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Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism as well as the common aspiration of social people. This article constructed an evaluation index system of 25 indicators for common prosperity, covering four dimensions of material wealth, harmonious social life, rich spiritual life, and livable ecological environment. The TOPSIS method was used to comprehensively rank nine provinces and two municipalities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The results show that the level of common prosperity along the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased significantly from 2010 to 2019, and the level of common prosperity in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is much higher than that in the middle and upper reaches. According to the differences in common prosperity levels among regions, provinces and cities are divided into three categories: high, unbalanced, and low. Combined with the characteristics of each type of region, policy suggestions were put forward from the perspectives of strengthening the regional industrial cooperation mechanism, deepening the construction of regional livelihood infrastructure and basic public services, and improving the ability of regional environmental coordination.

Japanese farms currently occur on a small but expanding average physical scale and annual sales, in a decreasing and aging labor force, increasingly abandoned farmland and massive access of corporations powerful in capital and management. The government has proposed to accelerate agricultural growth through adopting high-level smart technologies in large-scale farms, with a series of favorite policies and measures. This paper reviews the connotations, characteristics and technologies of smart agriculture in the views of Japanese scholars, the practice of smart agriculture in Japan, followed by a case study on the smart rice production model 'NoshoNavi1000'. The results show that Japanese scholars have conducted in-depth and massive studies in smart agriculture, with regional characteristics in the orientations on labor-saving, precise management, disaster reduction and inheriting traditional farming skills. The government's ambitious objective is supported by its all-round policy package, including project demonstration, supporting services, environmental improvement, education and training, and overseas outreaching. Closely combined with the planting structure of Japanese agriculture, rice production is an important sector for the RD and application of smart farming in the form of either individual technologies or models. The policies and technologies have achieved benefits in saving labor and production costs, and improving the profit margin. Through years of on-farm application, 'NoshoNavi1000' has been developed to involve the major technological components of smart agriculture. It has contributed to improving rice yield, production efficiency and profitability of large-scale farms, through real-time data collection, comprehensive and professional data mining, and specific and practical feedbacks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Stabilized fertilizers that contain nitrification inhibitors and/or urease inhibitors are widely used in China. A pot experiment was conducted to analyze soil enzymatic characteristics related to carbon and nitrogen turnover and metabolism under the use of rice straw and stabilized fertilizer. Results showed that stabilized fertilizer exhibited the highest yield production, panicle numbers, and above-ground biomass. Compared with urea treatment with straw, adding inhibitors reduced soil organic carbon and the enzyme activity related to acquisition of carbon, but increased soil organic carbon accumulation, rice yield, and above-ground biomass. Stabilized fertilizer increased protease activity; however, it decreased N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide. Addition of straw significantly increased dissolved organic and microbial biomass carbon or nitrogen, as well as the enzyme activities of α-D-glucosidase, β-D-glucosidase, β-N-acetyl-glucosidase, and cellulase at the seedling and tillering stages. The principal components analysis showed that the synthesis of extracellular enzyme related to carbon and nitrogen acquiring act as a proxy for straw decomposing under nitrogen conditions. The combination delayed the release of ammonia, which affected the carbon and nitrogen coupling by microbial organisms. These results demonstrated a relationship between soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and soil enzymes in different fertilization management.

A pot experiment was used to explore the distribution of fertilizer N and agronomic effects in a paddy soil-rice (Oryza sativa L.) system. Five treatments were set: without nitrogen, straw and inhibitor (C), urea (U), urea + straw (US), urea + urease + nitrification inhibitor (UI) and urea + urease + nitrification inhibitor + straw (UIS). Soil and urea-derived microbial biomass N increased significantly in US and UIS compared with straw-free treatments at seedling and tillering, indicating that biotic process play an important role in the retention of fertilizer N with straw addition. About 10% urea-N was recovered as fixed ammonium (FA) at seedling stage, subsequently released at tillering and maturation regardless of treatments, which emphasizes the importance of FA in the retention and supply of fertilizer N in paddy soils. Compared with U, rice yield and N uptake in US decreased by 7.8% and 25.2% respectively, while inhibitors (UIS) alleviated the reduction by 16.4% and 31.6%. The current research indicated UIS is recommended as the most appropriate management strategy in paddy soils of Northeast China based on N dynamics. But the economic effect as well as the field-scale validation need to be further evaluated.

