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Postnatal colonization and development of the gut microbiota is linked to health and growth. A comprehensive understanding of the postnatal compositional changes and development of the microbial community is helpful to understand the gut health and improve the survival rate of South China tiger cubs (Panthera tigris amoyensis). Fecal samples from three tiger cubs were collected on the day of birth in 2018 (June 17–21 [G0], July 18 [G1], July 31 [G2], and August 7 [G3]). The 16S rRNA genes of the fecal microflora were sequenced. Results showed that 38 phyla, 58 classes, 134 orders, 272 families, and 636 genera of bacteria from 3,059 operational taxonomic units were identified from 12 fecal samples. The diversity and abundance of species of group G0 were significantly higher (p < 0.05 or 0.01) than those of groups G2 and G3. The predominant phylum was Proteobacteria in groups G0 and G1 (38.85% and 48%, respectively) and Firmicutes in groups G2 and G3 (71.42% and 75.29%, respectively). At the phylum level, the abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus was significantly decreased in groups G1, G2, and G3 as compared to group G0 (p < 0.05), while that of Firmicutes was significantly increased in groups G2 and G3 (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ralstonia, and unidentified Rickettsiales was significantly decreased in groups G1, G2, and G3 as compared with group G0 (p < 0.05), while that of Pseudomonas was significantly decreased in groups G2 and G3 (p < 0.05). The composition and structure of fecal microbiota of South China tiger cubs changed after birth.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved outcomes for cancer patients. With the widespread clinical application of ICIs, their adverse reactions have gradually been recognized. The side effects of ICIs are generally less severe than those of chemotherapy. However, some adverse events with ICIs can be life-threatening. Fatal adverse events require a deep understanding and vigilance. Here, we report the case of a 69-year-old patient with esophagogastric junction carcinoma who experienced multiple immune-related adverse events, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, myositis, myocarditis, and liver toxicity, after receiving pembrolizumab. The patient experienced skin rash, bilateral ptosis, limb weakness, and shortness of breath. The symptoms progressed rapidly. Following treatment with methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, the patient recovered well. No tracheal intubation or tracheotomy was required owing to the timely and effective treatment. From this case, it can be seen that severe skin rash is an important indication of abnormal immune status and an early warning sign of subsequent multiple-organ involvement. As the most dangerous adverse event, myocarditis is closely related to the patient's prognosis. Severe irAEs appear early, progress rapidly, and involve multiple systems and organs, resulting in a high fatality rate. Early recognition and high-dose corticosteroids are key to successful treatment of such patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Species in the genus Polygonatum are traditional food and medicinal plants, which play an important role in controlling blood glucose. In this reveiw, we systematically summarized the traditional and modern applications of the genus Polygonatum in DM, focused on the material bases of polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins. We highlighted their mechanisms of action in preventing obese diabetes, improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal microecology, inhibiting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, suppressing carbohydrate digestion and obsorption and modulating gluconeogenesis. Based on the safety and efficacy of this 'medicinal food' and its utility in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, we proposed a research and development program that includs diet design (supplementary food), medical nutrition therapy and new drugs, which could provide new pathways for the use of natural plants in prevention and treatment of DM.

An increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in female rat offspring that experienced prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) has been previously demonstrated. The present study further investigated the potential mechanism. Based on the results from both fetal and adult studies of offspring rats that experienced PEE (4 g/kg/day), the fetal weight, serum glucose and triglyceride levels decreased significantly and hepatocellular ultra-structure was altered. Fetal livers exhibited inhibited expression and activity of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), enhanced expression of lipogenic genes: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACCα), stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1). In adult offspring fed with high-fat diet, the PEE offspring revealed obviously catch-up growth, increased food intake, elevated serum metabolic phenotypes, suppressed hepatic SIRT1-SREBP1c pathway, and formation of NAFLD. Resveratrol (the chemical activator of SIRT1) could remarkably reverse the serum metabolic phenotypes and alleviate the hepatocyte steatosis in relation to the PEE offspring through activating the hepatic SIRT1-SREBP1c pathway. Therefore, increased susceptibility to diet-induced NAFLD in PEE offspring appears to be mediated by intrauterine programming of hepatic lipogenesis via the SIRT1-SREBP1c pathway. This altered programming effect could partially be reversed by resveratrol intervention after birth in PEE offspring rats.

