97,012 results on '"Donnelly, A."'
Search Results
2. Electromagnetic Single-nucleon Response involving Polarized Targets
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Donnelly, T. W. and Jeschonnek, Sabine
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Nuclear Theory - Abstract
This work is an extension of our past study focused on a covariant representation of the electromagnetic (EM) current of spin-1/2 Dirac particles, specifically, nucleons. In the past study the EM responses that occur in unpolarized electron scattering from unpolarized nucleons were derived; however, scattering of polarized electrons from polarized nucleons was beyond the scope of that earlier work. Here such extensions are studied in detail. While in other work the EM response has already been developed for the double-polarization scattering problem, that effort was focused on high-energy collider physics. In the present study the formalism is recast into a set of EM response functions that have transparent dependencies on the relevant kinematic variables, especially on how these behave with respect to the momentum p of the (moving) struck, polarized nucleon. The motivation for such a reformulation of the problem is the desire to see a clear path to expansions in $p$ of the EM response for use in devising ``prescriptions for nuclear physics''. Results are provided where comparisons of the full (unexpanded) responses with various approximations that are frequently employed in studies of EM nuclear physics are made, demonstrating that under some circumstances such approximations are reasonable, whereas in other circumstances the expanded results are likely to be invalid. In addition, the EM current operators and approximations to them are discussed in detail., Comment: 42 pages, 9 figures
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- 2024
3. Amazing Things Come From Having Many Good Models
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Rudin, Cynthia, Zhong, Chudi, Semenova, Lesia, Seltzer, Margo, Parr, Ronald, Liu, Jiachang, Katta, Srikar, Donnelly, Jon, Chen, Harry, and Boner, Zachery
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
The Rashomon Effect, coined by Leo Breiman, describes the phenomenon that there exist many equally good predictive models for the same dataset. This phenomenon happens for many real datasets and when it does, it sparks both magic and consternation, but mostly magic. In light of the Rashomon Effect, this perspective piece proposes reshaping the way we think about machine learning, particularly for tabular data problems in the nondeterministic (noisy) setting. We address how the Rashomon Effect impacts (1) the existence of simple-yet-accurate models, (2) flexibility to address user preferences, such as fairness and monotonicity, without losing performance, (3) uncertainty in predictions, fairness, and explanations, (4) reliable variable importance, (5) algorithm choice, specifically, providing advanced knowledge of which algorithms might be suitable for a given problem, and (6) public policy. We also discuss a theory of when the Rashomon Effect occurs and why. Our goal is to illustrate how the Rashomon Effect can have a massive impact on the use of machine learning for complex problems in society.
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- 2024
4. Preliminary investigation of potential links between pigmentation variants and opioid analgesic effectiveness in horses during cerebrospinal fluid centesis.
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Bacon, Elouise, Donnelly, Callum, Bellone, Rebecca, Haase, Bianca, Finno, Carrie, and Velie, Brandon
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ASIP ,Horse ,MC1R ,Opioid ,Pigmentation ,Sensitivity ,Animals ,Horses ,Analgesics ,Opioid ,Receptor ,Melanocortin ,Type 1 ,Polymorphism ,Single Nucleotide ,Pigmentation ,Agouti Signaling Protein ,Male ,Female ,Phenotype ,Cerebrospinal Fluid - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin system show promise in overcoming limitations associated with large variations in opioid analgesic effectiveness observed in equine practice. Of particular interest is variation in the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene, which dictates pigment type expression through its epistatic interaction with the agouti signalling protein (ASIP) gene. MC1R has previously been implicated in opioid efficacy in other species; however, this relationship is yet to be explored in horses. In this study, analgesic effectiveness was scored (1-3) based on noted response to dura penetration during the performance of cerebrospinal fluid centisis after sedation and tested for association with known genetic regions responsible for pigmentation variation in horses. RESULTS: The chestnut phenotype was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in lowering analgesic effectiveness when compared to the bay base coat colour. The 11bp indel in ASIP known to cause the black base coat colour was not significant (P>0.05); however, six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genomic region encoding the ASIP gene and one within MC1R were identified as being nominally significant (P
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- 2024
5. This Looks Better than That: Better Interpretable Models with ProtoPNeXt
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Willard, Frank, Moffett, Luke, Mokel, Emmanuel, Donnelly, Jon, Guo, Stark, Yang, Julia, Kim, Giyoung, Barnett, Alina Jade, and Rudin, Cynthia
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Prototypical-part models are a popular interpretable alternative to black-box deep learning models for computer vision. However, they are difficult to train, with high sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning, inhibiting their application to new datasets and our understanding of which methods truly improve their performance. To facilitate the careful study of prototypical-part networks (ProtoPNets), we create a new framework for integrating components of prototypical-part models -- ProtoPNeXt. Using ProtoPNeXt, we show that applying Bayesian hyperparameter tuning and an angular prototype similarity metric to the original ProtoPNet is sufficient to produce new state-of-the-art accuracy for prototypical-part models on CUB-200 across multiple backbones. We further deploy this framework to jointly optimize for accuracy and prototype interpretability as measured by metrics included in ProtoPNeXt. Using the same resources, this produces models with substantially superior semantics and changes in accuracy between +1.3% and -1.5%. The code and trained models will be made publicly available upon publication.
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- 2024
6. FPN-IAIA-BL: A Multi-Scale Interpretable Deep Learning Model for Classification of Mass Margins in Digital Mammography
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Yang, Julia, Barnett, Alina Jade, Donnelly, Jon, Kishore, Satvik, Fang, Jerry, Schwartz, Fides Regina, Chen, Chaofan, Lo, Joseph Y., and Rudin, Cynthia
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Digital mammography is essential to breast cancer detection, and deep learning offers promising tools for faster and more accurate mammogram analysis. In radiology and other high-stakes environments, uninterpretable ("black box") deep learning models are unsuitable and there is a call in these fields to make interpretable models. Recent work in interpretable computer vision provides transparency to these formerly black boxes by utilizing prototypes for case-based explanations, achieving high accuracy in applications including mammography. However, these models struggle with precise feature localization, reasoning on large portions of an image when only a small part is relevant. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a novel multi-scale interpretable deep learning model for mammographic mass margin classification. Our contribution not only offers an interpretable model with reasoning aligned with radiologist practices, but also provides a general architecture for computer vision with user-configurable prototypes from coarse- to fine-grained prototypes., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for oral presentation at the 2024 CVPR Workshop on Domain adaptation, Explainability, Fairness in AI for Medical Image Analysis (DEF-AI-MIA)
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- 2024
7. Predictors of the Sense of Presence in an Immersive Audio Storytelling Experience, a Mixed Methods Study. PREPRINT
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Verhulst, Isabelle, Hemming, Rich, Ganz, Adam, Bennett, James, Donnelly, Rachel, Watling, Dawn, and Dalton, Polly
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Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Emerging Technologies - Abstract
This study examined which variables predicted the sense of presence (being there) in an immersive audio experience, with a focus on the impacts of immersion technology (headphones with spatialised sound versus speaker with 2D stereo sound), the nature of the audio experience, the narrative content, participants emotional and cognitive engagement and personal characteristics such as age and gender. Museum visitors listened to a story on the One Story, Many Voices immersive audio installation. A convergent mixed-methods design was used, including multiple regression analysis of survey data (n 185) and relational analysis of interview data (n 9). This study found mixed methods support from both surveys and interviews to suggest that presence was predicted by the audio quality (especially the audio being perceived as different from other audio stories they had listened to in the past), cognitive engagement (especially being totally absorbed), the narrative (the story and how it was told) and some support was found for emotional engagement (especially feeling a connection with the storyteller). Effects of the environment and immersion technology on presence received only either quantitative or qualitative support. No influences of personal characteristics were found. Findings are relevant for academics, immersive experience (XR) commissioners and developers.
