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Mixed-dimensional composite structures using 0D quantum dots (QDs) and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials are expected to attract great interest in optoelectronics due to potential to generate new optical properties. Here, we report on the unique optical characteristics of a devices with a mixed dimensional vertically stacked structures based on WSe2/CdSeS QDs monolayer/MoS2 (2D/0D/2D). Specifically, it exhibits an ambipolar photoresponse characteristic, with a negative photoresponse observed in the 400–600 nm wavelength range and a positive photoresponse appearing at 700 nm wavelength. It resulted the high negative responsivity of up to 52.22 mA/W under 400 nm, which is 163 times higher than that of the photodetector without CdSeS QDs. We also demonstrate the negative photoresponse which could be due to increased carrier collision probability and non-radiative recombination. Device modeling and simulation reveal that Auger recombination among the types of non-radiative recombination is the main cause of negative photocurrent generation. Consequently, we have discovered ambipolar photoresponse near a specific wavelength corresponding to the energy of quantum dots. Our study reveals interesting phenomenon in the mixed low-dimensional stacked structure and paves the way to exploit it for the development of innovative photodetection materials as well as for optoelectronic applications.

In the field of organic display devices, the solution process of organic materials still requires a lot of research in order to realize advantages such as a simple manufacturing process...

In this paper, we report a one-step, sunlight-irradiated synthesis of ZnO nanostructures (NSs) covered with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using Tamarindus indica pulp extract (TPE) and their applications to photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. TPE contains phytochemicals that act as reducing and stabilizing agents for the distribution of uniform Ag NPs of approximately 5 nm on the surface of ZnO NSs. The photocatalysis of the synthesized bare ZnO and ZnO/Ag (0.5 wt%) NSs was evaluated under UVA light and dye degradation results for methylene blue (MB) are 68% for ZnO and 94% for ZnO/Ag after 120 min. For methylene orange (MO), bare ZnO and ZnO/Ag NSs were degraded 40% and 81%, respectively, after 150 min. Moreover, the photocatalyst also showed good recycling stability even after five cycles. In addition to dye degradation, the ZnO/Ag NSs were able to show antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. They showed higher activity against Gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria, which showed the influence of Ag metal on the enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of ZnO NSs. Our findings suggested that ZnO/Ag NSs can be synthesized by a facile and ecofriendly method using TPE and showed superior performance for UVA photocatalysis and antibacterial activity compared to bare ZnO.

Metal–semiconductor–metal UV photodetectors consisting of transferable zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) microsphere (MS) monolayers with different phases and sizes are reported. From the experimental results, the crystallized Zn2SnO4 (c-ZTO)-MS-monolayer-based photodetectors present higher performance than amorphous ZnSnO3 (a-ZTO)-based photodetectors. The external quantum efficiencies of the a-ZTO- and c-ZTO-MS-based UV photodetectors are 16.7% (at 320 nm) and 580.9% (at 310 nm), respectively. Moreover, the UV-to-visible rejection ratios of the a-ZTO and c-ZTO are 20 (320 nm/400 nm) and 1484 (310 nm/400 nm), respectively, indicating that both fabricated ZTO MS UV photodetectors present great visible-blind properties. To further improve the optoelectronic device performance, the c-ZTO-MS-based UV photodetector is optimized using various sphere diameters, namely, 0.79, 0.99, 1.24, and 1.51 μm. The best photodetecting properties are obtained for the 1.24 μm c-ZTO MS detector, showing a 51.1-fold improvement in photocur...

In this study, we investigated the effects of InGaN/GaN-based interlayer (IL) and electron emitting layer (EEL) consisting of a GaN barrier layer grown with different metal-organic (MO) precursors of gallium (Ga), which were grown underneath the active layer. The growth behavior of GaN with triethyl Ga (TEGa) showed an increasing growth time due to a lower growth rate compared with GaN grown with trimethyl Ga (TMGa), resulting in the formation of columnar domains and grain boundary with reduced defect. UV-A light emitting diode (LED) chips with three types of ILs and EELs, grown with different MO sources, were fabricated and evaluated by light output power (LOP) measurements. The LOP intensity of UVLED-III with the GaN barrier layer-based IL and EEL grown by TEGa was enhanced by 1.5 times compared to that of the IL and EEL grown with TMGa at 300 mA current injection. Use of the GaN barrier layer in ILs and EELs grown by TEGa improved the crystal quality of the post grown InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well, which reduces leakage current. Therefore, for the UV-A LED with ILs and EELs grown with TEGa MO precursors, electrical and optical properties were improved significantly.

