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Over the past decades, industrialization has resulted in radical economic development in Korea. The resulting urban sprawl and unsustainable development have led to considerable air pollution. In this study, using spatial regression models, we examine the effects of the physical and socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods on particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), NO2, CO, and SO2 concentrations in the Daegu Metropolitan area. Results reveal the following: (i) the socioeconomic characteristics were not statistically significant regardless of the air pollutant type, (ii) the effects of the built environment characteristics of the neighborhoods were different for each air pollutant. Compared with other pollutants, PM2.5 was affected more by the built environment. Concerning the neighborhoods’ main roads, the SO2 concentration was higher, that of PM2.5 was higher in neighborhoods with more bus stops, and those of CO and PM2.5 were possibly higher in the neighborhood of industrial zones. In neighborhoods with parks and green areas, air pollutant concentrations are likely to be lower. When the total used surface of residential buildings was higher, the air pollutant concentrations were lower. Contextually, similar neighborhoods with more single-family houses seemed to have high pollution levels. Overall, this study is expected to guide policymakers and planners in making smart decisions for eco-friendly and healthy cities.

Walking is the most natural form of moving in everyday life. However, the urban environment is not always safe for walking. Hence, it is appropriate to create pedestrian safety-oriented neighborhood environments to promote walkability. This study identifies factors that can affect the severity of pedestrian injuries by considering and comparing the individual characteristics of pedestrian crashes and the built environment of neighborhoods using a hierarchical model. The main results of this study are as follows. Those under 18 and over 65 years of age, which are recognized as vulnerable road users, are more affected by the neighborhood environments than other age groups. Parks, convenience stores, and restaurants are likely to play a significant role in reducing the severity of pedestrian injuries. However, for pedestrians under 18 years of age, convenience stores that students often visit after school are likely to increase the severity of pedestrian injuries. The severity of pedestrian injuries is likely to be lower at non-signalized crosswalks and intersections than at signalized crosswalks and intersections. The study is expected to contribute to existing literature on the topic and guide policy makers and planners to arrive at consensus approaches when making decisions on how to build pedestrian safety-oriented neighborhoods.

Walking is the most basic movement of humans and the most fundamental mode of transportation. To promote walking, it is necessary to create a safe environment for pedestrians. However, pedestrian-vehicle crashes still remain relatively high in South Korea. This study employs a multilevel model to examine the differences between the lower-level individual characteristics of pedestrian crashes and the upper-level neighborhood environmental characteristics in Seoul, South Korea. The main results of this study are as follows. The individual characteristics of pedestrian-vehicle crashes are better at explaining pedestrian injury severity than built environment characteristics at the neighborhood level. Older pedestrians and drivers suffer more severe pedestrian injuries. Larger vehicles such as trucks and vans are more likely to result in a high severity of pedestrian injuries. Pedestrian injuries increase during inclement weather and at night. The severity of pedestrian injuries is lower at intersections and crosswalks without traffic signals than at crosswalks and intersections with traffic signals. Finally, school zones and silver zones, which are representative policies for pedestrian safety in South Korea, fail to play a significant role in reducing the severity of pedestrian injuries. The results of this study can guide policymakers and planners when making decisions on how to build neighborhoods that are safer for pedestrians.

Air pollution has a major impact on human health and quality of life, therefore, its determinants should be studied to promote effective management and reduction. Here, we examined the influence of the built environment on air pollution by analyzing the relationship between the built environment and particulate matter (i.e., PM2.5 and PM10). Air pollution data collected in Seoul in 2014 were spatially mapped using geographic information system tools, and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were determined in individual neighborhoods using an interpolation method. PM2.5 and PM10 failed to show spatial autocorrelation, therefore, we analyzed the associations between PM fractions and built environment characteristics using an ordinary least squares regression model. PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited some differences in spatial distributions, suggesting that the built environment has different effects on these fractions. For instance, high PM10 concentrations were associated with neighborhoods with more bus routes, bus stops, and river areas. Meanwhile, both PM2.5 and PM10 were more likely to be high in areas with more commercial areas and multi-family housing, but low in areas with more main roads, more single-family housing, and high average gross commercial floor area. This study is expected to contribute to establishing policies and strategies to promote sustainability in Seoul, Korea.

