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Emulsion pump is one of the main equipment for comprehensive mechanized coal mining face in countries of the world. Its main function is to provide power for hydraulic equipment such as hydraulic support [1]. Whether the emulsion pump works reliably is very important for the safe and efficient production of coal mines. Therefore, it is very necessary to analyze the fault characteristics of the emulsion pump, establish a reliability analysis model, perform reliability analysis, and find out the factors affecting reliability [2]. In this paper, taking the BRW315/31.5 emulsion pump used in a hydraulic support as an example, based on the reliability theory, through summing up the common fault types of the emulsion pump, a fault tree consisting of 7 logic gates and 14 bottom events is established. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of fault tree, the weak links of the system are summarized. The reliability parameters of emulsion pump in use are analyzed and calculated by AMSAA model. At last, the parameters are further analyzed, and the fault law and reliability of the emulsion pump are summarized, which provides an improved solution for future design and manufacture.

To enrich niche partition and species coexistence theory in karst seasonal rain forest, and provide reference for species selection and configuration for rocky desertification control, we exami-ned foliar stable carbon isotope composition (δ研究喀斯特季节性雨林不同生境代表性树种及同一树种不同生境下叶片δ

Using seven types of vegetation and seven heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, and As), the present study explored the ability of accumulation and degree of contamination in the leaves of vegetation in Binhe Road. The results demonstrated a negative trend between vegetation height and heavy metal content of vegetation leaves, i.e., as plant height increased, heavy metal contamination decreased. Leaves varied in the accumulation of heavy metals depending on the heavy metal and vegetation type. Cr, Mn, and Pb content were the most abundant in vegetation leaves. The highest values for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Mn were observed in the vegetative leaves of

The working principle and the influence factors of carrier-to-noise ratio of heterodyne detection are analyzed in this paper. The local oscillating beam power optimization method is proposed based on the saturation effect of photoelectric detector. Increasing the local oscillating beam power, the transpose gain can be increased, and then the detection limit of carrier-to-noise ratio can be reached. Too high local oscillating beam power will affect the precision of the photoelectric detector, then the photoelectric detector works in the nonlinear region, therefor the carrier-to-noise ratio is reduced. In this paper, the optimization strategy of carrier-to-noise ratio is proposed via analyzing the relationships between the heterodyne signal and the local oscillating beam power, the noise and the local oscillating beam power. The experimental results show that the optimal power of the local oscillating beam can be obtained for different working wavelengths of local oscillating beam by the optimization method proposed.

The fuzzy edge detection algorithm proposed by Pal-King has some disadvantages for extracting the low gray level edge information for the infrared images, such as high computation complexity, low threshold segmentation inaccuracy and the leakage edge information. For overcoming the disadvantages, the improved image fuzzy edge detection algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, redefining membership function to simplify computation complexity, the new conversion function enable the function transform interval is [0, 1], thus the value of the low gray level edge is not to be set to 0. Second, Ostu's algorithm is used in the selection of segmentation threshold named as transit point. The traditional threshold value is improved in order to make the segmentation accurate. The experimental results show that the lower gray infrared image edge information is preserved via proposed algorithm in this paper. The detecting results are more accurate. The run time is decreased obviously than the traditional Pal - king algorithm.

Nowadays, inkjet prints have been universally used in packaging, posters and window show promotional items. The quality of the inkjet prints attracts more attentions, especially for posters and window promotional item generally require bright colors, saturation, and a long print life. Generally, the color of inkjet prints fade gradually when being placed outside and radiated directly by sunlight or under lamp, meanwhile, the density decreases and color difference increases. All these phenomena happened make inkjet print cannot meet the requirements of customers to color within the time of use. Light fastness of inkjet prints under high intensity level of illumination is studied in this research. Ten different brands of papers were exploited to print a special design test target by EPSON inkjet printer and the printing test samples were irradiated under high level of illumination so that the aging process can be accelerated. After being irradiated for different time intervals, then color differences were measured by using spectrophotometer. The results show: the color differences of prints printed by using the brands Kodak and Xiongguan papers changed greatly after prolonged exposure to light. These conclusions are very useful for the correct choosing of inkjet materials under suitable inkjet printing condition.

Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy drug, often induces acute neuropathic pain, especially cold allodynia, even after a single administration. Subcutaneous injection of diluted bee venom (BV) into acupoints has been used to treat various pain symptoms in traditional oriental medicine. Although we previously demonstrated the suppressive effect of BV injection on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, its neurochemical mechanism remained unclear. This study investigates whether and how the cholinergic system mediates the relieving effect of BV injection on cold allodynia in oxaliplatin-administered rats. The behavioral signs of cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin administration (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) were evaluated by a tail immersion test in cold water (4°C). BV (0.25 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) injection into the Yaoyangguan acupoint, located between the spinous processes of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, significantly alleviated the cold allodynia. This relieving effect of BV injection on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia was blocked by a pretreatment with mecamylamine (a non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by atropine (a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Further, dihydro-β-erythroidinehydrobromide (DHβE, an α4β2 nicotinic antagonist, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented the anti-allodynic effect of BV, whereas methyllycaconitine (an α7 nicotinic antagonist, 6 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. Finally, intrathecal administration of DHβE (10 nM) blocked the BV-induced anti-allodynic effect. These results suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, especially spinal α4β2 receptors, but not muscarinic receptors, mediate the suppressive effect of BV injection on oxaliplatin-induced acute cold allodynia in rats.