We report on the application of graphene (Gr)/copper (Cu) shell/core nanowires (NWs) as a transparent conducting electrode (TCE) for optoelectronic devices. First, we optimize the synthesis conditi...

We report on the formation of transferable microspheres monolayers consisting of ZnSnO3 (ZTO) synthesized via fast ethanol precipitation and their application to GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to improve device performance. ZTO microspheres with diameters of 820 ± 20 nm (ZTO-1), 910 ± 10 nm (ZTO-2), and 1200 ± 10 nm (ZTO-3) were synthesized and arrayed to form a monolayer using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a unidirectional rubbing method. ZTO-1, ZTO-2, and ZTO-3 monolayers exhibited optical transmittance percentages of 94.4%, 92.98%, and 87.09% at 450 nm, respectively. Effects of ZTO monolayers on the light extraction efficiency of LEDs were evaluated using LED chips sized 800 μm × 800 μm. LEDs with a ZTO-3 monolayer as a top layer had a light extraction efficiency of ∼144%, relative to regular LEDs, as well as improved electrical properties, as evidenced by a decrease in Vturn on of ∼0.6 V and a decrease in Ron by 0.036 kΩ. XPS analysis indicated that the improvement in the electrical properti...

We demonstrate the green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using n-In2O3 nanorods (NRs)/p-GaN based pn junction with an insertion of thin Ga2O3 layer. In order to form the oxide interfacial layer between n- and p-material, O2 plasma treatment was conducted on p-GaN surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy patterns clearly show the formation of thin Ga2O3 layer on p-GaN surface via O2 plasma treatment. After formation of Ga2O3 layer on p-GaN surface, water droplet contact angle is decreased from 55° to 39°, which means that the surface is converted toward to more hydrophilic properties. The In(OH)3 NRs with 300 nm-length and 150 nm-diameter are uniformly grown on plasma treated p-GaN surface by using hydrothermal method. After then, final In2O3 NRs were obtained by phase change from as-grown In(OH)3 NRs without the morphology change by calcination process. The electroluminescence of fabricated LEDs using n-In2O3/Ga2O3/p-GaN heterojunction shows the green emission (λ ∼ 554 nm) at forward bias condition. As a possible light emission mechanism from our suggested heterostructures, the various defects energy states mediated green emissions were considered with band diagram.

We report on the formation of a pn junction through the use of CuO/Cu1-xInxO core/shell nanowire (NW) structures for application in photodetectors. The CuO NWs arrays were prepared by simple heat-treatment of Cu foil at 500 °C in ambient air in a furnace. The Cu1-xIn xO nanocomposites synthesized by reflux condensation were drop-casted onto prepared p-CuO NWs arrays to form a core/shell pn junction. Investigation of Cu1-xInxO nanocomposites containing differing amounts of In2O3 (from pure CuO nanocomposites to nanocomposites including 80% In2O3) exhibits the changed electrical polarity that varies from p-type to n-type. Following the formation of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode on the Cu1-xIn xO shell surface, the observed current–voltage (I–V) curves clearly showed typical rectifying p-n diode characteristics. Our suggested p-n heterojunction yielded a 3.48-fold increase in photocurrent level upon Xe lamp illumination when compared with current in the dark state. Additionally, the fabricated core/shell p-n junction exhibited a photoresponsivity of 0.045 A/W at 374 nm.