Amino acids are important components of the soil organic nitrogen pool. There is, however, a current lack of knowledge concerning how exogenous C and N regulate amino acid uptake in the soil microo...

In order to contend with decreasing gross amounts and soaring costs, viable rice production in Japan requires high yield levels. This study assessed the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and soil chemical properties on rice yield. Data were recorded in 2014 and 2015 from 93 paddy fields at a farm larger than 30 ha in Hokuriku Region, Japan. Koshihikari, the most widely planted rice variety in Japan, was cultivated in the sampled fields. Soil chemical properties were quantified using 12 variables, namely pH, cation exchange capacity, phosphoric acid content, silicic acid content, content and saturation of the three exchangeable bases, and the equivalent ratios of calcium to magnesium and magnesium to potassium. Three principal components (PCs) were extracted explaining 76% of the total variation and comprised mainly the magnesium (PC1), potassium (PC2), and acidity–basicity (PC3) variables. The multivariate regression model retained significant determinants, with the standardized principal components (SPCs) and the time trend explaining 66.6% of the total variation. The results showed that higher squared values of SPC1 positively related to rice yield, while SPC2 and SPC3 increased rice yield up to a threshold, at which point increases plateaued. These findings were then confirmed through correlation analyses between each soil chemical property and both the PCs and rice yield. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer was insignificant, due to low variation among the paddy fields in which the special cultivation regime was adopted. Further investigations were conducted into countermeasures to improve soil chemical properties, especially those highly related to SPC2 and SPC3.

Application of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) with nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most efficient ways to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). To fully understand the efficiency of NIs with N fertilizer on soil nitrification, yield and NUE of maize (Zea mays L.), an outdoor pot experiment with different NIs in three soils with different pH was conducted. Five treatments were established: no fertilizer (Control); ammonium sulfate (AS); ammonium sulfate + 3, 4-dimethyl-pyrazolate phosphate (DMPP) (AD); ammonium sulfate + nitrogen protectant (N-GD) (AN); ammonium sulfate + 3, 4-dimethyl-pyrazolate phosphate + nitrogen protectant (ADN). The results showed that NIs treatments (AD, AN and ADN) significantly reduced soil nitrification in the brown and red soil, especially in AD and ADN, which decreased apparent nitrification rate by 28% - 44% (P < 0.05). All NIs treatments significantly increased yield and NUE of maize in three soils, especially ADN in the cinnamon soil and AD in the red soil were more efficiency, which significantly increased maize yield and apparent nitrogen recovery by 5.07 and 6.81 times, 4.39 and 8.16 times, respectively. No significant difference on maize yield was found in the brown soil, but AN significantly increased apparent nitrogen recovery by 70%. Given that the effect of NIs on both soil nitrification and NUE of maize, DMPP+N-GD was more efficient in the cinnamon soil, while N-GD and DMPP was the most efficiency in the brown and red soil, respectively. In addition, soil pH and soil organic matter play important role in the efficiency of NIs.

This chapter identified the variation and determinants of rice yield measured by the smart combine harvester, from among different rice yields within large-scale farms. Apart from to the paddy yield with 15% moisture, we studied the variations in the concerning ratios for unsorted and sorted brown rice as well. The sample included 351 fields from a farm corporation scaled over 113 hectares, located in the Kanto region of Japan. The candidate determinants were the field area and condition, nitrogen amount, time of transplanting or seeding, stage-specific growth indicators of chlorophyll content, number of panicles, plant height, and leaf plate value. In addition, soil properties, average temperature, and solar radiation were incorporated. Meanwhile, the varieties, cultivation practices, and soil types were adopted as dummy variables. The empirical analysis was conducted using multivariate linear regression, with logarithmic transformations of the continuous variables. The result indicated that panicle numbers in the full-heading stage and transplanting or sowing time were the most important continuous determinant, following by nitrogen amount, humus content, and so forth. Within the significant discrete determinants, Akidawara and Milky queen were found to be the productive and unproductive varieties, respectively, while the well-drained direct sowing was found to negatively affecting yield.