Background Oxaliplatin, an important chemotherapy drug for advanced colorectal cancer, often induces peripheral neuropathy, especially cold allodynia. Our previous study showed that bee venom acupuncture (BVA), which has been traditionally used in Korea to treat various pain symptoms, potently relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats. However, the mechanism for this anti-allodynic effect of BVA remains poorly understood. We investigated whether and how the central serotonergic system, a well-known pathway for acupuncture analgesia, mediates the relieving effect of BVA on cold allodynia in oxaliplatin-injected rats. Methods The behavioral signs of cold allodynia in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were induced by a single injection of oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Before and after BVA treatment, the cold allodynia signs were evaluated by immersing the rat’s tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. For BVA treatment, a diluted BV (0.25 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered into Yaoyangguan (GV3) acupoint, which is located between the spinous processes of the fourth and the fifth lumbar vertebra. Serotonin was depleted by a daily injection of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days. The amount of serotonin in the spinal cord was measured by ELISA. Serotonergic receptor antagonists were administered intraperitoneally or intrathecally before BVA treatment. Results The serotonin levels in the spinal cord were significantly increased by BVA treatment and such increase was significantly reduced by PCPA. This PCPA pretreatment abolished the relieving effect of BVA on oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia. Either of methysergide (mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) or MDL-72222 (5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p) blocked the anti-allodynic effect of BVA. Further, an intrathecal injection of MDL-72222 (12 μg) completely blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic action, whereas NAN-190 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist, 15 μg, i.t.) or ketanserin (5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 30 μg, i.t.) did not. Conclusions These results suggest that BVA treatment alleviates oxaliplatin-induced acute cold allodynia in rats via activation of the serotonergic system, especially spinal 5-HT3 receptors. Thus, our findings may provide a clinically useful evidence for the application of BVA as an alternative therapeutic option for the management of peripheral neuropathy, a dose-limiting side effect that occurs after an administration of oxaliplatin.

Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug, often leads to neuropathic cold allodynia after a single administration. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA) has been used in Korea to relieve various pain symptoms and is shown to have a potent antiallodynic effect in nerve-injured rats. We examined whether BVA relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia and which endogenous analgesic system is implicated. The cold allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by immersing the rat’s tail into cold water (4°C) and measuring the withdrawal latency. BVA (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Quchi (LI11), or Zusanli (ST36) acupoints significantly reduced cold allodynia with the longest effect being shown in the GV3 group. Conversely, a high dose of BVA (2.5 mg/kg) at GV3 did not show a significant antiallodynic effect. Phentolamine (α-adrenergic antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) partially blocked the relieving effect of BVA on allodynia, whereas naloxone (opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not. We further confirmed that an intrathecal administration of idazoxan (α2-adrenergic antagonist, 50 μg) blocked the BVA-induced anti-allodynic effect. These results indicate that BVA alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold allodynia in rats, at least partly, through activation of the noradrenergic system. Thus, BVA might be a potential therapeutic option in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.

Estimating odor emissions from landfill sites is a complicated task because of the various chemical and biological species that exist in landfill gases. In this study, the relative concentration of ethanol and other odorous compounds emitted from the working surface at a landfill in China was analyzed. Gas sampling was conducted at the landfill on a number of selected days from March 2012 to March 2014, which represented different periods throughout the two years. A total of 41, 59, 66, 54, 63, 54, 41, and 42 species of odorous compounds were identified and quantified in eight sampling activities, respectively; a number of 86 species of odorous compounds were identified and quantified all together in the study. The measured odorous compounds were classified into six different categories (Oxygenated compounds, Halogenated compounds, Terpenes, Sulfur compounds, Aromatics, and Hydrocarbons). The total average concentrations of the oxygenated compounds, sulfur compounds, aromatics, halogenated compounds, hydrocarbons, and terpenes were 2.450 mg/m3, 0.246 mg/m3, 0.203 mg/m3, 0.319 mg/m3, 0.530 mg/m3, and 0.217 mg/m3, respectively. The relative concentrations of 59 odorous compounds with respect to the concentration of ethyl alcohol (1000 ppm) were determined. The dominant contaminants that cause odor pollution around the landfill are ethyl sulfide, methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide; dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide also contribute to the pollution to a certain degree.