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Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in Parkinson disease (PD), often preceding neurological manifestations; however, early diagnostic utility of GI biopsies remains controversial. Studies suggest aberrant deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) follows step-wise progression in central nervous system though histologic interpretation of normal and aberrant staining patterns have shown variable results. This study examines whether GI α-syn mRNA expression combined with standard α-syn immunohistochemical staining enhance the role of GI biopsy in PD.Four groups were examined, including pediatric (21) and adult control patients (18), PD clinic patients (17), and pathologically confirmed PD cases from hospital archives (16). Enteric nervous system α-syn staining was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 33 PD and 39 controls. α-Syn mRNA levels were compared between patient groups using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and stomach and colon levels in PD.PD patients had Lewy bodies (LB) and diffuse neuronal α-syn staining. GI tissues from elderly controls, children, and young adults exhibited diffuse positivity. LB were limited to PD. Myenteric plexus immunoreactivity varied in different regions. Widespread staining was noted within stomach and colon. Immunoreactivity was present within esophagus, appendix, and small bowel. α-Syn mRNA expression was highest in PD; however, levels varied between proximal and distal GI tract.α-Syn is normally present within young and elderly enteric nervous system; furthermore, while α-syn mRNA is always detectable, levels are highest and most variable in PD. This suggests that enteric α-syn may be altered in neurodegenerative disease. The presence of LB in the GI tract, not solely α-syn expression, may prove useful, distinguishing neurodegenerative disease patients from normal controls.

Density functional theory (DFT) computation was carried out to investigate the crystal, molecular and electronic structures of high energy crystal [2,2′-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5′-dinitramide (BODN) with the pressure 0–120 GPa. The relaxed crystal structure by the GGA/PBE-TS functional matches well with the experimental data at ambient pressure condition. With the intensifying of pressure, the lattice parameters, volumes, bond lengths, H-bond energies, atomic charges, bond populations, band gaps and density of states of crystal BODN change gently. Under the pressure of 48, 104, and 107 GPa, three pressure-induced transformations occurred. The intramolecular six membered rings pose strong affect in stabilizing systems in the pressure range 0–120 GPa. Between O1 and H2 atoms, the H-bond interaction transforms into covalent interaction under the circumstance of 48 GPa. At 104 GPa, structural transformation occurs with the distortion of the intramolecular six membered ring. In addition, O1⋅⋅⋅H2 and O2⋅⋅⋅H1 have the largest H-bond energies in comparison with the others. When the pressure reaches 107 GPa, the H-bond O1⋅⋅⋅H2 is formed again with the deformation and non-coplanarity of two oxadiazoles in crystal BODN. The electrons can be moved easily based on the density of states and energy bands under high pressure. Helpful information will be conveyed by this work in the field of further analysis connected the pressure effect on molecular transformations.

Density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations were performed to study the geometrical and electronic structures of energetic cocrystal NTO/TZTN under pressures ranging from 0 to 80 GPa. The optimized crystal structure by the GGA/PW91 (Perdew-Wang-91) and dispersion corrections corresponds well with the experimental values under ambient pressure. With the pressure increasing, the lattice constants, unit cell volumes, interatomic distances, H-bond energies, atomic charges, and bond populations of cocrystal NTO/TZTN change gradually. At pressures of 4, 8, and 23 GPa, three structural transformations occurred, shown by the results. The cyclization plays an important role in stabilizing the systems. The increasing pressure contributes to the increase of interaction force gradually. At 4 GPa, a new hydrogen bond O3⋯H5 is formed. At 8 GPa, the formation of eight membered rings is because of the existence of a covalent bond O1-H3 between two NTO molecules. In addition, a covalent interaction is formed between N2 and H4 atoms with the biggest H-bond energy compared to the others. As the pressure reaches 23 GPa, another new hydrogen bond forms between N8 and H5 atoms, which contributes to the formation of a five membered ring between NTO and TZTN. The electrons can move freely according to the results of the density of states between the valence and conduction bands when the pressure is high. This work will provide useful information in understanding the high-pressure effect on the structural transformation.