Irrigation is increasingly important for rice productivity to maintain soil temperature and fertility with the presence of global warming. Meanwhile, rice production in Japan is in urgent need to reduce the costs through improving the efficiency and market competitiveness. This chapter aimed to measure effect of water depth and water temperature on rice yield of individual paddy fields and improve the practice of irrigation management for them. In first stage, we measured the production efficiency of rice yield through the adoption of DEA. The results indicated that enlarged scale of the paddy fields increases the efficiency, and rice quality can be improved more than quantity.

This chapter reviewed the connotations and research approaches of smart agriculture and agricultural production efficiency, summarized the composition of a smart rice production model, “Noshonnavi1000.” The adoption of this smart rice farming model was in accordance with the GAP objectives, and it was used to collect data from large-scale rice farms and support empirical analyses of production efficiency determinants through models reflecting the main streams of production efficiency analysis: path analysis explored the determinants from the perspective of marginal effect, while data envelopment analysis decomposed production efficiency into technical and scale efficiency. This chapter summarized the constitution of the research consortium of the series projects and organization of the following chapters, thus provided the general scenario of this book.

This chapter identified the impact of rice variety and cultivation regime on paddy yield in the large-scale farms. The study objects were 351 fields in a farm corporation of over 113 hectares, locating in the Kanto Region, and the yield was measured by smart combine harvester The ANOVA result indicated that rice variety was a significant factor affecting yield; although the cultivation regime was not significant, it had a significant interaction with the effect of rice variety. According to the result of Duncan’s new multiple range test (DNMRT), the rice varieties were divided into three groups. Further analyses using four factors and the ANOVA results showed that the time of transplanting or sowing, growth duration from transplanting or sowing stage to earring stage, total nitrogen amount, and field area were determining factors. Finally, the key points for higher paddy yield were summarized.

Paddy production in Japan is currently undergoing a transition, moving away from the former acreage reduction policies of the 1970s to improve the sector’s efficiency and competitiveness. Meanwhile, agricultural production corporations and the adoption of ICT and GAP have been steadily increasing over last decades. This chapter aimed to identify the determinants of paddy yield measured by smart combine harvester within large-scale farms. The sample included 351 paddy fields from a farm corporation scaled over 113 hectares, located in the Kanto region of Japan. The candidate determinants included the continuous variables of field area and condition evaluation scores, transplanting or sowing time, and amount of nitrogen, as well as the stage-specific growth indicators for chlorophyll contain, number of panicles, plant height, and leaf plate value. Meanwhile, three discrete variables including variety, cultivation regime, and soil type were also adopted. Empirical analysis was conducted using a multivariate linear regression, with logarithmic transformations of the continuous variables. Within the continuous variables, transplanting or sowing time was identified as possessing the largest absolute standardized regression coefficient, and thus be the most important determinant. The negative coefficient indicated that earlier transplanting or sowing benefits vegetative growth, thus panicle number and plant height in heading stage, which were identified as positively significant together with field area, and amount of nitrogen. Within the discrete determinants, Akidawara was measured as a productive variety, while the well-drained and submerged direct sowing were identified as negatively affecting yield.

Japan is in urgent need of reducing its rice production costs through increasing yield, which is highly dependent on soil fertility. This chapter investigated the determinants of rice yield, from the perspective of nitrogen fertilizer and soil chemical properties. The data were collected in 2014 and 2015, from 116 paddy fields, on a large-scale farm located in the Kinki Region. The rice included Koshihikari and other seven varieties, cultivated using conventional, special, and organic methods. The nine soil chemical properties were: pH value, cation exchange capacity, ammonium nitrogen, effective phosphoric and silicic acid, saturation of base elements, exchangeable potassium, lime, and magnesia. Multiple regression analysis indicated that positive effects were found for silicic acid, exchangeable potassium, and ammonium nitrogen; while phosphoric acid affects yield negatively, while controlling rice variety, cultivation regime, and field area. Finally, countermeasures are put forward to improve soil fertility and rice yield.

In Japan, rice production is undergoing a transition from acreage reduction to an improvement in efficiency and competitiveness. Owing to the global warming, irrigation management is increasingly important in maintaining soil temperature and fertility for rice productivity. This chapter aimed to measure the production efficiency of rice yield, using a two-stage DEA like the former chapter. The data comprised of 122 paddy fields of Koshihikari, one of the most popular Japanese rice varieties. The data was sampled from a large-scale farm located in the Hokuriku Region of Japan in 2015.