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.

Lipid-derived jasmonates (JAs) play a crucial role in a variety of plant development and defense mechanisms. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the JA signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss JA biosynthesis, as well as its core signaling pathway, termination mechanisms, and the evolutionary origin of JA signaling. JA regulates not only plant regeneration, reproductive growth, and vegetative growth but also the responses of plants to stresses, including pathogen as well as virus infection, herbivore attack, and abiotic stresses. We also focus on the JA signaling pathway, considering its crosstalk with the gibberellin (GA), auxin, and phytochrome signaling pathways for mediation of the trade-offs between growth and defense. In summary, JA signals regulate multiple outputs of plant defense and growth and act to balance growth and defense in order to adapt to complex environments.

BackgroundIL-35 subunit EBI3 is up-regulated in pulmonary fibrosis tissues. In this study, we investigated the pathological role of EBI3 in pulmonary fibrosis and dissected the underlying molecular mechanism.MethodsBleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was established, and samples were performed gene expression analyses through RNAseq, qRT-PCR and Western blot. Wild type and EBI3 knockout mice were exposed to bleomycin to investigate the pathological role of IL-35, via lung function and gene expression analyses. Primary lung epithelial cells were used to dissect the regulatory mechanism of EBI3 on STAT1/STAT4 and STAT3.ResultsIL-35 was elevated in both human and mouse with pulmonary fibrosis. EBI3 knockdown aggravated the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. EBI3 deficiency enhanced the expressions of fibrotic and extracellular matrix-associated genes. Mechanistically, IL-35 activated STAT1 and STAT4, which in turn suppressed DNA enrichment of STAT3 and inhibited the fibrosis process.ConclusionIL-35 might be one of the potential therapeutic targets for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Dendrobium catenatum is a classical and precious dual-use plant for both medicine and food in China. It was first recorded in Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic, and has the traditional functions of nourishing yin, antipyresis, tonifying the stomach, and promoting fluid production. The stem is its medicinal part and is rich in active polysaccharide glucomannan. As an excellent dietary fiber, glucomannan has been experimentally confirmed to be involved in anti-cancer, enhancing immunity, lowering blood sugar and blood lipids, etc. Here, the status quo of the D. catenatum industry, the structure, bioactivities, biosynthesis pathway and key genes of glucomannan are systematically described to provide a crucial foundation and theoretical basis for understanding the value of D. catenatum and the potential application of glucomannan in crop biofortification.

The measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray helium nuclei from 70 GeV to 80 TeV using 4.5 years of data recorded by the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is reported in this work. A hardening of the spectrum is observed at an energy of about 1.3 TeV, similar to previous observations. In addition, a spectral softening at about 34 TeV is revealed for the first time with large statistics and well controlled systematic uncertainties, with an overall significance of $4.3\sigma$. The DAMPE spectral measurements of both cosmic protons and helium nuclei suggest a particle charge dependent softening energy, although with current uncertainties a dependence on the number of nucleons cannot be ruled out., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, published in Phys. Rev. Lett. Add one more digit for first three columns in Table S2

We report, for the first time, the long-awaited detection of diffuse gamma rays with energies between 100 TeV and 1 PeV in the Galactic disk. Particularly, all gamma rays above 398 TeV are observed apart from known TeV gamma-ray sources and compatible with expectations from the hadronic emission scenario in which gamma rays originate from the decay of $\pi^0$'s produced through the interaction of protons with the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. This is strong evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated beyond PeV energies in our Galaxy and spread over the Galactic disk., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters

We report observations of gamma-ray emissions with energies in the 100 TeV energy region from the Cygnus region in our Galaxy. Two sources are significantly detected in the directions of the Cygnus OB1 and OB2 associations. Based on their positional coincidences, we associate one with a pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and the other mainly with a pulsar wind nebula PWN G75.2+0.1 with the pulsar moving away from its original birthplace situated around the centroid of the observed gamma-ray emission. This work would stimulate further studies of particle acceleration mechanisms at these gamma-ray sources., Accepted for publication in the Physical Review Letters