Background and objectives: Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) is a major minimally invasive surgical method for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disc herniation. The choice of posture for patients undergoing PTED is controversial. Surgeons tend to perform PTED with the patient in the prone position rather than in the lateral position. Little is documented on which posture has higher efficacy and safety. This study will be performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the prone position versus lateral position for older adult patients undergoing PTED for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disc herniation. Design: A prospective, single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study will include 168 older adult patients with degenerative lumbar intervertebral disc herniation who receive treatment in the Department of Spine Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, China. These patients will be randomized to undergo PTED in either the prone or lateral position (n = 84 patients in each surgical position). After surgery, all patients will be followed up for 2, 6, and 12 months. Outcome measures and preliminary results: The primary outcome is the Oswestry Disability Index at 12 months postoperatively. This index is used to evaluate the improvement in low back pain. The secondary outcomes are the Oswestry Disability Index preoperatively (at baseline) and at 2 and 6 months postoperatively; X-ray morphology of the lumbar spine, Visual Analog Scale score, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association score preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 months postoperatively; modified MacNab grade at 2, 6, and 12 months postoperatively; partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide preoperatively, intraoperatively, and 1 hour postoperatively; mean arterial pressure, Likert score, and times and doses of vasopressor used intraoperatively; and the incidence of recurrent lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and incidence of adverse reactions 12 months postoperatively. The results of 54 patients included in a pilot study of PTED showed that regardless of use of the prone position (n = 24) or lateral position (n = 28), the Visual Analog Scale score and Oswestry Disability Index at 2 months postoperatively were significantly lower than those before surgery (P < 0.05). Intraoperative arterial blood gas analysis revealed that the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide were significantly different between patients in the prone and lateral positions (P < 0.05). Discussion: Based on the pilot study, future studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to investigate the short- and medium-term efficacy and safety of the prone versus lateral position for patients undergoing PTED for degenerative lumbar intervertebral disc herniation and to identify a better surgical posture suitable for older adult patients. Ethics and dissemination: This study was approved by Medical Ethics Committee of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, China in May 2018 (approval No. 2018-012-01). This study protocol will be performed in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent will be obtained from the participants. The study protocol was designed in December 2017. Patient recruitment will begin in August 2018 and end in August 2019. Data analysis will begin in October 2020 and end in November 2020. Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and/or by publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration: This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR1800016399). Protocol version: 1.0.

This paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Cu in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that the Cu contents in surface waters were relatively low, and the pollution level of Cu in 1982 was very slight. The major Cu source in the southwest of the bay was overland runoff; while for the northeast ocean current was responsible. The input contents of overland runoff and ocean current ranged from 2.22-3.56 μg.L-1 and 0.15-5.31μg.L-1, respectively.

This paper analyzed the seasonal and vertical variations of cyanide in Jiaozhou Bay, and tried to reveal the transfer processes based on investigation data in different seasons in 1982. Results showed that cyanide contents in surface waters were showing obvious seasonal variations, and were in orders of spring < summer < autumn, due to the inputs of cyanide were mainly occurred in wet season. The vertical variations seem to be not regular, and the influences of cyanide contents in surface waters to bottom waters were not significant, because the degradation of cyanide were rapid in summer and early autumn, leading to most of the cyanide was degraded before or in the process of sedimentation.

This paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Zn in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that the Zn contents in surface waters in April, June, July and October ranged from 1.75-167.71 μg.L-1, 8.31-36.97 μg.L-1, 7.05-12.18 μg.L-1 and 1.75-5.25 μg.L-1, respectively. Cu contents in most of the monitoring sites in April were meeting Grade III or Grade IV in National Sea Water Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997). While most of the monitoring sites in June, July and October were meeting Grade I or Grade II. The major Zn sources in the bay was overland runoff, ocean current, and deposition, whose input contents ranged from 37.90-167.71 μg.L-1, 1.31-36.97μg.L-1 and 1.75-12.18 μg.L-1.