To contend with decreasing gross amounts and soaring costs, viable rice production in Japan requires high yield levels. This chapter assessed the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and soil chemical properties on rice yield. Data were collected from 93 paddy fields at a farm larger than 30 hectares in Hokuriku Region, Japan. Koshihikari, the most widely planted rice variety in Japan, was cultivated in the sampled fields. Soil chemical properties were quantified using 12 variables, namely pH, cation exchange capacity, phosphoric acid content, silicic acid content, content, and saturation of the three exchangeable bases, and the equivalent ratios of calcium to magnesium and magnesium to potassium.

This chapter measured the interacting effects of paddy yield determinants using path analysis. The data was sampled in 2014, from 301 paddy fields planted with Koshihikari, from two large-scale farms in Japan. The result indicated that there are significant interactions among the determinants, which affect the total yield in the form of indirect effects. Solar radiation and temperature had the most effect; and the former affected the latter significantly.

External organic nitrogen (N) inputs can contrastingly affect the transformation and availability of N in forest soils, which is an important potential N resource and is possibly vulnerable to soil properties. Little is known about the transformation and availability of external small molecule organic N in forest soils and the underlying microbial mechanisms. Soil samples from Changbai Mountain at different altitudes (from 750 m to 2200 m) that ranged widely in soil properties were incubated with 13C, 15N-labeled glycine. The fate of 15N-glycine and the incorporation of 13C into different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured at the same time. The addition of glycine promoted gross N mineralization and microbial N immobilization significantly. Mineralization of glycine N accounted for 6.2–22.5% of the added glycine and can be explicable in the light of a readily mineralizable substrate by soil microorganisms. Assimilation of glycine N into microbial biomass by the mineralization-immobilization-turnover (MIT) route accounted for 24.7–52.1% of the added label and was most mightily affected by the soil C/N ratio. We also found that the direct utilization of glycine is important to fulfill microorganism growth under the lack of available carbon (C) at upper elevations. The labeled glycine was rapidly incorporated into the PLFAs and was primarily assimilated by bacteria, indicating that different groups of the microbial community were answerable to external organic N. G+ bacteria were the main competitors for the exogenous glycine. Increased intact incorporation of glycine into microbial biomass and the concentration of PLFAs in general, particularly in G+ bacteria, suggest a diversified arrangement to response changes in substrate availability.

Water management is increasingly important for rice productivity to maintain soil temperature and fertility with the presence of global warming. Meanwhile, rice production in Japan is in urgent need to reduce the costs through improving the efficiency and market competitiveness. This paper aims to measure effect of water depth and water temperature on rice yield of individual paddy fields and improve the practice of water management for them. In the first stage, we measure the production efficiency of rice yield through the adoption of data envelopment analysis. The results indicate that enlarged scale of the paddy fields increases the efficiency, and rice quality can be improved more than quantity. Moreover, the most inefficiently used inputs include the amount of fertilizer nitrogen and the soil capacity, which is a compound measurement of 21 soil chemical properties. In the second stage, after comparing the 20 paddy fields with highest and lowest technical efficiency, an observation shows that the rice yield is much more affected by water temperature than by water depth. The data of all the variables used in this study were sampled in 2015 and comprised of 110 paddy fields of Koshihikari, one of the most popular Japanese rice varieties, from a large-scale farm located in Kanto Region of Japan. In the analysis, the outputs include yields of raw paddy, paddy with 15% moisture, unsorted brown rice, sorted brown rice, milled grain rice, and perfect grain rice. The inputs include the field area, air temperature, solar radiation, fertilizer nitrogen, soil capacity, and farming conditions.

Sanjie Zhentong capsule, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, are used for the treatment of endometriosis-related diseases. In this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ten bioactive constituents, including peimine, peiminine, peimisine, loureirin A, loureirin B, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, pterostilbene, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, and notoginsenoside R1 in rat plasma after oral administration of Sanjie Zhentong capsule. The sample preparations for protein removal was accomplished using a simple methanol precipitation method. The analytes were completely separated from the endogenous compounds on an Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (4.6mm×150mm, 2.7μm) using an isocratic elution with methanol - 0.1% formic acid aqueous (4/1, v/v) as a mobile phase. The single-run analysis time was as short as 14.0min. The inter-day and intra-day precision of the quality control samples exhibited relative standard deviations (RSD)

