilidad del trabajo en la región, y para contribuir a la gobernanza de los sistemas políticos se precisa de un pacto social sustentado en una educación de calidad con mayores oportunidades laborales. Ello demanda dispositivos institucionales y financieros que den soporte a la educación técnica y profesional por competencias. El texto enuncia diez proposiciones para resolver nudos estratégicos de la formación técnica y profesional de nivel secundario y superior. The paper presents the results of a study analyzing the contribution of skills-development within the framework of quality assurance in education and its relations with current social and economical phenomena in the Latin American scenario. World economic crises presage a worsening of job instability in the region, and, in order to contribute to governance in political systems, there must be a social pact sustained by quality education with greater job opportunities. This will require institutional and financial mechanisms to support skills-based technical and professional education. The text lists ten proposals to solve strategic bottlenecks in secondary and higher professional and technical education.

Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de cuantificar y caracterizar la carga polínica en la ciudad de Temuco, entre los años 2006-2009. Para el muestreo aerobiológico se utilizó un captador volumétrico Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap®. Las muestras obtenidas fueron analizadas semana tras semanas durante el período en estudio. Con los resultados del conteo polínico semanal se determinaron las 11 principales especies de flora urbana anemófilas de Temuco más susceptibles de producir polinosis. Las mayores concentraciones de polen se obtienen entre Septiembre y Marzo, siendo las especies más importantes: Pastos (Gramineae/Poaceae), Ciprés (Cupressus sp) y Acedera (Rumex sp). The aim of this study was to quantify and to characterize the amount ofpollen in the atmosphere of the city of Temuco, Chile from 2006 to 2009. Aerobiological sampling was carried out by using a Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap Burkard and the samples were analyzed weekly during the period of study. Results: We determined the 11 principal anemophilus species of urban flora in Temuco responsible for pollinosis. The highest concentration ofpollen were present from September till March, being the most important species the Grasses (Gramineae/Poaceae), Cypress (Cupressus sp), and Sorrell (Rumex sp.)

Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de cuantificar y caracterizar la carga polínica en la ciudad de Temuco, entre los años 2006-2009. Para el muestreo aerobiológico se utilizó un captador volumétrico Burkard Seven Day Volumetric Spore-Trap®. Las muestras obtenidas fueron analizadas semana tras semanas durante el período en estudio. Con los resultados del conteo polínico semanal se determinaron las 11 principales especies de flora urbana anemófilas de Temuco más susceptibles de producir polinosis. Las mayores concentraciones de polen se obtienen entre Septiembre y Marzo, siendo las especies más importantes: Pastos (Gramineae/Poaceae), Ciprés (Cupressus sp) y Acedera (Rumex sp).

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda grave, asociada a necrosis pancreática infectada, tiene una elevada mortalidad. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es quirúrgico, sin embargo, este se asocia a una alta morbilidad. El desarrollo de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva ha permitido incorporar la técnica laparoscópica al tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis infectada y/o abscesos sometidos a necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica. Se describen los datos demográficos, etiología de la pancreatitis aguda, imágenes pre y post-operatorias, así como los detalles de cada cirugía, la indicación quirúrgica, complicaciones, necesidad de re-operaciones y evolución tardía. Resultados: La serie está compuesta por 11 pacientes, todos con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave, operados entre abril de 2006 y junio de 2009. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 138 min (110-205 min). En todos los casos, se realizó una necrosectomía satisfactoria y drenaje de colecciones. No hubo complicaciones derivadas de la técnica laparoscópica ni conversión a cirugía abierta en ningún paciente durante la primera cirugía. Cinco pacientes fueron re-operados, 3 de ellos por vía laparoscópica. Conclusiones: La necrosectomía laparoscópica es una alternativa válida y disponible en nuestro centro, con resultados comparables y probablemente superiores a la cirugía abierta, y con resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a morbilidad, protección de la pared abdominal y mortalidad postoperatoria. Background: Laparoscopic surgery can be used in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Aim: To report the experience with laparoscopic necrosectomy and abscess drainage in severe acute pancreatitis. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 11 patients aged 13 to 78 years (10 males), with severe pancreatitis, subjected to laparoscopic necrosectomy or abscess drainage between 2006 and 2009. Results: Operative time ranged from 110 to 205 min. In all cases, a satisfactory necrosectomy and collection drainage were performed. No complications were recorded and no patient required to be converted to open surgery. Five patients were reoperated. In three of these, the laparoscopic approach was used again. Conclusions: Laparoscopic necrosectomy is safe and useful for patients with severe pancreatitis.