We report the control of structural, optical, and electrical properties of solution processed copper (Cu) nanowires (NWs) by varying the capping agent concentration and demonstrating the enhanced light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using Cu NWs. Cu NWs were prepared by a simple solvothermal method, and the capping agent concentration effects on the growth of Cu NWs were systematically investigated. The different diameters of Cu NWs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible absorption, and conductivity measurements. All characterization results showed high aspect ratio nanowires with efficient transmittance and conductivity properties. When the synthesized Cu NWs were adopted as a transparent conducting layer, the electroluminescence intensity was improved by its spreading effects. This work will elucidate the influence of capping agents on the physical properties, optical properties, and electrical conductivity of Cu NWs for use as a transparent conductor in optoelectronic devices. Keywords: Copper nanowire, Capping agent, Transparent conductor, Light emitting diode

In this study, we report on the synthesis and applications of zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) as a light extraction layer for GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LED). The ZTO layers formed on top of an LED epi-structure with a variable Sn-ratio, which was deposited by the spin coating method. The transmission spectra of the ZTO layers with Zn to Sn ratios of 1:1 (ZTO-I) and 1:5 (ZTO-II) exhibited optical transmittances of 98% and 88% in the visible region, respectively. The electroluminescence (EL) and light power-current-voltage (L-I-V) measurements show that double ZTO layers consisting of various Zn to Sn ratios led to enhanced light extraction from blue LEDs. The improvement of light extraction in the LEDs can be attributed to the gradually reduced refractive index of the ZTO layers, which enlarges the photon escape cone and minimizes the Fresnel refraction loss at the interface between air and GaN.

The structure, morphology and chemical doping in metal oxide are important factors that can influence on its photocatalytic activity. In this work, a facile and template free reflux method has been used to synthesize ZnO nanostructures for the morphology control of cubes, maize corn seeds, and rods at low temperature. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO with different morphology was evaluated towards degradation of methyl orange under UV light illumination. Among all the morphology controlled ZnO, the maize corn seed shaped ZnO shows the superior photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the influence of Cu contents on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic activity of ZnO maize corn seed was also investigated systematically. The photocatalytic experiment towards the degradation of methyl orange revealed that the 0.5 mol% Cu doped ZnO exhibits 3.5 fold higher photocatalytic activity than pure corn seed shaped ZnO. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity by Cu ions substituting in ZnO lattices is attributed to synergetic effect of Cu and ZnO, increase the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, oxygen vacancy, decrease in crystallite size and the higher surface to volume ratio. Based on scavengers test, it was found that both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are mainly actives species involved for the degradation of methyl orange.

Environment-friendly photocatalysts under sunlight with wide spectral responses for wastewater treatment are currently an exciting area of research. Herein, we report the synthesis of Sn doped N-TiO2 nanoparticles with different contents of Sn by a greener microwave assisted method. The phase purity, morphology, particle size, optical properties, and elemental composition were systematically analyzed by various sophisticated analytical techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed Sn doped N-TiO2 nanoparticles in the anatase phase. The shift of XRD peaks observed at lower angle and the XPS results indicate the successful doping of Sn4+ in the lattice of N-TiO2. The optical absorption edges of Sn-doped N-TiO2 showed an obvious red shift that plays a crucial role in the photocatalytic activity under abundant sunlight. We further explored Sn doped N-TiO2 for photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) and Zopiclone (Z-class drug) under sunlight irradiation. A maximum of 95% and 91% of MO and Zopiclone were photodegraded over 0.25% Sn doped N-TiO2 under sunlight within 80 and 120 min, respectively, which is ∼7-fold higher than bare N-TiO2. The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to combined effects of reduced crystallite size, suppressed recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and increased optical absorption towards visible light that establish their impending use to treat polluted water. The possible mechanism for high photocatalytic activity of Sn doped N-TiO2 has also been discussed.

