Search

A High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) could induce very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) with nanosecond level rise time and mega-volt amplitude, which severely threatens the electrical devices connected to the elevated transmission line. An elevated transmission line with different locations may suffer different levels of HEMP threat since the dip angle could influence the polarization of the HEMP wave. The combination of Rosenblatt Transformation and Polynomial Chaos Expansion (R-PCE) is introduced in this paper. With this method, the efficiency of calculating the overvoltage of an elevated transmission line under HEMP is improved, speeding up 24.75 times. The influence of different factors (dip angle, elevated height, and earth conductivity) on the overvoltage of elevated transmission lines applied in power systems is calculated and analyzed. The numerical result shows with 99.9% confidence that the overvoltage would be over 3.7 MV of amplitude and 6.7 × 1014 V/s of voltage derivative, which is much more rigorous than a lighting pulse. We also find that elevated transmission lines may have a larger HEMP threat in a small dip angle area. The corresponding data are shown at the end of the paper, which could be useful for relative researchers in pulse injection experiments and reliable evaluation.

The discharge channel is a crucial diagnostic tool for identifying the properties of gas switches. However, single-view images cannot easily be used to inherently understand the discharge channel characteristics of trigger electrodes. A reconstruction method of the discharge channel in gas switches is proposed based on a multi-axis tomography technique, which uses very few projections of optical images to reconstruct the location of a multichannel discharge in annular electrodes. In this paper, an algorithm named TVM-OSEM (total variation minimization ordered subsets expectation maximization) is proposed, which can effectively remove artifact noise to improve the reconstruction accuracy of discharge channels. The method is validated against simulations of a radiator with high-density-difference boundary. The calculated discharge channel distribution from one experiment is presented.

Time response and light yield are two of the most important features of a scintillation detector, and are mostly determined by the luminescence properties of the scintillator. Here we have investigated the radioluminescence (RL) characteristics of a single-crystalline hybrid lead halide perovskite at both room temperature and low temperature. A dual-channel single photon correlation (DCSPC) system with a vacuum chamber is employed for the measurement. A rise time faster than 100 ps and several times enhancement of the crystal scintillation performances at low temperature have been observed. These behaviors demonstrated that bulk solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites (MAPbCl3 and Br-doped MAPbBr0.08Cl2.92, where MA = CH3NH3) can serve as stable scintillating materials for pulsed gamma detectors. In addition, this work provides a pathway for perovskite application and also attracts attention to investigating low-temperature scintillators.

Lutetium–yttrium oxyorthosilicate doped with cerium (LYSO:Ce) is a widely used scintillator, and the study of its nonlinear behavior under high excitation density is very significant owing to its direct influence on radiation measurements. Using a 266 nm ultraviolet laser to excite an LYSO:Ce crystal, the relationship between the photoluminescence (PL) light yield and excitation density was studied by Z scan experiments. The excitation threshold of the LYSO:Ce was obtained, which is about 2.3 J cm−3. Picosecond transient absorption of LYSO:Ce at 800 nm was obtained and used to analyze the dynamic process of carriers. The physical mechanism behind the nonlinearity was discussed and analyzed using the Forster dipole–dipole interaction model, and the interaction characteristic radius was obtained by fitting. This work can help us understand the nonlinearity phenomenon in scintillators and provide references for related radiation detection applications.

The purpose of seismic data processing in nuclear explosion monitoring is to accurately and reliably detect seismic or explosion events from complex ambient noises. Accurate detection and identification of seismic phases are of great significance to the detection and parameter estimation of seismic events. In seismic phase identification, discriminating between noise signals and real seismic signals is essential. Accurate identification of noise signals helps reduce false detections, improves the accuracy of automatic bulletins, and relieves the workload of analysts. At the same time, in seismic exploration, the prime objective in data processing is also to enhance the signal and suppress the noises. In this study, we combined a generative adversarial network (GAN) with a long short-term memory network (LSTM) to discriminate between noise and phases in seismic waveforms recorded by the International Monitoring System (IMS) array MKAR. First, using the beamforming data of the array as the input, we obtained the signal features of seismic phases through the learning of the GAN discriminator network. Then, we input these features and trained the joint network on mixed seismic phase and noise data, and successfully classified seismic phases and noise signals with a recall of 95.28% and 97.64%, respectively. Based on this model, we established a real-time data processing method, then validated the effectiveness of this method with real 2019 data of MKAR. We also verified whether improved noise signal identification improves the quality of phase association and event detection.