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- 2024
8. The Metallicity Dependence of PAH Emission in Galaxies I: Insights from Deep Radial Spitzer Spectroscopy
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Whitcomb, Cory M., Smith, J. -D. T., Sandstrom, Karin, Starkey, Carl A., Donnelly, Grant P., Draine, Bruce T., Skillman, Evan D., Dale, Daniel A., Armus, Lee, Hensley, Brandon S., Lai, Thomas S. -Y., and Kennicutt, Robert C.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We use deep Spitzer mid-infrared spectroscopic maps of radial strips across three nearby galaxies with well-studied metallicity gradients (M101, NGC 628, and NGC 2403) to explore the physical origins of the observed deficit of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at sub-solar metallicity (i.e. the PAH-metallicity relation or PZR). These maps allow us to trace the evolution of all PAH features from 5-18 $\mu$m as metallicity decreases continuously from solar ($Z_\odot$) to 0.2 $Z_\odot$. The total PAH to dust luminosity ratio remains relatively constant until reaching a threshold of $\sim$$\frac{2}{3}$$Z_\odot$, below which it declines smoothly but rapidly. The PZR has been attributed to preferential destruction of the smallest grains in the hard radiation environments found at low metallicity. In this scenario, a decrease in emission from the shortest wavelength PAH features is expected. In contrast, we find a steep decline in long wavelength power below $Z_\odot$, especially in the 17 $\mu$m feature, with the shorter wavelength PAH bands carrying an increasingly large fraction of power at low metallicity. We use newly developed grain models to reproduce the observed PZR trends, including these variations in fractional PAH feature strengths. The model that best reproduces the data employs an evolving grain size distribution that shifts to smaller sizes as metallicity declines. We interpret this as a result of inhibited grain growth at low metallicity, suggesting continuous replenishment in the interstellar medium is the dominant process shaping the PAH grain population in galaxies., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
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- 2024
9. Noise Correlations in a 1D Silicon Spin Qubit Array
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Donnelly, M. B., Rowlands, J., Kranz, L., Hsueh, Y. L., Chung, Y., Timofeev, A. V., Geng, H., Singh-Gregory, P., Gorman, S. K., Keizer, J. G., Rahman, R., and Simmons, M. Y.
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
Correlated noise across multi-qubit architectures is known to be highly detrimental to the operation of error correcting codes and the long-term feasibility of quantum processors. The recent discovery of spatially dependent correlated noise in multi-qubit architectures of superconducting qubits arising from the impact of cosmic radiation and high-energy particles giving rise to quasiparticle poisoning within the substrate has led to intense investigations of mitigation strategies to address this. In contrast correlated noise in semiconductor spin qubits as a function of distance has not been reported to date. Here we report the magnitude, frequency and spatial dependence of noise correlations between four silicon quantum dot pairs as a function of inter-dot distance at frequencies from 0.3mHz to 1mHz. We find the magnitude of charge noise correlations, quantified by the magnitude square coherence $C_{xy}$, are significantly suppressed from $>0.5$ to $<0.1$ as the inter-dot distance increases from 75nm to 300nm. Using an analytical model we confirm that, in contrast to superconducting qubits, the dominant source of correlated noise arises from low frequency charge noise from the presence of two level fluctuators (TLFs) at the native silicon-silicon dioxide surface. Knowing this, we conclude with an important and timely discussion of charge noise mitigation strategies., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 1 table
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- 2024
10. Vortex motion in reconfigurable three-dimensional superconducting nanoarchitectures
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Zhakina, Elina, Turnbull, Luke, Xu, Weijie, König, Markus, Simon, Paul, Carrillo-Cabrera, Wilder, Fernandez-Pacheco, Amalio, Vool, Uri, Suess, Dieter, Abert, Claas, Fomin, Vladimir M., and Donnelly, Claire
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Superconductivity - Abstract
When materials are patterned in three dimensions, there exist opportunities to tailor and create functionalities associated with an increase in complexity, the breaking of symmetries, and the introduction of curvature and non-trivial topologies. For superconducting nanostructures, the extension to the third dimension may trigger the emergence of new physical phenomena, as well as advances in technologies. Here, we harness three-dimensional (3D) nanopatterning to fabricate and control the emergent properties of a 3D superconducting nanostructure. Not only are we able to demonstrate the existence and motion of superconducting vortices in 3D but, with simulations, we show that the confinement leads to a well-defined bending of the vortices within the volume of the structure. Moreover, we experimentally observe a strong geometrical anisotropy of the critical field, through which we achieve the reconfigurable coexistence of superconducting and normal states in our 3D superconducting architecture, and the local definition of weak links. In this way, we uncover an intermediate regime of nanosuperconductivity, where the vortex state is truly three-dimensional and can be designed and manipulated by geometrical confinement. This insight into the influence of 3D geometries on superconducting properties offers a route to local reconfigurable control for future computing devices, sensors, and quantum technologies., Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures
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- 2024
11. Grover's algorithm in a four-qubit silicon processor above the fault-tolerant threshold
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Thorvaldson, Ian, Poulos, Dean, Moehle, Christian M., Misha, Saiful H., Edlbauer, Hermann, Reiner, Jonathan, Geng, Helen, Voisin, Benoit, Jones, Michael T., Donnelly, Matthew B., Pena, Luis F., Hill, Charles D., Myers, Casey R., Keizer, Joris G., Chung, Yousun, Gorman, Samuel K., Kranz, Ludwik, and Simmons, Michelle Y.