I. IntroductionIn the wake of the global financial crisis ('GFC') in late 2008, many countries around the world have reformed their financial regulatory systems, including banking and financial regulation, by responding to the crisis in line with the new global regulatory framework initiated by The Group of Twenty ('G-20') and international financial organisations, such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ('BCBS') and the Financial Stability Board ('FSB'). Notably, for instance, the United States of America, where the subprime mortgage crisis triggered the GFC, enacted the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ('Dodd-Frank')1 as a response to the GFC. The DoddFrank initiated a major new regulatory framework, addressing macro-prudential regulation issues of financial stability and systemic risks as well as promulgating detailed rules on issues such as mortgage lending and underwriting. In the process, the US reforms have substantially affected the regulatory responses of other countries.Similarly, the Korean government also introduced reforms to the financial regulatory framework by proposing new legislation and amendments, responding to the GFC. The GFC affected the Korean economy and financial system by causing capital and liquidity shortage problems in financial institutions, especially commercial banks. Those commercial banks with weak capital were supported by the Bank Recapitalization Fund launched in March 2009 with funding mostly provided by the central bank.2 Further, the Corporate Restructuring Fund was launched in May 2009, in order to purchase distressed bonds and assets of those companies in danger of insolvency and firms under corporate structural improvement.3 With respect to capital inflow in the foreign exchange market, the GFC revealed Korea's high vulnerability to changes in the world economy and sharp capital movements. Moreover, a large number of financial consumers such as depositors or individual investors, incurred huge monetary losses or damage from their deposits with insolvent mutual saving banks or their investments in financial investment products due to their bad portfolio performances amid the GFC.Consequently, regulatory reforms have been proposed to rectify these emerging problems. The focus has been on reinforcing financial consumer protection, improving corporate governance of financial institutions, implementing 'Basel III' (the recently strengthened capital adequacy rules of banks after the GFC), introducing a bank levy system (referred to as the macroprudential stability levy system in Korea), and enhancing a financial information sharing scheme among financial regulation-related agencies. Despite these various measures, the author believes that further reforms remain necessary in order to both address the problems revealed during the GFC and to further enhance the competitiveness and efficiency of the Korean financial industry.This article examines the Korean regulatory reform measures taken in response to the GFC and explores some recommendations for the future financial regulatory policy and framework. Following the introduction, Part II overviews the implementation of Basel III, and Part III examines the regulatory measures taken to reinforce financial consumer protection. Part IV investigates the measures to improve the corporate governance system of financial institutions, and Part V reviews the issue of the launching of a macro-prudential stability levy system. Part VI explores the issue of a financial information sharing scheme, and Part VII discusses the issue of reshuffling the financial regulatory organisation scheme, which is the most imminent and controversial issue with respect to regulatory reforms. Finally, Part VIII explains other issues for financial regulatory reforms, including the establishment of a macro-prudential supervision and policy framework and the creation of a new framework for regulating systemically important domestic financial institutions. …

For introduction of local autonomy system, local government enabled efficient supply of public service by local resident`s request. Specially, local governments is doing effort of that organize various policy and a lot of budgets for social welfare promotion, but is interested relatively little in efficient use of social welfare finance and operation. According to these problem, this study measured efficiency of social welfare facility in local governments. The purpose of this analysis is to measure the efficiency of community welfare in local governments by data envelopment analysis(DEA), using data from 16 local governments in Korea. Input variance is GDP per capita in local, rate of welfare budget, rate of financial independence and local public official per 10,000 capita. Output variance is social welfare facility per 100,000 capita and park area per 1,000 capita, The results of the study are summarized as follows : First, There was differential in efficiency about social welfare facilities operation in local governments. 7 local governments(Busan, etc.) was an in efficiency. Second, some local governments(Incheon, etc.) must increase scale of input variance, and some local governments(Busan, etc.) must improve efficiency of input variance.