Neutron and x-ray imaging are essential ways to diagnose a pulsed radiation source. The three-dimensional (3D) intensity distribution reconstructed from two-dimensional (2D) radiation images can significantly promote research regarding the generation and variation mechanisms of pulsed radiation sources. Only a few ([Formula: see text]) projected images at one moment are available due to the difficulty in building imaging systems for high-radiation-intensity and short-pulsed sources. The reconstruction of a 3D source with a minimal number of 2D images is an ill-posed problem that leads to severe structural distortions and artifacts of the image reconstructed by conventional algorithms. In this paper, we present an iterative method to reconstruct a 3D source using spherical harmonic decomposition. Our algorithm improves the representation ability of spherical harmonic decomposition for 3D sources by enlarging the order of the expansion, which is limited in current analytical reconstruction algorithms. Prior knowledge of the source can be included to obtain a reasonable solution. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the reconstructed image quality of the iterative algorithm is better than that of the analytical algorithm. The iterative method can suppress the effect of noise in the integral projection image and has better robustness and adaptability than the analytical method.

The High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) covers a wide range and may damage the electronics and electrical devices. Lots of variables such as different incidence angles could cause the uncertainty in HEMP Field-Line-Coupling. The transmission line always ends with nonlinear loads like MOV, which is far different from the description in HEMP conducting environment standard. In this paper, we are able to give the conducting waveform with any confidence level efficiently by combining Volterra integral equation and Agrawal scattering voltage model based on Polynomial Chaos.

Time response and light yield are two of the most important features of a scintillation detector, and are mostly determined by the luminescence properties of the scintillator. Here we have investigated the radioluminescence (RL) characteristics of a single-crystalline hybrid lead halide perovskite at both room temperature and low temperature. A dual-channel single photon correlation (DCSPC) system with a vacuum chamber is employed for the measurement. A rise time faster than 100 ps and several times enhancement of the crystal scintillation performances at low temperature have been observed. These behaviors demonstrated that bulk solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites (MAPbCl

We have studied the transmission performance of gating pulses on the microstrip photocathode (PC) of an ultrafast image intensifier. A numerical calculation model that included the impedance mismatch between the strip PC and the input line was established to simulate gating pulse propagation. The transmission performances of the pulses were investigated using simulations and experimental evaluations of several factors that affect transmission, including the PC-to-microchannel plate (MCP) input spacing, the PC resistance, the input pulsewidth, and the photocurrent. In addition, some of the simulation results were validated experimentally. The research produced the following results: 1) accumulation among the transmitted and reflected pulses is a major factor in broadening the width of the gating pulse; 2) reduction of the PC-to-MCP input spacing and a slight increase in direct current resistance can improve the gating speed and reduce the delay between the input and output ends; 3) when the input pulsewidth is more than 500 ps, the width of the transmitted pulse on the PC is almost equal to that of the input pulse, and amplitude attenuation is almost constant; and 4) the minimum gating time that can be achieved using this device was approximately 420 ps. Finally, preliminary testing of the optical gating time was implemented. The experimental results showed that when an input pulse with a full width of 0.8 ns was superimposed on the strip PC, the image intensifier could achieve an optical gating time of 0.7 ns.

To measure the temporal width and the intensity evolution versus time of a MeV gamma pulse generated by a Compton Scatter Source, a time–space conversion method is proposed. This design is based on the consideration that the temporal length of the MeV pulse is proportional to the spatial length of the pulse in a certain semiconductor. The spatial length and the intensity evolution versus time of the MeV pulse can be obtained by recording the region of the refractive index change that is induced by the MeV pulse. The simulation suggests that the equivalent temporal spread of a mono-energy MeV δ pulse in a bulk semiconductor is on the order of picoseconds and does not vary significantly with photon energy and material type. According to our analysis, the excess carrier generation time, excess carrier diffusion and recombination do not significantly influence the temporal resolution of this method. The temporal response of the refractive index change to a MeV pulse is also fast enough to meet the measurement requirements. The signal generation process for measuring a 10-ps MeV pulse with a 200-fs probe beam is analyzed, revealing that the transverse size of the MeV pulse does not influence the temporal resolution of this method.