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Quantum Physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
Spin qubits in silicon are strong contenders for realizing a practical quantum computer. This technology has made remarkable progress with the demonstration of single and two-qubit gates above the fault-tolerant threshold and entanglement of up to three qubits. However, maintaining high fidelity operations while executing multi-qubit algorithms has remained elusive, only being achieved for two spin qubits to date due to the small qubit size, which makes it difficult to control qubits without creating crosstalk errors. Here, we use a four-qubit silicon processor with every operation above the fault tolerant limit and demonstrate Grover's algorithm with a ~95% probability of finding the marked state, one of the most successful implementations to date. Our four-qubit processor is made of three phosphorus atoms and one electron spin precision-patterned into 1.5 nm${}^2$ isotopically pure silicon. The strong resulting confinement potential, without additional confinement gates that can increase cross-talk, leverages the benefits of having both electron and phosphorus nuclear spins. Significantly, the all-to-all connectivity of the nuclear spins provided by the hyperfine interaction not only allows for efficient multi-qubit operations, but also provides individual qubit addressability. Together with the long coherence times of the nuclear and electron spins, this results in all four single qubit fidelities above 99.9% and controlled-Z gates between all pairs of nuclear spins above 99% fidelity. The high control fidelities, combined with >99% fidelity readout of all nuclear spins, allows for the creation of a three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state with 96.2% fidelity, the highest reported for semiconductor spin qubits so far. Such nuclear spin registers can be coupled via electron exchange, establishing a path for larger scale fault-tolerant quantum processors., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables
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- 2024
12. Tailoring the energy landscape of a Bloch point singularity with curvature
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Ruiz-Gomez, Sandra, Abert, Claas, Morales-Fernández, Pamela, Fernandez-Gonzalez, Claudia, Koraltan, Sabri, Danesi, Lukas, Suess, Dieter, Foerster, Michael, Nino, Miguel Ángel, Mandziak, Anna, Wilgocka-Ślęzak, Dorota, Nita, Pawel, Koenig, Markus, Seifert, Sebastian, Rodríguez, Aurelio Hierro, Fernández-Pacheco, Amalio, and Donnelly, Claire
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
Topological defects, or singularities, play a key role in the statics and dynamics of complex systems. In magnetism, Bloch point singularities represent point defects that mediate the nucleation of textures such as skyrmions and hopfions. However, while the textures are typically stabilised in chiral magnets, the influence of chirality on the Bloch point singularities remains relatively unexplored. Here we harness advanced three-dimensional nanofabrication to explore the influence of chirality on Bloch point singularities by introducing curvature-induced symmetry breaking in a ferromagnetic nanowire. Combining X-ray magnetic microscopy with the application of in situ magnetic fields, we demonstrate that Bloch point singularity-containing domain walls are stabilised in straight regions of the sample, and determine that curvature can be used to tune the energy landscape of the Bloch points. Not only are we able to pattern pinning points but, by controlling the gradient of curvature, we define asymmetric potential wells to realise a robust Bloch point shift-register with non-reciprocal behaviour. These insights into the influence of symmetry and chirality on singularities offers a route to the controlled nucleation and propagation of topological textures, providing opportunities for logic and computing devices.
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- 2024
13. Cosmic drift: braiding Nicolás Núñez’s contemplative tools with the Situationists’ dérive.
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Donnelly, Steve
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- 2024
14. A Comprehensive Examination of Prediction-Based Error as a Mechanism for Syntactic Development: Evidence from Syntactic Priming
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Seamus Donnelly, Caroline Rowland, Franklin Chang, and Evan Kidd
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Prediction-based accounts of language acquisition have the potential to explain several different effects in child language acquisition and adult language processing. However, evidence regarding the developmental predictions of such accounts is mixed. Here, we consider several predictions of these accounts in two large-scale developmental studies of syntactic priming of the English dative alternation. Study 1 was a cross-sectional study (N = 140) of children aged 3-9 years, in which we found strong evidence of abstract priming and the lexical boost, but little evidence that either effect was moderated by age. We found weak evidence for a prime surprisal effect; however, exploratory analyses revealed a protracted developmental trajectory for verb-structure biases, providing an explanation as for why prime surprisal effects are more elusive in developmental populations. In a longitudinal study (N = 102) of children in tightly controlled age bands at 42, 48, and 54 months, we found priming effects emerged on trials with verb overlap early but did not observe clear evidence of priming on trials without verb overlap until 54 months. There was no evidence of a prime surprisal effect at any time point and none of the effects were moderated by age. The results relating to the emergence of the abstract priming and lexical boost effects are consistent with prediction-based models, while the absence of age-related effects appears to reflect the structure-specific challenges the dative presents to English-acquiring children. Overall, our complex pattern of findings demonstrates the value of developmental data sets in testing psycholinguistic theory.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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15. Basophil-Derived IL-4 and IL-13 Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Control Bacterial Translocation during Malaria.
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Céspedes, Nora, Fellows, Abigail, Donnelly, Erinn, Kaylor, Hannah, Coles, Taylor, Wild, Ryan, Dobson, Megan, Schauer, Joseph, Luckhart, Shirley, and Van De Water, Judy
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Animals ,Interleukin-13 ,Basophils ,Malaria ,Mice ,Plasmodium yoelii ,Bacterial Translocation ,Interleukin-4 ,Mast Cells ,Mice ,Inbred C57BL ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Mice ,Knockout ,Female ,Anopheles - Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that basophils regulate a suite of malaria phenotypes, including intestinal mastocytosis and permeability, the immune response to infection, gametocytemia, and parasite transmission to the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Given that activated basophils are primary sources of the regulatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, we sought to examine the contributions of these mediators to basophil-dependent phenotypes in malaria. We generated mice with basophils depleted for IL-4 and IL-13 (baso IL-4/IL-13 (-)) and genotype controls (baso IL-4/IL-13 (+)) by crossing mcpt8-Cre and Il4/Il13fl/fl mice and infected them with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL. Conditional deletion was associated with ileal mastocytosis and mast cell (MC) activation, increased intestinal permeability, and increased bacterial 16S levels in blood, but it had no effect on neutrophil activation, parasitemia, or transmission to A. stephensi. Increased intestinal permeability in baso IL-4/IL-13 (-) mice was correlated with elevated plasma eotaxin (CCL11), a potent eosinophil chemoattractant, and increased ileal MCs, proinflammatory IL-17A, and the chemokines MIP-1α (CCL3) and MIP-1β (CCL4). Blood bacterial 16S copies were positively but weakly correlated with plasma proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12p40, suggesting that baso IL-4/IL-13 (-) mice failed to control bacterial translocation into the blood during malaria infection. These observations suggest that basophil-derived IL-4 and IL-13 do not contribute to basophil-dependent regulation of parasite transmission, but these cytokines do orchestrate protection of intestinal barrier integrity after P. yoelii infection. Specifically, basophil-dependent IL-4/IL-13 control MC activation and prevent infection-induced intestinal barrier damage and bacteremia, perhaps via regulation of eosinophils, macrophages, and Th17-mediated inflammation.
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- 2024
16. X-ray Linear Dichroic Tomography of Crystallographic and Topological Defects
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Apseros, Andreas, Scagnoli, Valerio, Holler, Mirko, Guizar-Sicairos, Manuel, Gao, Zirui, Appel, Christian, Heyderman, Laura J., Donnelly, Claire, and Ihli, Johannes
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
The functionality of materials is determined by their composition and microstructure, that is, the distribution and orientation of crystalline grains, grain boundaries and the defects within them. The characterisation of the material's microstructure is therefore critical for materials applications such as catalysis, energy storage and buildings. Until now, characterization techniques that map the distribution of grains, their orientation, and the presence of defects have either been limited to surface investigations, to spatial resolutions of a few hundred nanometres, or to systems of thickness around one hundred nanometres, thus requiring destructive sample preparation for measurements and preventing the study of system-representative volumes or the investigation of materials under operational conditions. Here, we present X-ray linear dichroic orientation tomography, a quantitative, non-invasive technique that allows for an intra- and inter-granular characterisation of extended polycrystalline and amorphous materials in three dimensions (3D). We present the detailed characterisation of a polycrystalline sample of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), a key catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid. In addition to determining the nanoscale composition, we map the crystal orientation throughout the polycrystalline sample with 73 nm spatial resolution. We identify grains, as well as twist, tilt, and twin grain boundaries. We further observe the creation and annihilation of topological defects promoted by the presence of volume crystallographic defects in 3D. Our method's non-destructive and spectroscopic nature opens the door to in-operando combined chemical and microstructural investigations of functional materials, including energy and mechanical materials in existing industries, as well as quantum materials for future technologies.