Highly uniform, petal-like, 3D-structured Ba3(PO4)2 phosphors were fabricated by facile wet chemical aqueous solution route. The production mechanism of Ba3(PO4)2 petal structure was optimized using XRD and SEM analysis grown under various temperatures and reaction times. Phase transition of Ba3(PO4)2 from the hexagonal to rhombohedral occurred with increasing reaction temperature. The Rietveld refinement based XRD phase analysis demonstrated the successful formation of monophase Ba3(PO4)2. Later, Ba3(PO4)2 was doped with various amounts of Sm3+ ions and with charge balance by Li+ ions. Ba3(PO4)2: Sm3++Li+ samples at 0.06 mol of Sm3+ concentration displayed maximum luminescence intensity in response to 402 nm excitation. Increasing the Sm3+ content over the 0.06 mol, emission quenching behavior was observed and it was explained by Dexter’s theory. The chromaticity coordinates of the Ba3(PO4)2:Sm3++Li+ phosphor material were calculated to be (0.5558, 0.4380), suggesting that it will be a potential yellow phosphor for use in W-LEDs in combination with blue LEDs chips.

In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic effects of zingerone, one of the active components of ginger, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver injuries in rats, respectively. Oral administration of zingerone (10 mg/kg) reduced CCl4-induced abnormalities in liver histology, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and liver malondialdehyde levels. Zingerone treatment attenuated CCl4-induced increases in inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels. Western blot analysis showed that zingerone suppressed activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Liver fibrosis induced by DMN (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was ameliorated by administration of zingerone (10 and 20 mg/kg, orally). Zingerone treatment reduced DMN-induced elevation of hydroxyproline content and hepatic stellate cell activation. In conclusion, zingerone showed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in CCl4-intoxicated rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation via blockade of the activation of upstream MAPKs. Moreover, zingerone had hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic effects against DMN-induced liver injury suggesting its usefulness in the prevention of liver inflammation and the development of hepatic fibrosis.

Zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) is very attractive materials due to similar optical and electrical properites to those of ZnO. In addtion, the morphology control of ZTO nanomaterials such as nanowires, cubu, sphers etc is possible by using solution based synthesis methods. In this presentation, we reprot on the metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) UV photodetectors consisting of transferable ZTO microspheres (MSs) monolayer with different phases. To investigate the effects of different phases of ZTO MS on the UV detection performance, the transferrable amorphous ZnSnO3 (a-ZTO) and crystallized Zn2SnO4 (c-ZTO) MSs monolayer were formed. From the fabricated UV detectors with different phases, c-ZTO MS monolayer based photodetectors are superior to a-ZTO base ones in device performance . The external quantum efficiency of c-ZTO MS based UV photodetector shown 580.9% (at 310nm) and the UV-to-visible rejection ratio of the c-ZTO exhibited over 1400, which indicated that our fabricated ZTO MS UV photodetectors have great visible-blind properties. For the further improvement of optoelectronic device performances, the c-ZTO MS-based UV photodetectors was optimized using with various sphere’s diameters. Our suggested facile transferable ZTO MS monolayer based optoelectronic devices have excellent potential to open a new way for various photonic and electronic applications

We report an ultraviolet (UV) photodetector with a universally transferable monolayer film with ordered hollow TiO

Mn2+ doped ZnO nanopowder was prepared by simple sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, optical absorption (UV–Vis), photoluminescence (PL), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and magnetization have been used to characterize the sample. XRD study revealed that Mn2+ doped ZnO had wurtzite hexagonal structure. Composition analysis by EDX indicated the presence of small amounts of manganese. Crystal field (Dq) and interelectronic repulsion (B, C) parameters are evaluated from optical absorption. Spin-Hamiltonian and bonding parameters are evaluated from the EPR study. Optical and EPR confirms that the Mn2+ entered into ZnO lattice as distorted octahedral site symmetry. FT-IR spectrum exhibited vibrational bands of Zn–O bonds. PL spectrum shows the emission bands in UV and visible region. Magnetization loop was measured and clearly shows typical ferromagnetic saturation behavior. The results suggest oxygen vacancies, especially singly ionized oxygen vacancies, play a crucial role in mediating ferromagnetism in the Mn doped ZnO system.