Relationship between light yield and excitation fluence was studied by changing laser intensity and the distance between focal spot and LSO crystal. Results show that nonlinear energy threshold of LSO crystal is about 3 J/cm3.

Polynomial Chaos (PC) is used to calculate the uncertainty of coupling responses caused by variables in HEMP. We consider this issue from the facility in the whole HEMP propagation and find that the possible range of response would vary in different dip angles. With the analytical expression by PC, the statistical characterization of the coupling like waveform with different confidence interval or the PDF of response at any frequency or moment is available now. Other indexes are also calculated via the waveform. It would be valuable for the evaluation of facility's susceptibility in specific situations.

This paper analyzes the intrinsic energy resolution, the influence law of multiple Coulomb scattering, the radiation conversion efficiency, and other factors of the Compton radiation conversion target. Based on the essential principle of interaction between gamma rays and matter, the theoretical characteristics and transport law of Compton electrons are analyzed. Through a Monte Carlo simulation, the composition, energy, and angular distribution of electrons emitted from the target surface are calculated; the influence of target parameters, such as target material, thickness, and electron collection angle, on target performance is studied; and then the optimization method of target parameters is established. Finally, the main performance parameters of the Compton radiation conversion target are given. This research reveals how multiple Coulomb scattering angles relate to materials of different types and thicknesses, as well as to the optimal collection angle. A series of optimized parameters for the material, mass thickness, and corresponding energy resolution of radiation conversion target with different conversion efficiencies are obtained.

Scintillators form the chief device for radiation detection, and the study of their characteristics and their related theories is very significant. Specifically, the nonlinear behavior of scintillators under high excitation density has been closely studied owing to its direct influence on the measurements of radiation. We propose a new method to calibrate the nonlinearity of scintillators based on the electron pulse generated by a linear electron accelerator. The nonlinear light yield of several commonly used scintillators versus fluence of 70 MeV electrons in a 10 ps pulse has been measured by adjusting the charge of electron pulses, and the deposition energy threshold is also simulated and calculated. The results show that the deposition energy threshold for the occurrence of 5% nonlinearity is highest for two types of oxide scintillators, viz. LSO and PbWO4, followed by fluoride scintillators, viz. BaF2 and CeF3, and the threshold for a plastic scintillator EJ232 is lowest.

We fabricated a liquid scintillator capillary array (LSCA) for gamma imaging with the aim of developing a one-dimensional detector system utilizing a streak camera for high temporal and spatial resolution pulsed gamma radiation detection. The detector's performance was studied in a simulation and via an experiment. The maximum efficiency of the LSCA's emission was at a wavelength of 420 nm. To establish a high fidelity representation of the detector's edge spread function and modulation transfer function (MTF), a slanted edge algorithm was introduced to calculate the edge spread function of the discrete sampling array's image screen. The simulation results showed that the spatial resolution of the LSCA was better for 14 MeV neutrons than for 1.25 MeV gamma radiation. The experimental results show that in comparison with a 6-mm-thick LaBr3 image plate, the LSCA had a higher temporal and spatial resolution when used as a gamma detector. The spatial resolution was 1.1 lp/mm (MTF = 0.1) for the LSCA. In addition, when an ultra-violet streak camera was coupled with the LSCA, it had a comparable sensitivity to that of a 6-mm-thick LaBr3 image plate.

A RadOptic detector, which was optimized to respond to MeV pulses utilizing bulk semiconductors and an interferometer method, was reported. The interferometer in the detector consisted of a C-band, continuous-wave, narrow-bandwidth laser, single-mode fibers and a bulk semiconductor. The instantaneous refractive index change induced by a MeV pulse was recorded in one shot by an optic-electrical detector. The relationship between the gamma pulse and the detector output pattern was theoretically deduced and experimentally tested with incident MeV pulses. The pulsed gamma source had a 0.8 MeV (max) energy and 60 ns duration. The detector with an intrinsic GaAs sample, whose recombination time was approximately 0.6 ns, as measured by double photon absorption, was an impulsive detector, demonstrating a pattern the output represents the gamma-pulse strength. The detector with an intrinsic InP sample (a recombination time of approximately 1000 ns) was an integral detector, and the differential of the output pattern was consistent with the gamma pulse. A long-distance (~ 1 km) and high temporal resolution (better than 2 ns) detector for MeV pulses was created in this work.