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- 2024
17. The Impact of an AGN on PAH Emission in Galaxies: the Case of Ring Galaxy NGC 4138
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Donnelly, G. P., Smith, J. D. T., Draine, B. T., Togi, A., Lai, T. S. -Y., Armus, L., Dale, D. A., and Charmandaris, V.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We present a focused study of radially-resolved varying PAH emission in the low-luminosity AGN-host NGC 4138 using deep Spitzer/IRS spectral maps. Using new model PAH spectra, we investigate whether these variations could be associated with changes to the PAH grain size distribution due to photodestruction by the AGN. Separately, we model the effects of the varying radiation field within NGC 4138, and we use this model to predict the corresponding changes in the PAH emission spectrum. We find that PAH band ratios are strongly variable with radius in this galaxy with short-to-long wavelength band ratios peaking in the starburst ring. The changing mix of starlight appears to have a considerable effect on the trends in these band ratios, and our radiation model predicts the shapes of these trends. However, the amplitude of observed variation is ~2.5 times larger than predicted for some ratios. A cutoff of small grains in the PAH size distribution, as has been suggested for AGN, together with changes in PAH ionization fraction could explain the behavior of the shorter bands, but this model fails to reproduce longer band behaviors. Additionally, we find that short-to-long wavelength PAH band ratios increase slightly within ~270pc of the center, suggesting that the AGN may directly influence PAH emission there., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, published in ApJ. Updated values in radiation model to the same as the published version
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- 2024
18. Infrared Characterisation of Jupiter's Equatorial Disturbance Cycle
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Antuñano, Arrate, Fletcher, Leigh N., Orton, Glenn S., Melin, Henrik, Rogers, John H., Harrington, Joseph, Donnelly, Padraig T., Rowe-Gurney, Naomi, and Blake, James S. D.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We use an infrared dataset captured between 1984 and 2017 using several instruments and observatories to report five rare equatorial disturbances that completely altered the appearance of Jupiter's Equatorial Zone (EZ): the clearance of tropospheric clouds revealed a new 5-$\mu$m-bright band encircling the planet at the equator, accompanied by large 5-$\mu$m-bright filaments. Three events were observed in ground-based images in 1973, 1979 and 1992. We report and characterize for the first time the entire evolution of two new episodes of this unusual EZ state that presented their maximum 5-$\mu$m-brightness in December 1999 and February 2007, coinciding with a brown coloration south of the equator and with large bluish filaments and white plumes in the northern EZ at visible wavelengths. We characterize their typical infrared-bright lifetimes of 12-18 months, with possible periodicities of 6-8 or 13-14 years. We predict that a full-scale equatorial disturbance could occur in 2019-21.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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19. Investigating Thermal Contrasts Between Jupiter's Belts, Zones, and Polar Vortices with VLT/VISIR
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Bardet, Deborah, Donnelly, Padraig T., Fletcher, Leigh N., Antuñano, Arrate, Roman, Michael T., Sinclair, James A., Orton, Glenn S., Tao, Chihiro, Rogers, John H., Melin, Henrik, and Harkett, Jake
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Using images at multiple mid-infrared wavelengths, acquired in May 2018 using the VISIR instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT), we study Jupiter's pole-to-pole thermal, chemical and aerosol structure in the troposphere and stratosphere. We confirm that the pattern of cool and cloudy anticyclonic zones and warm cloud-free cyclonic belts persists throughout the mid-latitudes, up to the polar boundaries, and evidence a strong correlation with the vertical maximum windshear and the locations of Jupiter's zonal jets. At high latitudes, VISIR images reveal a large region of mid-infrared cooling poleward $\sim$64$^{\circ}$N and $\sim$67$^{\circ}$S extending from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere, co-located with the reflective aerosols observed by JunoCam, and suggesting that aerosols play a key role in the radiative cooling at the poles. Comparison of zonal-mean thermal properties and high-resolution visible imaging from Juno allows us to study the variability of atmospheric properties as a function of altitude and jet boundaries, particularly in the cold southern polar vortex. However, the southern stratospheric polar vortex is partly masked by a warm mid-infrared signature of the aurora. Co-located with the southern main auroral oval, this warming results from the auroral precipitation and/or joule heating which heat the atmosphere and thus cause a significant stratospheric emission. This high emission results from a large enhancement of both ethane and acetylene in the polar region, reinforcing the evidence of enhanced ion-related chemistry in Jupiter's auroral regions.
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- 2024
20. 2024 Roadmap on Magnetic Microscopy Techniques and Their Applications in Materials Science
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Christensen, D. V., Staub, U., Devidas, T. R., Kalisky, B., Nowack, K. C., Webb, J. L., Andersen, U. L., Huck, A., Broadway, D. A., Wagner, K., Maletinsky, P., van der Sar, T., Du, C. R., Yacoby, A., Collomb, D., Bending, S., Oral, A., Hug, H. J., Mandru, A. -O., Neu, V., Schumacher, H. W., Sievers, S., Saito, H., Khajetoorians, A. A., Hauptmann, N., Baumann, S., Eichler, A., Degen, C. L., McCord, J., Vogel, M., Fiebig, M., Fischer, P., Hierro-Rodriguez, A., Finizio, S., Dhesi, S. S., Donnelly, C., Büttner, Felix, Kfir, O., Hu, W., Zayko, S., Eisebitt, S., Pfau, B., Frömter, R., Kläui, M., Yasin, F. S., McMorran, B. J., Seki, S., Yu, X., Lubk, A., Wolf, D., Pryds, N., Makarov, D., and Poggio, M.
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,Condensed Matter - Superconductivity ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
Considering the growing interest in magnetic materials for unconventional computing, data storage, and sensor applications, there is active research not only on material synthesis but also characterisation of their properties. In addition to structural and integral magnetic characterisations, imaging of magnetization patterns, current distributions and magnetic fields at nano- and microscale is of major importance to understand the material responses and qualify them for specific applications. In this roadmap, we aim to cover a broad portfolio of techniques to perform nano- and microscale magnetic imaging using SQUIDs, spin center and Hall effect magnetometries, scanning probe microscopies, x-ray- and electron-based methods as well as magnetooptics and nanoMRI. The roadmap is aimed as a single access point of information for experts in the field as well as the young generation of students outlining prospects of the development of magnetic imaging technologies for the upcoming decade with a focus on physics, materials science, and chemistry of planar, 3D and geometrically curved objects of different material classes including 2D materials, complex oxides, semi-metals, multiferroics, skyrmions, antiferromagnets, frustrated magnets, magnetic molecules/nanoparticles, ionic conductors, superconductors, spintronic and spinorbitronic materials.