A lot of local colleges are public relation(PR) using on off line media. However, to examine the effectiveness and efficiency can be maximized to promote research is still lacking. This study was presented to the utilization of the Internet media in local colleges. As a result, local college students were used more offline than online media. Add admission period, girls were higher utilization of the internet entrance site. When nonscheduled admission, vocation high school students were more internet media use. Academic high school students used the internet media, when add admission period.

So that this study confirms going concern`s availability laying focus on entertainment industry possibility of default judge, focus in cash flow that is important accounting indicator pointer to do cause of bankruptcy, payable capability, insolvent estimate etc and analyzed effect that governance gets in cash flow. The sampling period was from 2005 to 2008 and the number of samples was 44. In analysis technique, implement basic statistical, t-test, correlation, regression. Is as following if summarize result. CFO, for debt ratio, negative(-), enterprise size was exerting positive(+), and cash flow by investment activity enterprise size negative(-) influence reach.

A valuation of the most hotels in Korea have been decided by their asset value and influenced by real estate market. On the other hand, most hotels aim to maximize their through generating profit as other enterprise do it. Therefore a valuation of the hotel industry should be decided from calculating in their profit value. This study is tried to find out the relationships of the company value by free cash flow model between accounting index in hotel industry. The results are as follows. First, there is a 25% gap between high level and low level in hotel industry. Second, in the first rate hotels it is meaningful 99% between asset size and liability rate. Third, there is 99% meaningful relationship asset size of the first level and second level hotels and company values.

Korean Abstract: 2008년 세계적(global) 금융위기 이후 세계 각국은 금융위기 대응 과정에서 나타난 문제점을 보완하기 위한 각종 조치를 취하고 있으며, 국제적으로도 금융 개혁에 대한 논의가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이와 관련하여 금융위기 이후 나타난 예금보험제도의 문제점을 시정하고 효율적인 예금보험제도를 위한 국제적인 기준을 제시하기 위해서 2009년 6월 바젤은행감독위원회(BCBS)와 국제예금보험기구협회(IADI)는 공동으로 ｢효율적인 예금보험제도를 위한 핵심원칙｣(Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems)을 발표하였다. 이 글은 이 핵심원칙에 비추어 보아 우리나라 예금보험제도가 국제적인 기준을 잘 준수하고 있는지를 평가해보고자 함에 있다. 검토 결과 전반적으로 우리나라 예금보험제도는 국제적인 기준을 잘 준수하고 있다고 긍정적으로 평가되는데, 다만 몇 가지 점에서는 개선이 필요하다고 본다. 우선, 예금보험공사의 부보 금융기관에 대한 조사권의 범위를 확대하는 등 예금보험공사의 금융기관에 대한 상시적인 정보 접근성 강화가 필요하다. 또한 예금보험공사가 적기시정조치(PCA) 권한을 일정 부분 보유하여 부실금융기관의 정리에 있어서 주도적인 역할을 할 수 있도록 하는 등 예금자 보호를 위한 부실금융기관 정리 제도의 개선이 필요하다. 그리고 예금보험제도를 통한 예금자 보호와 금융제도 안정 유지라는 목적달성을 위해서 다른 금융안전망 기구와의 효율적인 정보 공유 등 긴밀한 협조 체계를 유지하여야하며, 예금보험제도 운영에 있어 객관성과 중립성을 유지하고, 업무 수행에 있어 공정성·투명성·책임성을 확보할 필요가 있다. English Abstract: The global financial crisis in 2008 stimulated financial regulatory reforms in terms of global standards as well as domestic aspects. In this relation, proposals for reforming a deposit insurance system in each country have been suggested by the relevant international financial regulatory organizations. In June 2009, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI) jointly published the "Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems" (the "Principles") for the purposes of establishing the enhanced global standards on a deposit insurance system of each country. This article seeks to evaluate the Korean deposit insurance system based on the IADI's Principles and to recommend some improvements. Overall, it is positively evaluated that the Korean deposit insurance system complies well with the global standards suggested by the IADI's Principles. However, some improvements are assessed to be needed. First, the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporati (KDIC)'s access to information on insured financial institutions should be strengthened, including the expansion of scope of inspection on business and property of insured financial institutions. Second, regulatory reforms for more efficient resolution of insolvent insured financial institutions need to be taken, including the KDIC's acquiring the power of corrective prompt action (PCA) in a limited way, in addition to the current financial regulator's dominant PCA power. Third, more efficient methods for information sharing among financial safety-net participants need to be sought, including establishing an 'information sharing council' on a legal basis. Finally, the KDIC needs to make its best efforts to perform its activities for maintaining and enhancing its independence, transparency, accountability and integrity.