Postnatal colonization and development of the gut microbiota is linked to health and growth. A comprehensive understanding of the postnatal compositional changes and development of the microbial community is helpful to understand the gut health and improve the survival rate of South China tiger cubs (Panthera tigris amoyensis). Fecal samples from three tiger cubs were collected on the day of birth in 2018 (June 17-21 [G0], July 18 [G1], July 31 [G2], and August 7 [G3]). The 16S rRNA genes of the fecal microflora were sequenced. Results showed that 38 phyla, 58 classes, 134 orders, 272 families, and 636 genera of bacteria from 3,059 operational taxonomic units were identified from 12 fecal samples. The diversity and abundance of species of group G0 were significantly higher (p0.05 or 0.01) than those of groups G2 and G3. The predominant phylum was Proteobacteria in groups G0 and G1 (38.85% and 48%, respectively) and Firmicutes in groups G2 and G3 (71.42% and 75.29%, respectively). At the phylum level, the abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus was significantly decreased in groups G1, G2, and G3 as compared to group G0 (p0.05), while that of Firmicutes was significantly increased in groups G2 and G3 (p0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ralstonia, and unidentified Rickettsiales was significantly decreased in groups G1, G2, and G3 as compared with group G0 (p0.05), while that of Pseudomonas was significantly decreased in groups G2 and G3 (p0.05). The composition and structure of fecal microbiota of South China tiger cubs changed after birth.

Cosmic rays (protons and other atomic nuclei) are believed to gain energies of petaelectronvolts (PeV) and beyond at astrophysical particle accelerators called 'PeVatrons' inside our Galaxy. Although a characteristic feature of a PeVatron is expected to be a hard gamma-ray energy spectrum that extends beyond 100 teraelectronvolts (TeV) without a cutoff, none of the currently known sources exhibits such a spectrum due to the low maximum energy of accelerated cosmic rays or insufficient detector sensitivity around 100 TeV. Here we report the observation of gamma-ray emission from the supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 above 10 TeV. This work provides flux data points up to and above 100 TeV and indicates that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission above 10 TeV is well correlated with a molecular cloud rather than the pulsar PSR J2229+6114. Regarding the gamma-ray emission mechanism of G106.3+2.7, this morphological feature appears to favor a hadronic origin via the {\pi}0 decay caused by accelerated relativistic protons over a leptonic one via the inverse-Compton scattering by relativistic electrons. Furthermore, we point out that an X-ray flux upper limit on the synchrotron spectrum would provide important information to firmly establish the hadronic scenario as the mechanism of particle acceleration at the source., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy

Clarifying the process of formation of diversity hotspots and the biogeographic connection between regions is critical in understanding the impact of environmental changes on organismal evolution. Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. It displays an uneven distribution, with more than 50% of its species occurring in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (HHM). Here, we generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of Polygonatum, based on whole-plastome data, to reconstruct the genus' biogeographical history and morphological/chromosomal evolution. Our phylogenetic analyses strongly support the monophyly of Polygonatum and its division into three sections (i.e., Verticillata, Sibirica, and Polygonatum). Polygonatum originated from the HHM region during the early-Miocene (c. 20.10 Ma), and began to radiate since the mid-Miocene, driven by the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), increasingly colder/arid climates following the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), and intensification of the East Asian winter monsoon. Dispersal from the HHM region to other regions was facilitated by the intensification of East Asian summer monsoon in response to global climatic warming during the MMCO. Decreasing dysploidy accompanied by karyotype change and polyploidization in Polygonatum appears to be associated with its diversification and colonization of new ecological niches. Our results highlight the importance of regional tectonic activities and past climatic changes from the Neogene onwards to the spatial-temporal diversification and distribution patterns of plant lineages with a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. They also contribute to the knowledge of the uneven species richness between East Asia and other regions.