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- 2024
21. Comprehensive molecular profiling of multiple myeloma identifies refined copy number and expression subtypes
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Skerget, Sheri, Penaherrera, Daniel, Chari, Ajai, Jagannath, Sundar, Siegel, David S., Vij, Ravi, Orloff, Gregory, Jakubowiak, Andrzej, Niesvizky, Ruben, Liles, Darla, Berdeja, Jesus, Levy, Moshe, Wolf, Jeffrey, Usmani, Saad Z., Christofferson, Austin W., Nasser, Sara, Aldrich, Jessica L., Legendre, Christophe, Benard, Brooks, Miller, Chase, Turner, Bryce, Kurdoglu, Ahmet, Washington, Megan, Yellapantula, Venkata, Adkins, Jonathan R., Cuyugan, Lori, Boateng, Martin, Helland, Adrienne, Kyman, Shari, McDonald, Jackie, Reiman, Rebecca, Stephenson, Kristi, Tassone, Erica, Blanski, Alex, Livermore, Brianne, Kirchhoff, Meghan, Rohrer, Daniel C., D’Agostino, Mattia, Gamella, Manuela, Collison, Kimberly, Stumph, Jennifer, Kidd, Pam, Donnelly, Andrea, Zaugg, Barbara, Toone, Maureen, McBride, Kyle, DeRome, Mary, Rogers, Jennifer, Craig, David, Liang, Winnie S., Gutierrez, Norma C., Jewell, Scott D., Carpten, John, Anderson, Kenneth C., Cho, Hearn Jay, Auclair, Daniel, Lonial, Sagar, and Keats, Jonathan J.
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- 2024
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22. Integrating habitat suitability modeling with gene flow improves delineation of landscape connections among African savanna elephants
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de Flamingh, Alida, Alexander, Nathan, Perrin-Stowe, Tolulope I. N., Donnelly, Cassidy, Guldemond, Robert A. R., Schooley, Robert L., van Aarde, Rudi J., and Roca, Alfred L.
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- 2024
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23. Choosing to Provide: Early Medical Abortion and Clinician Conscience in Ireland
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Donnelly, Mary and Murray, Claire
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- 2024
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24. Formulation and evaluation of ivermectin-loaded dissolving microarray patches for rosacea disease
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Anjani, Qonita Kurnia, Demartis, Sara, Moreno-Castellanos, Natalia, Gavini, Elisabetta, and Donnelly, Ryan F.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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25. Bone turnover markers in the preoperative assessment of bone quality - A prospective investigation of bone microstructure and advanced glycation endproducts in lumbar fusion patients
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Haffer, Henryk, Muellner, Maximilian, Chiapparelli, Erika, Zhu, Jiaqi, Han, Yi Xin, Donnelly, Eve, Shue, Jennifer, and Hughes, Alexander P.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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26. Variation in the timing and duration of autumn leaf phenology among temperate deciduous trees, native shrubs and non-native shrubs
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Donnelly, Alison, Yu, Rong, Rehberg, Chloe, and Schwartz, Mark D.
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- 2024
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27. Validating the safety of low-dose CTPA in pregnancy: results from the OPTICA (Optimised CT Pulmonary Angiography in Pregnancy) Study
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Gillespie, Ciara D., Yates, Andrew, Hughes, Mark, Ewins, Karl, McMahon, Gabriella, Hynes, John, Murphy, Mark C., Galligan, Marie, Vencken, Sebastian, Alih, Ekele, Varden, John, Donnelly, Jennifer, Bolster, Ferdia, Rowan, Michael, Foley, Shane, NíAinle, Fionnuala, and MacMahon, Peter J.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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28. Meta-analysis of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in pulmonary sarcoidosis
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Donnelly, Ryan, McDermott, Michael, McManus, Gerry, Franciosi, Alessandro N., Keane, Michael P., McGrath, Emmet E., McCarthy, Cormac, and Murphy, David J.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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29. Trajectories of BMI before and after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a real-world population
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Donnelly, Louise A., McCrimmon, Rory J., and Pearson, Ewan R.
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- 2024
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30. Fostering effective and sustainable scientific collaboration and knowledge exchange: a workshop-based approach to establish a national ecological observatory network (NEON) domain-specific user group
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Donnelly, Alison, Desai, Ankur R., Heckman, Katherine A., Nave, Lucas E., Cramer, Michael J., Faust, Marie, Weishampel, Peter, Slemmons, Caleb, Andresen, Christian G., Ayres, Edward, Cotey, Stacy R., Docherty, Kathryn M., Hatzis, Joshua, Hofmeister, Kathryn, LaMontagne, Jalene M., Lenters, John D., Lottig, Noah R., Marcarelli, Amy M., Miesel, Jessica, Riddle, Jason, Salmon-Tumas, Meghan, SanClements, Mike D., Sapkota, Subash, Schwartz, Mark D., Sharma, Puja, Shrestha, Ojaswee, Vincent, Geoffrey, Waupochick, Angela, Zheng, Ting, and Ye, Zhiwei
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- 2024
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31. Trajectories of clinical characteristics, complications and treatment choices in data-driven subgroups of type 2 diabetes
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Li, Xinyu, Donnelly, Louise A., Slieker, Roderick C., Beulens, Joline W. J., ‘t Hart, Leen M., Elders, Petra J. M., Pearson, Ewan R., van Giessen, Anoukh, Leal, Jose, and Feenstra, Talitha
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- 2024
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32. Chrono-tailored drug delivery systems: recent advances and future directions
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Butler, Christine T., Rodgers, Aoife M., Curtis, Annie M., and Donnelly, Ryan F.
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- 2024
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33. Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss in the paediatric population: a systematic review
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Corazzi, Virginia, Fordington, Surina, Brown, Tamsin Holland, Donnelly, Neil, Bewick, Jessica, Ehsani, Diana, Pelucchi, Stefano, Bianchini, Chiara, Ciorba, Andrea, and Borsetto, Daniele
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- 2024
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34. Interfacing between Blended Case Teaching and International Case Competitions as Undergraduate Student Inquiry and Literacy in Marketing Programmes
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Donnelly, Roisin and Sherlock, Roger
- Abstract
This practice example explores the inquiry-based relationship for students between case teaching and international competitions in Marketing. This work is based on the premise that undergraduate Marketing students in a College of Business should experience learning through and about inquiry and enhance their research literacy as a result. Although for many students research-oriented ways of engaging them with inquiry are fairly passive experiences, we believe student engagement in case study competitions offer a primarily active and exciting learning opportunity. In a broader sense, the framework offered by Healey & Jenkins (2009) which is explored in this example, is based on the argument that research-informed inquiry is a powerful way to reinvent or reinvigorate the undergraduate curriculum because the focus is on the student as a learner - in particular that the student can be viewed as a potential producer of knowledge - and by challenging what research and inquiry are in practice, provide interesting perspectives for the Marketing discipline to consider for future programme provision.