We report the improvement in optical and electrical properties of GaN-based green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with nano-sized etch pits formed by the surface chemical etching. In order to control the density and sizes of etch pits formed on top surface of green LEDs, H3PO4 solution is used as a etchant with different etching time. When the etching time was increased from 0 min to 20 min, both the etch pit size and density were gradually increased. The improvement of extraction efficiency of LEDs using surface etching method can be attributed to the enlarged escape angle of generated photon by roughened p-GaN surface. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation results well agreed with experimentally observed results. Moreover, the LED with etched p-GaN surface for 5 min shows the lowest leakage current value and the further increase of etching time resulting in increase of densities of the large-sized etch pit makes the degradation of electrical properties of LEDs.

We report on the selective area growth (SAG) of high quality InP layers on patterned (0 0 1)Si substrates at various growth temperatures by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Thin InP and GaP layers were used as intermediate buffer layers between patterned Si surface and high temperature (HT) InP layer. The growth temperatures of HT InP layers on patterned substrate had strong effect on their growth behaviors including surface morphology. The SAG InP layers grown at 650 °C and 550 °C exhibited the typical {1 1 1} facets and the smooth (0 0 1) top surface, respectively. Anti-phase domain boundaries and defects were trapped by lateral sidewalls of the etched Si substrate. Through the defect necking effect within the etched Si surface, defect-free InP layers with atomically smooth surface were obtained at a growth temperature of 550 °C.

We report the enhancement of light extraction efficiency (LEE) and electrical performance in GaN-based green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using ZnO nanorods formed on the etched surface of p-GaN. Green LEDs with hybrid ZnO nanorod structures grown on the hexagonally etched topmost layer of the LEDs, show an improvement in electroluminescence intensity that is 3.5 times higher than LEDs without any other surface treatments. The improvement in LEE in LEDs with nanohybrid structures was confirmed by finite-difference time-domain simulation analysis. Besides LEE enhancement, the surface etching effects on the reduction of leakage current of fabricated LEDs were also investigated.

We report on the improvement of light extraction efficiency in blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by the use of Al2O3/ZnO core/shell nanorods (NRs) grown on the surface of the LED epi-structure. The electroluminescence intensity at a current injection of 20 mA of LEDs with 40 nm-thick Al2O3-coated ZnO NR arrays is 2.1 and 4.0 times than those of LEDs with bare ZnO NRs and no NRs, respectively. The enhanced light extraction of LEDs with Al2O3-coated ZnO NRs can be attributed to an increase in transmission and improved light extraction probability for photons generated in blue LEDs due to a reduction of Fresnel reflection loss.

Acute hepatic inflammation is regarded as a hallmark of early stage fibrosis, which can progress to extensive fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid compound that is abundant in cereals, nuts, oil seeds, and berries and has been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of sinapic acid in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatic injury in rats. Sinapic acid was administered orally (10 or 20 mg/kg) to rats at 30 min and 16 h before CCl4 intoxication. Sinapic acid treatment of rats reduced CCl4-induced abnormalities in liver histology, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities, and liver malondialdehyde levels. In addition, sinapic acid treatment significantly attenuated the CCl4-induced production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β mRNA levels, and increased the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65). Sinapic acid exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Thus, sinapic acid protected the rat liver from CCl4-induced inflammation, most likely by acting as a free radical scavenger and modulator of NF-κB p65 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Sinapic acid may thus have potential as a therapeutic agent for suppressing hepatic inflammation.

In this paper, we report on an ultraviolet (UV) photodetector based on a pn junction structure hollow anatase n-TiO2 nanosphere monolayer film on a p-GaN template. In order to form and transfer the well-arrayed hollow TiO2 nanosphere monolayer film onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a facile rubbing method and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was used. To investigate the effects of different-sized hollow TiO2 nanospheres, anatase-TiO2 spheres of various diameters were prepared by combining template synthesis and thermal treatment. The responsiveness of the fabricated UV photodetectors using anatase n-TiO2 monolayer/p-GaN was increased from 0.17 to 0.21 A W−1 upon reducing the size of the anatase-phased hollow n-TiO2 spheres from 660 to 360 nm. Our suggested transferable anatase-TiO2 monolayer film is a new n-type single-layer material for electronic and optical device fields developed through the universal usage of displaceable material for targeted hetero-templates.