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of ultra-trace levels of 35 organophosphorus pesticide residues in Sanjie Zhentong capsules, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription. A method based on multiclass and multiresidue sample preparation was developed. First, samples were hydrated with water at 4°C. A ratio of 1:3 sample/water was used for each of the sample amounts. Then, different extraction solvents were screened. This step was followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure using both primary secondary amine and polyamide. A comprehensive sensitive multiresidue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was investigated and validated. Good linearity was achieved in the range of 10-500 μg/kg for each analyte. The average recovery ranged from 70 to 120%, except for methamidophos, fonophos, diazinon, and chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the recoveries of which ranged from 60-70% at the lower concentration level. The precision values were lower than 10% for all the compounds in three concentration levels. The limits of detection and limits of quantification values were 0.01-2.1 and 0.05-3.4 μg/kg, respectively. The matrix effects were determined, and most of the compounds showed signal suppression. Finally, this optimized procedure was applied for the analysis of real samples.

Most of the existing gaze-based text entry methods suffer from the Midas touch problem and low accuracy of the typing. To alleviate these problems, a dwell time adaptive three-way text entry method is proposed. In the proposed method, the adaptive dwell time is utilized to alleviate the Midas touch problem. Moreover, feedback and rest strategy for eye tracking help avoid the problem. Three-way decision is introduced to decide the character in text entry. In the virtual keyboard, the whole trigger area of a key is divided into core area, boundary area and negative area, which are correspondingly the positive region, the boundary region and negative region in three-way decision. The positive region is attached with a positive decision, which is the key. The boundary region is with a boundary decision, which is the key or the corresponding adjacent key. The negative region is with a reject decision, which is decided as an invalid typing. Finally, a typing software using the proposed method is programmed on SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI).

The Gesture interaction is a new Human-Computer Interaction method which has gradually become the heated topic and attracted much attention. As the gesture is intuitive and natural, it has been widely used in the area of human-robot interaction. However, most existing gesture control processes focus on the effectiveness of successful operation. The consideration of the risk of misoperation is usually ignored. It may cause a great risks and much trouble to the robot control system. Therefore, this paper introduces three-way decision model into human-robot interaction process. In the three-way decisions, it is important to acquire the thresholds and decision costs. In this paper, the thresholds of the three-way decision model are the combination of decision risk and classification accuracy. The decision costs come from the aid of group decision making process. Moreover, as the gesture control process is a multi-category problem, it is transformed into several two-category problems. Because the transformed problems may cause conflicts in the decision actions, a divided threshold is considered to deal with the problem. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, an illustration is presented. Finally, our experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is better that that of the method based on two-way decision model.

Object-Oriented intelligent modeling, model management, et al., are difficult problems in the designing and development of underwater platform combat deduction system. The command and control description model based on OODA loop depicted the business process of underwater platform combat deduction, using service oriented and Agent modeling technology, established an underwater platforms deduction system architecture based on service oriented and multi-Agent, effectively solve the problem of intelligence, reusing and extensibility in combat deduction modeling, and established program framework. The paper has reference value in the designing and development of underwater platforms deduction system.

Cytarabine has a poor oral absorption due to its rapid deamination and poor membrane permeability. Bile acid transporters are highly expressed both in enterocytes and hepatocytes and to increase the oral bioavailability and investigate the potential application of cytarabine for liver cancers, a transporter- recognizing prodrug strategy was applied to design and synthesize four conjugates of cytarabine with cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The anticancer activities against HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay and the role of bile acid transporters during cellular transport was investigated in a competitive inhibition experiment. The in vitro and in vivo metabolic stabilities of these conjugates were studied in rat plasma and liver homogenates. Finally, an oral bioavailability study was conducted in rats. All the cholic acid-cytarabine conjugates (40μM) showed potent antiproliferative activities (up to 70%) against HepG2 cells after incubation for 48h. The addition of bile acids could markedly reduce the antitumor activities of these conjugates. The N(4)-ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate of cytarabine (compound 5) exhibited optimal stability (t1/2=90min) in vitro and a 3.9-fold prolonged half-life of cytarabine in vivo. More importantly, compound 5 increased the oral bioavailability 2-fold compared with cytarabine. The results of the present study suggest that the prodrug strategy based on the bile acid transporters is suitable for improving the oral absorption and the clinical application of cytarabine.