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- 2023
35. Interconnected Agencies For Sustainable Futures: A Discourse on the Notion of Adaptation and Space
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Pia Fricker, Friederike Landau-Donnelly, Constantinos Miltiadis, and Shubhangi Singh
- Abstract
This article presents a nuanced discussion of four episodes on the complexity of possible trajectories for sustainable futures through diverse but intersecting practices and discourses as heterogeneous but complementary articulations of "adaptation and space." As design and creative processes evolve, new tools and methods, often adopted from science and technology, are integrated into art, design, and architecture. However, knowledge flow in these developments tends to be unidirectional, with science and technology influencing these fields more than vice versa. The diverse developments relating to the concept of "space" have profound impacts on industries, urban habitats, design approaches, and the arts within the expanded field. This article engages in a conversation from four different disciplinary perspectives, each articulating its own voice in relation to the broad notion of "adaptation and space." Through this multidisciplinary dialogue, presented in four episodes, it critically contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable futures, offering new trajectories for Problem-Based Learning (PBL) beyond disciplinary boundaries. In an era dominated by umbrella terminologies like sustainability, the field of higher education faces the challenge of integrating different expertise to foster new solutions for complex challenges. This article highlights the need for diverse fields such as architecture, art, and social science to engage in a dialogue about perception, interaction, and manipulation of space. Its purpose extends beyond the exploration of novel solutions, instead inviting multifarious perspectives that shape interconnected agencies for sustainable futures and their impact on education.
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- 2023
36. Yes, Developmental Students Can Thrive in Integrated Courses and Compressed Terms: Leveraging Institutional Data and National Trends to Build the Best Reading/Writing Program
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Kimberley M. Donnelly
- Abstract
Researchers, organizations, companies, non-profits, practitioners, and to some extent, the public, are clamoring for massive reform in developmental coursework in higher education (American Association of Community Colleges, 2018; Edgecombe et al., 2014; Complete College America, 2012). One such reform is the push for integrated reading and writing (IRW) courses. The pressure for redesign of developmental reading and writing programs is intense, but other transformations in higher education are also shaping the future of developmental education. For example, as a result of joining Achieving the Dream's core program in 2019, the College of Southern Maryland (CSM) made a commitment to shift the majority of courses to a compressed 7-week format by fall term of 2021. After 18 months of implementation, CSM's new IRW curriculum in compressed terms appears to serve students about as well as the former multi-course, multi-level program. Even though the former program was robust, vigorous, and thorough, IRW in compressed terms appears to be equally effective in preparing students for success in credit-level courses, while saving them 15-30 weeks of time and up to 9 credits of cost, depending on where they were placed in the old system.
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- 2023
37. Risk factors for postoperative delirium in orthopaedic hip surgery patients: a database review.
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Callan, Kylie, Donnelly, Megan, Lung, Brandon, McLellan, Maddison, DiGiovanni, Ryan, McMaster, William, Yang, Steven, and Stitzlein, Russell
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Delirium ,Hip fracture ,Osteoarthritis ,Total hip arthroplasty ,Humans ,Emergence Delirium ,Orthopedics ,Proximal Femoral Fractures ,Postoperative Complications ,Risk Factors ,Arthroplasty ,Replacement ,Hip ,Osteoarthritis ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium is a common problem affecting admitted patients that decreases patient satisfaction and increases the cost and complexity of care. The purpose of this study was to use the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database to compare rates and risk factors of postoperative delirium for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and hemiarthroplasty patients indicated for osteoarthritis or proximal femur fracture. METHODS: The 2021 NSQIP database was queried for patients using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for THA and hemiarthroplasty and ICD-10 codes for osteoarthritis or proximal femur fracture. Demographic, past medical history, preoperative labs, and functional status data were recorded. Procedural data were also collected. Finally, postoperative outcomes and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Overall, 16% of patients had postoperative delirium. Delirium patients were older on average (82.4 years vs. 80.7 years, p
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- 2024
38. Dramatic resurgence of malaria after 7 years of intensive vector control interventions in Eastern Uganda
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Kamya, Moses R, Nankabirwa, Joaniter I, Arinaitwe, Emmanuel, Rek, John, Zedi, Maato, Maiteki-Sebuguzi, Catherine, Opigo, Jimmy, Staedke, Sarah G, Oruni, Ambrose, Donnelly, Martin J, Greenhouse, Bryan, Briggs, Jessica, Krezanoski, Paul J, Bousema, Teun, Rosenthal, Philip J, Olwoch, Peter, Jagannathan, Prasanna, Rodriguez-Barraquer, Isabel, and Dorsey, Grant
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Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Rare Diseases ,Malaria ,Clinical Research ,Vector-Borne Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,3.2 Interventions to alter physical and biological environmental risks ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being - Abstract
Tororo District, Uganda experienced a dramatic decrease in malaria burden from 2015-19 during 5 years of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with carbamate (Bendiocarb) and then organophosphate (Actellic) insecticides. However, a marked resurgence occurred in 2020, which coincided with a change to a clothianidin-based IRS formulations (Fludora Fusion/SumiShield). To quantify the magnitude of the resurgence, investigate causes, and evaluate the impact of a shift back to IRS with Actellic in 2023, we assessed changes in malaria metrics in regions within and near Tororo District. Malaria surveillance data from Nagongera Health Center, Tororo District was included from 2011-2023. In addition, a cohort of 667 residents from 84 houses was followed from August 2020 through September 2023 from an area bordering Tororo and neighboring Busia District, where IRS has never been implemented. Cohort participants underwent passive surveillance for clinical malaria and active surveillance for parasitemia every 28 days. Mosquitoes were collected in cohort households every 2 weeks using CDC light traps. Female Anopheles were speciated and tested for sporozoites and phenotypic insecticide resistance. Temporal comparisons of malaria metrics were stratified by geographic regions. At Nagongera Health Center average monthly malaria cases varied from 419 prior to implementation of IRS; to 56 after 5 years of IRS with Bendiocarb and Actellic; to 1591 after the change in IRS to Fludora Fusion/SumiShield; to 155 after a change back to Actellic. Among cohort participants living away from the border in Tororo, malaria incidence increased over 8-fold (0.36 vs. 2.97 episodes per person year, p
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- 2024
39. Review of Cool Anthropology: How to Engage the Public with Academic Research, edited by Kristina Baines and Victoria Costa
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Donnelly, Meghan R
- Published
- 2024
40. Item-level Difficulty Predictors in the Acquisition of Past Tense in Dutch
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Zimianiti, Eleni, Ye, Lilian, Hofman, Abe, Kievit, Rogier A, Rowland, Caroline F, and Donnelly, Seamus
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Linguistics ,Language development ,Language learning ,Language Production ,Morphology - Abstract
How children acquire the rules governing past tense production has been for many years a test bed case for nativist-constructivist debates about the nature of innate knowledge and its role in language acquisition. However, previous studies have tested the acquisition of past tense via corpus analysis, in which errors are rare, or elicitation tasks, in which tested items are few, resulting in limited between-item variability. To address these weaknesses, we analysed data from a uniquely large and longitudinal dataset containing 694 verbs, collected via an educational online platform. We examined whether form-frequency, phonological neighbourhood density (PND), and telicity predict the verb-level difficulty of past tense forms in Dutch. Our sample consists of Dutch-speaking children aged 8-12 years old, the age at which children are still making past tense over-regularisation errors. Analyses are ongoing but preliminary results suggest a role for all three factors and an interaction between frequency and PND.