1. Ovarian transcriptomic profiling between birds showing high egg number (HEN) and birds of low egg number (LEN) in Longyan Shan-ma ducks at 71 weeks of age was carried out using Illumina Hiseq 2500 technology. 2. A total of 343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 269 upregulated and 74 downregulated) were identified between HEN and LEN ovaries. These DEGs were enriched in 30 Gene Ontology terms. Pathway functional analysis found that the DEGs were enriched in 10 metabolic pathways (P 0.05), one of which was regulation of the actin cytoskeleton pathway (

The uploaded data contains (1) time series of meterological parameters (temperature,RH, wind direction,wind speed,PM2.5,visibility), LWC, mass concentration of EBC, number concentration of submicron particles and BC-containing particles, (2) size-resolved NSEs for different cloud stages of submicron and BC-containing particles, (3) mass spectrum plots and particle number of three types of BC-containing particles, (4) size distributions of SMPS and SPAMS, and (5) stage-resolved average NSEs and particle sizes for SPAMS detected particles.

A 35-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with an abnormal shadow on her chest roentgenogram. Computed tomography showed that a tumor was located in the right upper mediastinum. Resection of the tumor by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed. Operative findings determined that the tumor originated from the right vagus nerve and was diagnosed as schwannoma by pathological examination.

DAMPE satellite has directly measured the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV and revealed a new feature at about 13.6 TeV., The precise measurement of the spectrum of protons, the most abundant component of the cosmic radiation, is necessary to understand the source and acceleration of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. This work reports the measurement of the cosmic ray proton fluxes with kinetic energies from 40 GeV to 100 TeV, with 2 1/2 years of data recorded by the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). This is the first time that an experiment directly measures the cosmic ray protons up to ~100 TeV with high statistics. The measured spectrum confirms the spectral hardening at ~300 GeV found by previous experiments and reveals a softening at ~13.6 TeV, with the spectral index changing from ~2.60 to ~2.85. Our result suggests the existence of a new spectral feature of cosmic rays at energies lower than the so-called knee and sheds new light on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.

Cosmic Ray (CR) spectrum in a certain energy region can not be expressed by a simple power-law as it has a structure. The all-particle energy spectrum of primary CRs observed in a wide range from 10^14 eV to 10^17 eV with the Tibet-III AS array clearly shows a ‘sharp knee’ at around 4 PeV. Based on the hardening structure of energy spectrum observed by AMS-02, CREAM and the (proton+helium) spectrum at 50 – 1000 TeV energy region observed by (YAC-I+Tibet-III), we will discuss the origin of ‘shap knee’ whether it is caused by nearby source or nonlinear acceleration.

An ackerman mobile robot system based on ROS and lidar was developed in this research. The i5 industrial control computer was taken as the core controller, and the Ubuntu system was installed inside, the control core of the driving part was the STM32 microcontroller. Using the external environment information obtained by lidar and IMU sensors, the corresponding SLAM algorithm was developed and designed under the Linux system based on the distributed framework of ROS operating system. Through establishing the feature map of environment, the system can locate position and posture of vehicle body in real time, and generate optimal path according to the given target point automatically identify and avoid surrounding obstacles. According to the state of the robot and the commands of the user, it can realize the functions of human-computer interaction, SLAM map scanning and drawing, Wi-fi remote control, real-time positioning, autonomous navigation, etc. efficiently and quickly.

e21616 Background: In Chinese patients with lung adenocarcinoma, the positive rate of EGFR mutation was 40% - 50%, EGFR-TKIs therapy for lung cancer was also aimed at this part of patients. However, different EGFR mutation types have different therapeutic effects, this study focuses on different EGFR mutation types to divide the population of lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed gene test results of two hundred and sixty-two treatment-naïve adenocarcinoma patients. Tumor tissues (199, 76%), plasma (46, 17.5%) and other samples (17, 6.5%) were subject to next-generation sequencing using a 59-gene panel, which enables simultaneously assess SNV, Indel, rearrangements and CNV variations. Results: There were 174 females. These patients were divided into four groups, which 139 were EGFR L858R, 99 were EGFR exon 19 deletion, 7 were EGFR 20 ins and 17 were uncommon EGFR mutations, the co-mutation proportions with EGFR were 84.9% (118/139), 76.8% (76/99), 71.4% (5/7) and 94.1% (16/17) respectively. The mean numbers of co-mutation genes in L858R and exon 19 deletion were 4.173 and 3.258 (p

Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) has been proved to obtain the high resolution images with a large field of view in solar observation. A solar MCAO experiment system had been successfully developed and tested at the 1-meter New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) of Fuxian Solar Observatory. It consists of two deformable mirrors (DMs), a multidirection Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (MD-WFS), and a real-time controller. In order to command the two DMs, five guide regions were selected from the MD-WFS to retrieve a three-dimensional measurement of the turbulent volume based on atmospheric tomography. This system saw the first light in October, 2017, and a series of MCAO-corrected high resolution sunspots images were acquired. In this presentation, the MCAO experiment system is introduced, and the observation results are presented. Furthermore, a new MCAO system based on our proposed MCAO configuration with a high order ground layer adaptive optics and low order high altitude correction will be developed for the NVST as a regularly operating instrument for scientific observations of the sun.

We analyze the Sun's shadow observed with the Tibet-III air shower array and find that the shadow's center deviates northward (southward) from the optical solar disc center in the "Away" ("Toward") IMF sector. By comparing with numerical simulations based on the solar magnetic field model, we find that the average IMF strength in the "Away" ("Toward") sector is $1.54 \pm 0.21_{\rm stat} \pm 0.20_{\rm syst}$ ($1.62 \pm 0.15_{\rm stat} \pm 0.22_{\rm syst}$) times larger than the model prediction. These demonstrate that the observed Sun's shadow is a useful tool for the quantitative evaluation of the average solar magnetic field., 7 pages, 4 figures

著者人数: The Tibet ASγ Collaboration 81名 (所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): 小財, 正義), Number of authors: The Tibet ASγ Collaboration 81 (Affiliation. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS): Kozai, Masayoshi), Accepted: 2018-05-03, 資料番号: SA1180049000

NUT (nuclear protein in testis) midline carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor arising in midline structures, such as head, neck and mediastinum. In the 2015 WHO classification of lung tumours, it was categorized in "Epithelial tumors". However, because of limited clinical data, its biological features have not been fully recognized. We report a case of NUT midline carcinoma presented as a primary lung tumor. Pneumonectomy was performed without any neoadjuvant therapy and it turned out to be a gross total resection. Even so, the prognosis is poor with a disease-free survival of 2 months and an overall survival of 6 months.

Histone modification regulates plant development events by epigenetically silencing or activating gene expression, and histone methylation is regulated by histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and histone lysine demethylases (KDMs). The JmjC domain proteins, an important KDM family, erase methyl marks (CH3-) from histones and play key roles in maintaining homeostasis of histone methylation in vivo. Here, we analyzed 169 JmjC domain proteins from whole genomes of plants ranging from green alga to higher plants together with 36 from two animals (fruit fly and human). The plant JmjC domain proteins were divided into seven groups. Group-I KDM4/JHDM3 and Group-V JMJD6 were found in all the plant species and the other groups were detected mainly in vascular or seed plants. Group-I KDM4/JHDM3 was potentially associated with demethylation of H3K9me2/3, H3K27me2/3, and H3K36me1/2/3, Group-II KDM5A with H3K4me1/2/3, Group-III KDM5B with H3K4me1/2/3 and H3K9me1/2/3, Group-V JMJD6 with H3R2, H4R3, and hydroxylation of H4, and Group-VII KDM3/JHDM2 with H3K9me1/2/3. Group-IV/Group-VI JmjC domain-only A/B proteins were involved in hydroxylation and demethylation of unknown substrate sites. The binding sites for the cofactors Fe(II) and α-ketoglutarate in the JmjC domains also were analyzed. In the α-ketoglutarate binding sites, Thr/Phe/Ser and Lys were conserved and in the Fe(II) binding sites, two His and Glu/Asp were conserved. The results show that JmjC domain proteins are a conserved family in which domain organization and cofactor binding sites have been modified in some species. Our results provide insights into KDM evolution and lay a foundation for functional characterization of KDMs.

Endometriosis (EM) is associated with oxidative stress. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are novel markers of oxidative stress, which serve an important role as an inflammatory mediator in various chronic diseases. In order to examine the role of AOPPs in infertile women with EM, the present study analyzed the levels of AOPPs, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in the follicular fluid (FF) of 89 women with or without EM undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). The AOPP concentration in the FF of the EM group was significantly higher when compared with that of the control group (51.5±22.4 vs. 41.8±18.3 µmol/l; P