Various surface modifications have been applied to improve the adhesion properties of aluminum for the cap plate and sealing quality of electrolyte on Li ion batteries. In this study, we have tried to find the effective condition for the polymerization of triazine thiols (TT) on modified aluminum surfaces by anodic aluminum oxide. Characterization of polymerized films on aluminum was explored by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis. Scanning electron microscopy results reveal that meaningful roughness was formed on aluminum surfaces by anodic oxidation. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis results represent that the peel strength was found to depend on film thickness and the composition of the adhesion layer. As a result, Al/PPS (polyphenylene sulfide) resin assemblies developed in this study have superior adhesive property. Therefore, these assemblies might be a viable candidate for a sealing technique for Li ion batteries.

Over the last two decades, III-nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used for our daily life, such as illumination, various backlight units for full-color displays, and automotive headlamps. In spite of the versatile advantages of GaN-LEDs, relatively low external quantum efficiency is still a problem to expand their application fields. For the viable solution to unravel pending issues in solid state light-emitting research fields, many efforts have been conducted. In this study, we report on the applications of zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) nanoparticles and monolayer as a light extraction layer for GaN-based LEDs. The ZTO layers formed on top of an LED epi-structure with a variable Sn-ratio, which was deposited by the spin coating method. The transmission spectra of the ZTO layers with Zn to Sn ratios of 1:1 (ZTO-I) and 1:5 (ZTO-II) exhibited optical transmittances of 98% and 88% in the visible region, respectively. The electroluminescence (EL) and light power-current-voltage (L-I-V) measurements show that double ZTO layers consisting of various Zn to Sn ratios led to enhanced light extraction from blue LEDs. Finally, we will discuss the effects of ZTO monolayer transferred onto the p-GaN surface on the external quantum efficiency of LEDs. The ZTO monolayers were prepared by using the ZTO nanospheres synthesized by precipitation solution method. The transferred ZTO nanosphere monolayers on top surface of LED are very effective way to improve the light extraction efficiency.

The metal-oxide (MO) nano-materials with wide energy band gap are promising candidates for versatile research fields such as transparent electrode, light emitters, full-color display, sensors, etc, due to their unique semiconducting properties. Especially, various nanostructures of MO have great advantages to realize the high efficiency optoelectronic devices by modification of surface and light guiding effects. Recently, more assertive efforts to use MO nanomaterials as for various nano-hybrid LEDs combined with MO nanostructures have been performed using p-GaN templates. In this study, we demonstrate the green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using n-In2O3 nanorods(NRs)/p-GaN pn junction with an insertion of Ga2O3 interfacial layer formed on p-GaN surface by O2 plasma treatment. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy patterns clearly show the formation of thin Ga2O3 on p-GaN surface by O2 plasma treatment. The In(OH)3 NRs are uniformly grown on surface treated p-GaN by using hydrothermal method, which were finally converted to In2O3 NRs by calcination process. The electroluminescence of fabricated LEDs using n-In2O3/ Ga2O3/p-GaN heterojunction shows the green emission (λ ~ 554 nm) at forward bias condition. As a possible light emission mechanism from our suggested structures, the various defects energy states mediated green emissions were considered.

It is the important factor that data line reduction with high aperture ratio for low cost pane fabricatol. In the high resolution panel such as WUXGA (1920×RGB ×1200 pixels), it is hard to apply data D-IC reduction (DDR) structure because of charging time insufficiency. In this paper, we have proposed a new driving method in WUXGA panel. This dual data and common (DDC) structure reduces D-ICs by the reduction of data line 30% compared to conventional one. Transmittance ratio has been increased about 7% by using the DDC structure. The new structure was fabricated as same the normal 4mask amorphous silicon process with integrated gate driver (GIP). Through reliability test it showed same image quality compared to conventional one and we could verify new pixel panel's stability.