En las últimas décadas la educación superior y, en especial, la universitaria, ha experimentado un explosivo crecimiento de su matrícula de estudiantes, tanto a escala mundial como en lo que respecta a Chile. Paralelamente este proceso ha significado desembolsos crecientes de recursos financieros para atender las mayores exigencias de crédito, producto de que cada vez hay mayor interés y necesidad de estudiar de parte de quienes provienen de los sectores sociales menos privilegiados. El modelo de desarrollo chileno en esta materia está sobrepasado y su readecuación demanda una reingeniería que-creemos- permite replantarse la forma cómo estamos financiado a los estudiantes: como un factor estratégico que tendrá fuertes impactos en el desarrollo del país en dos o tres décadas más. El artículo revisa las dudas e interrogantes que suscita el enfrentamiento de esta temática con la perspectiva estratégica definida. Palabras claves: Financiamiento de la Educación Universitaria. Estrategias de Desarrollo. Financiamiento Público de la Educación. Retornos Privados y Públicos de la Educación.Nas ultimas décadas a educação superior e, em especial, a universitária, vem experimentando um crescimento significativo na matricula de estudantes, no Chile e no mundo. De forma paralela, este processo significou crescentes investimentos de recursos financeiros para atender maiores exigências de créditos provenientes de setores sociais menos privilegiados. O modelo de desenvolvimento chileno neste tema está sobrecarregado e sua re-adequação demanda uma re-engenharia que -consideramos- permita rever a forma de como estamos financiando aos estudantes: como um fator estratégico que terá fortes impactos, em duas ou três décadas futuras, no desenvolvimento do país. O presente texto revisa as dúvidas e questionamentos que suscita o enfrentamento desta temática com a perspectiva estratégica definida. Palavras chaves: Financiamento da Educação Universitária. Estratégias de desenvolvimento.Financiamento público da educação. Retornos privados e públicos da educação.In recent decades, higher education, and university education in particular, have undergone an explosive growth in student registration, both worldwide as well as in Chile. This process has meant increasing expenditures of financial resources to meet the greater needs for loans because of the increasing interest in and need for study among people from the less advantaged sectors of the society.The Chilean development model in this area no longer meets current needs and its readjustment demands a reengineering which – we believe - would allow rethinking the method of financing students as a strategic factor that can have a major impact on the country’s development in the next two or three decades. The paper reviews doubts and questions that arise from the approach to this issue with the defined strategic perspective.Key words: Financing of University education. Development strategies. Public financing of education. Private and public returns of education.