Korean Abstract: 2008년 세계적(global) 금융위기를 겪으면서 금융감독 업무를 수행하는 금융감독기구만으로는 금융위기 시에 금융안정의 역할을 효율적으로 추진할 수 없다는 한계가 지적되면서 중앙은행과 예금보험기구의 금융안정 역할을 제고시켜야 한다는 주장이 제기되고 있다. 이에 이 글은 금융안정을 위한 우리나라 예금보험기구의 역할을 어떻게 재정립해야 하는가에 초점을 맞추어 그 개선방안을 제시하고자 함에 있다. 첫째, 예금보험공사는 사전적 자금 지원을 통한 선제적 금융안정의 역할을 수행할 필요가 있으며, 따라서 현재 한국정책금융공사가 하고 있는 ‘금융안정기금’의 관리·운용 업무를 예금보험공사가 수행하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 둘째, 예금보험공사의 부보금융기관에 대한 정보 접근성이 확대되어야 하며, 이를 위해 제한적인 직접 조사권 허용 등 부보금융기관의 제출 자료에 대한 조사·확인권을 확대할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 금융감독원·한국은행 등 금융안정기구 간의 금융정보 공유 활성화를 위해 ‘금융정보공유협의회(가칭)’를 법적 기구로 설치할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 예금보험공사가 금융감독당국이 행사하는 적기시정조치(PCA)권에 대한 견제 역할을 할 필요가 있으며, 이를 위해 금융감독당국에 대한 적기시정조치 요구권 내지는 제한적인 경우에 있어서의 직접적인 적기시정조치권을 예금보험공사에 허용할 필요가 있다고 본다. English Abstract: The global financial crisis in 2008 shed a new light on the roles of institutions or agencies in charge of maintaining financial stability, such as a central bank, a deposit insurance agency and a financial regulatory authority, and their importance has also been emphasized. In line with this global trend, Korea has had lively discussions of such matters as well. This paper seeks to make suggestions on how to improve the role of the Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation (“KDIC”) with respect to financial stability, based on an analysis of its current role in this respect and some of its problems. The suggestions are as follows: First, the KDIC should take charge of administering and managing the “Financial Stability Fund,” currently operated by the Korea Policy Finance Corporation, since it would be much more efficient for the KDIC to extend its funds to financial institutions prior to their insolvency or defaults, using such Fund. Second, in order for the KDIC to acquire much more information about insured fin cial institutions to protect the deposit insurance fund, on-site inspections on those institutions should be allowed in certain situations, e. g., when there is a need to confirm reported information or the inspections need to be conducted on insured financial institutions that are insolvent or in danger of defaulting. Third, the “Financial Information Sharing Council” should be statutorily established to promote a more efficient information sharing among financial safety net institutions, such as a central bank and a financial regulator, since the current memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) system is not efficient in that the MOU is not legally binding on the involved agencies. Fourth, the KDIC should be involved in a limited way in the process of enforcing measures of prompt corrective correction (“PCA”) currently taken by the financial supervisory authority: for example, the KDIC should be permitted to request the financial regulator to take the PCA if the KDIC deems it necessary based on the information has acquired; or alternatively, the KDIC should be allowed to take the PCA directly only against insolvent or defaulted financial institutions.