Sinapic acid is a member of the phenylpropanoid family and is abundant in cereals, nuts, oil seeds, and berries. It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of sinapic acid on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced chronic liver injury in rats. Sinapic acid remarkably prevented DMN-induced loss of body weight. This was accompanied by a significant increase in levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and liver malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, sinapic acid reduced hepatic hydroxyproline content, which correlated with a reduction in the expression of type I collagen mRNA and histological analysis of collagen in liver tissue. Additionally, the expression of hepatic fibrosis-related factors such as α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), were reduced in rats treated with sinapic acid. Sinapic acid exhibited strong scavenging activity. In conclusion, we find that sinapic acid exhibits hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects against DMN-induced liver injury, most likely due to its antioxidant activities of scavenging radicals, its capacity to suppress TGF-β1 and its ability to attenuate activation of hepatic stellate cells. This suggests that sinapic acid is a potentially useful agent for the protection against liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Patient with end stage renal disease have characteristics in common with heart failure patients, and volume overload in heart failure is associated with poorer outcomes. Fluid removal during the hemodialysis (HD) is the cornerstone of volume management in this population. The objective of this study is to assess the long-term prognostic effect of interdialytic fluid retention (IDFR) and its relationship with cardiovascular (CV) events in incident HD patients who newly started dialysis. IDFR is defined as the difference between the predialysis weight and the weight at the end of the previous dialysis session, and it mainly reflects the consequence of salt and water intake between two consecutive dialysis sessions. We retrospectively reviewed the 172 patients who newly started and maintained HD over 6 months at Gachon University Gil Hospital between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2008. The average data were collected for 3 months during the beginning period, including total IDFR and IDFR/dry weight (IDFR%), nutritional parameters, blood pressure, and other biochemical parameters. Patients were classified into 3 cohorts according to the tertile of IDFR%; low (T1; ≤ 3.21%), intermediate (T2; 3.21%-4.56%), and high (T3; ≥ 4.56%). The high IDFR% group showed higher prevalence of diabetes and better nutritional status. The adjusted odds ratio for CV events was 1.562 (95% confidence interval, 1.026-2.378) for high IDFR% group, compared with the low IDFR% group. In incident HD patients, greater IDFR% soon after HD initiation showed an independent association with higher risk for CV events.

OBJECTIVE: Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily type 1 (TRPV1), a most specific marker of the nociceptive primary afferent, is expressed in peptidergic and non-pepetidergic primary afferents innervating skin and viscera. However, its expression in sensory fibers to skeletal muscle is not well known. In this study, we studied the neurochemical characteristics of TRPV1-positive primary afferents to skeletal muscles. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with total 20 microl of 1% fast blue (FB) into the gastrocnemius and erector spinae muscle and animals were perfused 4 days after injection. FB-positive cells were traced in the L4-L5 (for gastrocnemius muscle) and L2-L4 (for erector spinae muscle) dorsal root ganglia. The neurochemical characteristics of the muscle afferents were studied with multiple immunofluorescence with TRPV1, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and P2X(3). To identify spinal neurons responding to noxious stimulus to the skeletal muscle, 10% acetic acids were injected into the gastrocnemius and erector spinae muscles and expression of phospho extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in spinal cords were identified with immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: TRPV1 was expressed in about 49% of muscle afferents traced from gastrocnemius and 40% of erector spinae. Sixty-five to 60% of TRPV1-positive muscles afferents also expressed CGRP. In contrast, expression of P2X(3) immnoreaction in TRPV1-positive muscle afferents were about 20%. TRPV1-positive primary afferents were contacted with spinal neurons expressing pERK after injection of acetic acid into the muscles. CONCLUSION: It is consequently suggested that nociception from skeletal muscles are mediated by TRPV1-positive primary afferents and majority of them are also peptidergic.

Accurate measurement of the volume status in hemodialysis patients is important as it can affect mortality. However, no studies have been conducted regarding volume management in cases where a sudden change of body fluid occurs, such as during puerperium in hemodialysis patients. This report presents a case in which the patient was monitored for her body composition and her volume status was controlled using a body composition monitor (BCM) during the puerperal period. This case suggests that using a BCM for volume management may help maintain hemodynamic stability in patients with a rapidly changing volume status for a short term period, such as during puerperium.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon, life-threatening infection of the subcutaneous tissue and superficial fascia. The clinical course of NF is rapid and progressive, and it is often fatal despite the appropriate therapy. The prognosis of NF depends on a timely diagnosis and then proper treatment. At onset it may not be possible to clearly distinguish NF from minor soft-tissue infections. Although infection are common due to the use of steroids and immunosuppressive agents in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), it is interesting that NF has rarely been reported with SLE. Here, we present two cases of NF with SLE.