Leptanilloides nomada Donoso, Vieira & Wild Holotype worker deposited at QCAZ. Type locality: Ecuador, Cotopaxi Province, Bosque Integral Otonga, 1960m, 79��0.197'W; 00��25.158'S, 02-Dec-2003, A. L. Wild & J. M. Vieira, leg # AW2146.Pinned paratypes were deposited in the following museums: ALWC, BMNH, CASC, LACM, MCZC, MHNG, MZSP, NHMB, NHMW, UCDC and USNM. Additional paratypes are pinned or stored in 95% ethanol at ambient temperature at QCAZ museum. See Figures 1, 2, 7-10. Etymology: We chose the word nomada in allusion to the nomadic habits of traditional shepherds (nom = to graze; nomad = shepherd; -a, gives a feminine ending to the derivation [latin]). WORKER Diagnosis: Relatively large and slender. Genal teeth lacking. Clypeal lamella apron straight. Antenna stout. Mesosoma prominent. Postpetiole relatively small. Hypostomal teeth conspicuous, seen with head in ventral view. Abdominal segment 4 about the same length as following segments combined. Dark reddish coloration. Description: Head, in full frontal view, subquadrate and somewhat wider anteriorly (CI 85-88). Lateral margins nearly straight and parallel. Posterior corners rounded and posterior margin slightly concave. Clypeus short with anterior border almost straight and bearing a concave translucent lamellae; with some setae projecting anteriorly. Frontal carina short. Frontal lobes well developed and contiguous between antennal insertions. Gena lacking carina. Mandibles slender, masticatory margin edentate, with distinct basal and apical portions separated by a rounded angle. Eyes absent. Antenna stout and 12 segmented. Torulus conspicuous. Scape long and clavate, extending further than medial distance to posterior margin. First funicular segment longer than broad, submoniliform, gradually increasing in size toward apex but without forming a distinct antennal club. Head in full face view bearing two hypostomal teeth, easily seen under clypeal translucent lamella on ventrum. Mesosomal dorsum long, slender and flattened. Pronotum stout, with a conspicuous and flexible promesonotal suture. Metanotal groove obsolete. Mesonotum with large and sclerotized lateral lamella. Propodeum long and unarmed. Propodeal declivity very short and rounding into dorsal face. Propodeal spiracle conspicuous and rounded, in middle of the sclerite. Metapleural gland evident but located under translucent (yellow) flanges which are straight but rounded (not sharp) in posterior angle. Petiole longer than postpetiole and as wide as long in dorsal view. Petiole with straight sides and slightly narrowed from front to rear. In profile, petiolar tergite with two dorsal portions (Figures 7-8). Anterior portion concave and the posterior portion convex. Postpetiole with dorsal edge almost rounded (Figures 9-10). Anterior-ventral portion of petiolar and postpetiolar sternite bearing a deep and rounded process. Petiolar spiracle situated in anterior part of tergite. Postpetiolar spiracle situated anterior to midlength of tergite in lateral view. Metasoma robust. Abdominal segment 4 about the same length as following segments combined. Tergite of abdominal segment 5 not ring-like but appearing to conceal abdominal segment 6. Abdominal segments 4-5 and 5-6 separated by deep incisions. Spiracle of abdominal segment 4 conspicuous and located at 2/5 length of tergite. Spiracle of abdominal segment 5 and 6 less conspicuous and located more anteriorly than spiracle of abdominal segment 4. Pygidium concealed by the preceding segment and U-shaped. Legs long (FL 0.50-0.52). Tibia enlarged apically. Tibia of foreleg with a long pectinate spur. Metatibial gland absent. Tarsal claws simple. Head and mesosoma dark reddish. Gaster lighter in color, to yellowish red. Body bearing abundant white pilosity, denser dorsally than ventrally. Head, mesosoma, petiole, and post-petiole densely foveolate. Body shining. Measurements (in mm) and indices: (holotype, min.-max. of 13 specimens): HL 0.68, 0.65-0.68; HW 0.59, 0.56-0.59; SL 0.42, 0.39-0.42; FL 0.51, 0.50-0.52; LHT 0.54, 0.53-0.57; WL 0.75, 0.72-0.77; PL 0.20, 0.19-0.21; PPL 0.17, 0.17-0.20; CI 87, 85-88; SI 72, 68-73. Comments: Known only from workers at the type locality. This species is reported as Leptanilloides sp. EC1 in Ward (2006). The type colony was collected at night from a series of subterranean trails and small chambers along a trail-cut in a cloud forest. The trails emerged above ground for short sections spanning several centimeters. Workers flicked their antennae in a manner similar to that observed in ecitonine army ants. The colony contained numerous larvae at the same stage of development, and workers carried the larvae slung underneath their bodies in the same manner commonly observed among army ants (Gotwald 1995) and suspected for other Leptanilloides species (Figure 6 in Brandao, Diniz et al. 1999)., Published as part of Donoso, D. A., Vieira, J. M. & Wild, A. L., 2006, Three new species of Leptanilloides Mann from Andean Ecuador (Formicidae: Leptanilloidinae)., pp. 47-62 in Zootaxa 1201 on pages 50-52