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- 2024
41. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Gypsy Vanner horses.
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Powers, Alexis, Peek, Simon, Reed, Steve, Donnelly, Callum, Tinkler, Stacey, Gasper, David, Finno, Carrie, and Woolard, Kevin
- Subjects
alpha‐tocopherol ,genetic ,inherited ,vitamin E ,Animals ,Horses ,Neuroaxonal Dystrophies ,Male ,Female ,Horse Diseases ,Prospective Studies ,Vitamin E ,Dietary Supplements ,California ,Pedigree ,Vitamin E Deficiency - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects young, genetically predisposed horses that are deficient in vitamin E. Equine NAD/EDM has not previously been documented in Gypsy Vanner horses (GVs). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate: (1) the clinical phenotype, blood vitamin E concentrations before and after supplementation and pedigree in a cohort of GV horses with a high prevalence of neurologic disease suspicious for eNAD/EDM and (2) to confirm eNAD/EDM in GVs through postmortem evaluation. ANIMALS: Twenty-six GVs from 1 farm in California and 2 cases from the Midwestern U.S. METHODS: Prospective observational study on Californian horses; all 26 GVs underwent neurologic examination. Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was assessed in 17- GVs. Twenty-three were supplemented orally with 10 IU/kg of liquid RRR-alpha-tocopherol once daily for 28 days. Vitamin E concentration was measured in 23 GVs after supplementation, of which 15 (65%) had pre-supplementation measurements. Two clinically affected GVs from California and the 2 Midwestern cases had necropsy confirmation of eNAD/EDM. RESULTS: Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was ≤2.0 μg/mL in 16/17 (94%) of GVs from California. Post-supplementation concentration varied, with a median of 3.39 μg/mL (range, 1.23-13.87 μg/mL), but only 12/23 (52%) were normal (≥3.0 μg/mL). Normalization of vitamin E was significantly associated with increasing age (P = .02). Euthanized horses (n = 4) had eNAD/EDM confirmed at necropsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: GVs could have a genetic predisposition to eNAD/EDM. Vitamin E supplementation should be considered and monitored in young GVs.
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- 2024
42. Clinicopathological and pedigree investigation of a novel spinocerebellar neurological disease in juvenile Quarter Horses in North America.
- Author
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Willis, Andrew, Dahlgren, Anna, Ghosh, Sharmila, Donnelly, Callum, de la Concha-Bermejillo, Andres, Pacheco, Ana, Watson, Katherine, Wensley, Fiona, Humphreys, Sarah, Whitehead, Ashley, Goldsmith, Dayna, Chesen, Berkley, Ragsdale, John, Tompkins, James, Nash, Ron, Plunkett, Amanda, Qualls, Heath, Rodriguez, Katarina, Hochanadel, Damaris, Miller, Andrew, Aleman Rivera, Martha Monica, Finno, Carrie, Woolard, Kevin, and Berryhill, Emily
- Subjects
ataxia ,inherited ,neurodegeneration ,spinal cord ,Animals ,Horses ,Horse Diseases ,Pedigree ,Male ,Female ,North America ,Spinocerebellar Ataxias ,Nervous System Diseases - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In 2020, a novel neurologic disease was observed in juvenile Quarter Horses (QHs) in North America. It was unknown if this was an aberrant manifestation of another previously described neurological disorder in foals, such as equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical findings, outcomes, and postmortem changes with Equine Juvenile Spinocerebellar Ataxia (EJSCA), differentiate the disease from other similar neurological disorders, and determine a mode of inheritance. ANIMALS: Twelve neurologically affected QH foals and the dams. METHODS: Genomic DNA was isolated and pedigrees were manually constructed. RESULTS: All foals (n = 12/12) had a history of acute onset of neurological deficits with no history of trauma. Neurological deficits were characterized by asymmetrical spinal ataxia, with pelvic limbs more severely affected than thoracic limbs. Clinicopathological abnormalities included high serum activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase and hyperglycemia. All foals became recumbent (median, 3 days: [0-18 days]), which necessitated humane euthanasia (n = 11/12, 92%; the remaining case was found dead). Histological evaluation at postmortem revealed dilated myelin sheaths and digestion chambers within the spinal cord, most prominently in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts. Pedigree analysis revealed a likely autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: EJSCA is a uniformly fatal, rapidly progressive, likely autosomal recessive neurological disease of QHs
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- 2024
43. Domestic firearm violence against women (2018-2021).
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Shipley, Jonathan, Donnelly, Megan, Kuza, Catherine, Grigorian, Areg, Swentek, Lourdes, Chin, Theresa, Brown, Nolan, Nguyen, Ninh, and Nahmias, Jeffry
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,Domestic firearm violence ,Domestic violence ,Firearm violence against women - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Over 50 % of US female homicides occur during domestic violence, with half involving firearms. Public health measures to control COVID-19 may have isolated individuals with abusive partners at a time when firearm sales and new firearm ownership surged. This study sought to evaluate trends in domestic firearm violence (DFV) over time, hypothesizing that rates of DFV increased in the wake of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective query of the Gun Violence Archive (2018-2021) was conducted for incidents of DFV. The primary outcome was the number of DFV-related shootings. Statistical testing, including one-way and two-way ANOVAs, was performed to compare monthly rates of DFV over time and to compare DFV per 100,000 women in states with strong versus weak gun laws. RESULTS: Average monthly DFV incidents rose nationwide during this studys time period, though injuries and fatalities did not. States with weaker gun laws had increased incidents, deaths, and injuries from 2018 to 2021 (all p
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- 2024
44. A suberized exodermis is required for tomato drought tolerance.
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Cantó-Pastor, Alex, Kajala, Kaisa, Shaar-Moshe, Lidor, Manzano, Concepción, Timilsena, Prakash, De Bellis, Damien, Gray, Sharon, Holbein, Julia, Yang, He, Mohammad, Sana, Nirmal, Niba, Suresh, Kiran, Ursache, Robertas, Mason, G, Gouran, Mona, West, Donnelly, Borowsky, Alexander, Bailey-Serres, Julia, Geldner, Niko, Li, Song, Franke, Rochus, Sinha, Neelima, Shackel, Kenneth, and Brady, Siobhan
- Subjects
Solanum lycopersicum ,Drought Resistance ,Plant Roots ,Cell Wall ,Arabidopsis ,Water - Abstract
Plant roots integrate environmental signals with development using exquisite spatiotemporal control. This is apparent in the deposition of suberin, an apoplastic diffusion barrier, which regulates flow of water, solutes and gases, and is environmentally plastic. Suberin is considered a hallmark of endodermal differentiation but is absent in the tomato endodermis. Instead, suberin is present in the exodermis, a cell type that is absent in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we demonstrate that the suberin regulatory network has the same parts driving suberin production in the tomato exodermis and the Arabidopsis endodermis. Despite this co-option of network components, the network has undergone rewiring to drive distinct spatial expression and with distinct contributions of specific genes. Functional genetic analyses of the tomato MYB92 transcription factor and ASFT enzyme demonstrate the importance of exodermal suberin for a plant water-deficit response and that the exodermal barrier serves an equivalent function to that of the endodermis and can act in its place.