An interferometer, directly coupling a single-mode fiber with a bulk semiconductor, was used to one-shot record the instantaneous change in the refractive index of bulk semiconductors. A practical contrast level can be achieved in the interferometer with different types of polished bulk materials several hundred micrometers in thickness. The temporal resolution was approximately 50 ps and can be improved by using thinner materials or higher bandwidth detection. This interferometer can also be used to study the fast recording technology based on pulsed radiation-induced changes in optical characteristics.

A novel magnetic spectrometer for Inverse-Compton X-ray source is proposed. Compton recoil electrons are generated by a lithium converter, and then confined by a complex collimator and spectrally resolved by a sector-shaped double-focusing magnet. A method of optimization for the converter is investigated, and the dependence of the best energy resolution on converting efficiency is quantitatively revealed. The configuration of the magnet is specially designed to cover a wide range of electron energy and to achieve a large collecting solid angle. The efficiency and relative energy resolution of the designed spectrometer, according to Monte-Carlo simulation using Geant4, are 10-4 e/p and about 5% respectively for 3 MeV photons.

For the quantitative investigation of MeV-photon-induced changes in the refractive indices of bulk semiconductors, a model was established to describe the evolution of the excess carrier density, including the generation and recombination processes. The two key parameters of the evolution model, namely, the summed injection intensity and the gamma intensity curve, were obtained via dose measurements and gamma pulse monitoring, respectively. An interferometric method of measuring instantaneous changes in the refractive index and obtaining real-time measurements of the excess carrier density in bulk materials was successfully implemented. The probe beam was transmitted through a single-mode fiber to form double-beam interference in a slab geometry. Two bulk samples, one consisting of intrinsic GaAs and one of intrinsic ZnO, were tested. The recombination time constant of the intrinsic GaAs sample was found to be approximately 0.6 ns and did not vary distinctly with the photon energy, whereas the ZnO sample's recombination behavior consisted of two components. The short component was evident when short and intense pulses were incident, whereas the long component dominated under long and relatively weak pulses. The method reported in this work can be used to study the excess carrier dynamics induced by pulsed gamma radiation and to investigate the mechanisms of refractive index modulation under pulsed gamma conditions; thus, it is expected to be beneficial for guiding the development of RadOptic systems based on bulk materials.

A normal-incident flattop laser with a tapered end is proposed as an optical undulator to achieve a high-gain and high-brightness X-ray free electron laser (FEL). The synchronic interaction of an electron bunch with the normal incident laser is realized by tilting the laser pulse front. The intensity of the flattop laser is kept constant during the interaction time of the electron bunch and the laser along the focal plane of a cylindrical lens. Optical shaping to generate the desired flattop pulse with a tapered end from an original Gaussian pulse distribution is designed and simulated. The flattop laser with a tapered end can enhance the X-ray FEL beyond the exponential growth saturation power by one order to reach 1 Gigawatt as compared to that without a tapered end. The peak brightness can reach 1030 photons/mm2/mrad2/s/0.1% bandwidth, more than 10 orders brighter than the conventional incoherent Thompson Scattering X-ray source.©2013 Optical Society of America. © 2013 Optical Society of America.

The THz undulator has a higher gain to realize a much brighter X-ray at saturation, compared with the optical undulator under the same undulator strength and beam quality. In order to fill the high-power THz gap and realize the THz undulator, two superimposed laser pulses at normal incidence to the electron-beam moving direction form an equivalent high-field THz undulator by the frequency difference to realize the high-gain X-ray Free electron laser. The pulse front tilt of lateral fed lasers is used to realize the electron-laser synchronic interaction. By PIC simulation, a higher gain and a larger X-ray radiation power by the beat wave THz undulator could be realized, compared with the optical undulator for the same electron beam parameters.