Type B insulin resistance syndrome is rare autoimmune disease that is characterized by various abnormalities of glycemic homeostasis, from hyperglycemia caused by extreme insulin resistance to fasting hypoglycemia. It can combine with other autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic lupus erythematosus. It usually occurs in women and accompanies acanthosis nigricans, hyperandrogenism, and, in many cases, ovary dysfunction. The diagnosis of type B insulin resistance syndrome is based largely on the presence of insulin receptor autoantibodies and hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In some cases, patients with the type B insulin resistance have been successfully treated with immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis. We experienced type B insulin resistance syndrome in a patient with chronic hepatitis B and used only plasmapheresis for treatment. The immunosuppressive therapy was omitted due to the state of activation of chronic hepatitis B. We present this case with a review of relevant literature. (Endocrinol Metab 26:360-363, 2011)

We developed In-Plane-Switching (IPS) mode structure with vertically aligned common electrodes for amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD). We could improve an aperture ratio of the panel with this new structure by the elimination of storage area and compact design. The new vertical structure showed stabilized voltage ripple, DC charge and flicker variation by RC delay reduction and direct voltage driving from every driver IC. The panel was fabricated with the conventional a-Si TFT process. We focused on making a new structure to get better quality of image compared to previous IPS mode TFT-LCD.

Purpose: To assess the results and effectiveness of a small incision technique for ptosis repair. Methods: Twenty‐three ptotic eyelids of 17 patients were repaired through a small incision between March 2005 and December 2005. Levator function and pre- and postoperative upper eyelid marginal reflex distances (MRD1) were checked. The small incision was executed on the eyelid crease, with a length of approximately 10.0~12.0 mm. Two 6-0 Ethilon stitches were placed to the tarsus after detecting levator aponeurosis with a Desmarres retractor. Results: Of the 32eyes, 9 eyes had congenital ptosis and 23 eyes had acquired ptosis. The mean follow-up time was 12.1±3.4 months, with a levator function of 7.6±2.1 mm, preoperative MRD1 of 0.2±0.4 mm, and postoperative MRD1 of 2.6±0.3 mm. Two eyelids remained mildly undercorrected and required an additional operation. Conclusions: The small incision technique for ptosis correction is safe and precise, allowing more rapid recovery from surgery. The Desmarres retractor allows the levator to be found easily without complications. In addition, the small incision technique for levator repair is useful for congenital ptosis with good levator function as well as acquired ptosis.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a reverse eyelid splitting technique that we performed in cases of trichiasis or distichiasis combined with entropion. Methods: The study comprised 43 eyes of 31 patients with trichiasis or distichiasis combined with entropion treated from November 2004 to December 2005. After skin incision, the muscular layer and tarsus were reversely dissected to find abnormal follicles. The abnormal hair follicle was cauterized under the muscular layer, and 2～3 rotating sutures were done with Ethilon 6-0 to fix the tarsus and skin. Success was defined as having the meibomian gland located in front of the junction of skin and mucosa, without an abnormal hair protruding into the eye for at least three months. Results: Fifteen patients were male and sixteen patients were female. The mean age was 62.1±15.2 years. The patients were followed up for an average of 12.4±2.0 months after surgery. Surgery was successful in 74.4% (32 of the 43 eyelids) of the cases, and the recurrence rate was 25.6% (11 of the 43 eyelids). No severe complications occurred, such as infection, hemorrhage, wound dehiscence, or granuloma. However, foreign body sensation (1 eye) and eyelid notch (l eye) did occur. Conclusions: This reverse eyelid splitting technique produced satisfactory results in both cosmetic and functional aspects. Moreover, it resulted in a low recurrence rate and low complication rate in patients with trichiasis or distichiasis combined with entropion.