- Published
- 2024
45. Animal-AI 3: What's New & Why You Should Care
- Author
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Voudouris, Konstantinos, Alhas, Ibrahim, Schellaert, Wout, Crosby, Matthew, Holmes, Joel, Burden, John, Chaubey, Niharika, Donnelly, Niall, Patel, Matishalin, Halina, Marta, Hernández-Orallo, José, and Cheke, Lucy G.
- Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
The Animal-AI Environment is a unique game-based research platform designed to serve both the artificial intelligence and cognitive science research communities. In this paper, we present Animal-AI 3, the latest version of the environment, outlining several major new features that make the game more engaging for humans and more complex for AI systems. New features include interactive buttons, reward dispensers, and player notifications, as well as an overhaul of the environment's graphics and processing for significant increases in agent training time and quality of the human player experience. We provide detailed guidance on how to build computational and behavioural experiments with Animal-AI 3. We present results from a series of agents, including the state-of-the-art Deep Reinforcement Learning agent (dreamer-v3), on newly designed tests and the Animal-AI Testbed of 900 tasks inspired by research in comparative psychology. Animal-AI 3 is designed to facilitate collaboration between the cognitive sciences and artificial intelligence. This paper serves as a stand-alone document that motivates, describes, and demonstrates Animal-AI 3 for the end user.
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- 2023
46. Radio Jet Feedback on the Inner Disk of Virgo Spiral Galaxy Messier 58
- Author
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Ogle, Patrick M., Lopez, Ivan E., Reynaldi, Victoria, Togi, Aditya, Rich, R. Michael, Roman, Javier, Caceres, Osmin, Zhuofu, Li, Donnelly, Grant, Smith, J. D. T., Appleton, Philip N., and Lanz, Lauranne
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
Spitzer spectral maps reveal a disk of highly luminous, warm (>150 K) H2 in the center of the massive spiral galaxy Messier 58, which hosts a radio-loud AGN. The inner 2.6 kpc of the galaxy appears to be overrun by shocks from the radio jet cocoon. Gemini NIRI imaging of the H2 1-0 S(1) emission line, ALMA CO 2-1, and HST multiband imagery indicate that much of the molecular gas is shocked in-situ, corresponding to lanes of dusty molecular gas that spiral towards the galaxy nucleus. The CO 2-1 and ionized gas kinematics are highly disturbed, with velocity dispersion up to 300 km/s. Dissipation of the associated kinetic energy and turbulence, likely injected into the ISM by radio-jet driven outflows, may power the observed molecular and ionized gas emission from the inner disk. The PAH fraction and composition in the inner disk appear to be normal, in spite of the jet and AGN activity. The PAH ratios are consistent with excitation by the interstellar radiation field from old stars in the bulge, with no contribution from star formation. The phenomenon of jet-shocked H2 may substantially reduce star formation and help to regulate the stellar mass of the inner disk and supermassive black hole in this otherwise normal spiral galaxy. Similarly strong H2 emission is found at the centers of several nearby spiral and lenticular galaxies with massive bulges and radio-loud AGN., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, 1 Table, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2023
47. ProtoEEGNet: An Interpretable Approach for Detecting Interictal Epileptiform Discharges
- Author
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Tang, Dennis, Willard, Frank, Tegerdine, Ronan, Triplett, Luke, Donnelly, Jon, Moffett, Luke, Semenova, Lesia, Barnett, Alina Jade, Jing, Jin, Rudin, Cynthia, and Westover, Brandon
- Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
In electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) serves as a critical biomarker for seizures or seizure-like events.Detecting IEDs can be difficult; even highly trained experts disagree on the same sample. As a result, specialists have turned to machine-learning models for assistance. However, many existing models are black boxes and do not provide any human-interpretable reasoning for their decisions. In high-stakes medical applications, it is critical to have interpretable models so that experts can validate the reasoning of the model before making important diagnoses. We introduce ProtoEEGNet, a model that achieves state-of-the-art accuracy for IED detection while additionally providing an interpretable justification for its classifications. Specifically, it can reason that one EEG looks similar to another ''prototypical'' EEG that is known to contain an IED. ProtoEEGNet can therefore help medical professionals effectively detect IEDs while maintaining a transparent decision-making process., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2023
48. Continuous football player tracking from discrete broadcast data
- Author
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Penn, Matthew J., Donnelly, Christl A., and Bhatt, Samir
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Multiagent Systems - Abstract
Player tracking data remains out of reach for many professional football teams as their video feeds are not sufficiently high quality for computer vision technologies to be used. To help bridge this gap, we present a method that can estimate continuous full-pitch tracking data from discrete data made from broadcast footage. Such data could be collected by clubs or players at a similar cost to event data, which is widely available down to semi-professional level. We test our method using open-source tracking data, and include a version that can be applied to a large set of over 200 games with such discrete data., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures
- Published
- 2023
49. Filter-adapted spatiotemporal sampling for real-time rendering
- Author
-
Donnelly, William, Wolfe, Alan, Bütepage, Judith, and Valdés, Jon
- Subjects
Computer Science - Graphics ,I.3.3 ,I.3.7 - Abstract
Stochastic sampling techniques are ubiquitous in real-time rendering, where performance constraints force the use of low sample counts, leading to noisy intermediate results. To remove this noise, the post-processing step of temporal and spatial denoising is an integral part of the real-time graphics pipeline. The main insight presented in this paper is that we can optimize the samples used in stochastic sampling such that the post-processing error is minimized. The core of our method is an analytical loss function which measures post-filtering error for a class of integrands - multidimensional Heaviside functions. These integrands are an approximation of the discontinuous functions commonly found in rendering. Our analysis applies to arbitrary spatial and spatiotemporal filters, scalar and vector sample values, and uniform and non-uniform probability distributions. We show that the spectrum of Monte Carlo noise resulting from our sampling method is adapted to the shape of the filter, resulting in less noisy final images. We demonstrate improvements over state-of-the-art sampling methods in three representative rendering tasks: ambient occlusion, volumetric ray-marching, and color image dithering. Common use noise textures, and noise generation code is available at https://github.com/electronicarts/fastnoise., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures
- Published
- 2023
50. A Search for Prompts: Generating Structured Answers from Contracts
- Author
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Roegiest, Adam, Chitta, Radha, Donnelly, Jonathan, Lash, Maya, Vtyurina, Alexandra, and Longtin, François
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
In many legal processes being able to action on the concrete implication of a legal question can be valuable to automating human review or signalling certain conditions (e.g., alerts around automatic renewal). To support such tasks, we present a form of legal question answering that seeks to return one (or more) fixed answers for a question about a contract clause. After showing that unstructured generative question answering can have questionable outcomes for such a task, we discuss our exploration methodology for legal question answering prompts using OpenAI's \textit{GPT-3.5-Turbo} and provide a summary of insights. Using insights gleaned from our qualitative experiences, we compare our proposed template prompts against a common semantic matching approach and find that our prompt templates are far more accurate despite being less reliable in the exact response return. With some additional tweaks to prompts and the use of in-context learning, we are able to further improve the performance of our proposed strategy while maximizing the reliability of responses as best we can., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2023
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