Film morphology has predominant influence on the performance of multilayered organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), whereas there is little reported literature from the angle of the molecular level to investigate the impact on film-forming ability and device performance. In this work, four isomeric cross-linkable electron-transport materials constructed with pyridine, 1,2,4-triazole, and vinylbenzyl ether groups were developed for inkjet-printed OLEDs. Their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (∼3.20 eV) and highest occupied molecular orbital (∼6.50 eV) levels are similar, which are mainly determined by the 1,2,4-triazole groups. The triplet energies of these compounds can be tuned from 2.51 to 2.82 eV by different coupling modes with the core of pyridine, where the 2,6-pyridine-based compound has the highest value of 2.82 eV. Film formation and solubility of the compounds were investigated. It was found that the 2,6-pyridine-based compound outperformed the 2,4-pyridine, 2,5-pyridine, and 3,5-pyridine-based compounds. The spin-coated blue OLEDs based on the four compounds have achieved over 14.0% external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) at the luminance of 100 cd m

Based on the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, this paper analyzed the essence and results of orogenesis. We found that, in order to supply abound silicon to the ocean, to accelerate the growth of phytoplankton and decrease the atmospheric carbon, the earth’s ecosystem started up the regulatory mechanism of orogenesis. As a result, both atmospheric and water temperature were decreased. It was found that all of the glaciers were occurred after the major orogenesis, confirmed the correctness and the long lasting of the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, the power of silicon, and the complementary mechanisms. This research deepened the understanding of the earth’s ecosystem.

Due to the serious lack of silicon in the ocean and the continuous increase of atmospheric carbon, the atmospheric and water temperature is rising. Silicon is the determining factor of climate change. This paper presented the theory of the earth’s ecosystem, and the complementary mechanisms of silicon, and revealed that the earth’s ecosystem maintains the dynamic balance of temperature by means of the complementary mechanism of silicon.

Based on the investigation data of Chromium (Cr) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Cr in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cr were lower than 50.00 μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Stream discharge from the major rivers was the unique pollution source for Cr. Cr contents in estuaries and offshore areas ranged from 0.48-32.32 μg.L-1 and 0.18-1.85μg.L-1, respectively.

We analyzed the pollution sources and transfer processes of mercury (Hg) in Jiaozhou bay based on the investigation data during time periods of 1979 to 1985 (absent of 1984), and then proposed the transfer mechanism of Hg in waters. The high or low of Hg contents in surface and bottom waters in different regions could be defined based on the transfer mechanism.

This paper analyzed the ecological characteristics of phytoplankton and the environmental factors in Caohai Lake in Guizhou karst area in 1983. Results showed that the growth and reproduction of Bacillariophyta, as well as the phytoplankton structure succession were determined by silicon (Si). The phytoplankton succession was slow, and the response of Bacillariophyta to silicon content was insensive. On the whole, the silicon content in Caohai Lake was determined by precipitation, and the succession of phytoplankton was determined by Si in Lake waters.

This paper analyzed the content and distribution of Pb in surface waters in Jiaozhou Bay in 1982. Results showed that Pb content in April, June, July and October ranged from 0.49-3.25μg.L-1, 0.45-3.35μg.L-1, 0.30-2.67μg.L-1and 0.33-0.67μg.L-1, respectively, complied with Grade I (1.00μg.L-1) or Grade II (5.00μg.L-1) in Sea water quality standard (GB 3097-1997) of China. As a whole, Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1982 was very lightly polluted by Pb. Non-point source was the major source of Pb in this bay, including atmosphere deposition, ocean current from the offshore, and the transportation of the head of the islands. The content, distribution and source of Pb showed significant seasonal variations, and different pollution prevention and control measurements should be took in different seasons.

Based on the investigation data of Plumbum (Pb) in surface waters in Jiaozhou Bay in April, August and November 1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and source of Pb. Results showed that Pb contents in April, August and November ranged from 0.20-2.65 μg. L-1, 0.79-3.34 μg. L-1 and 0.00-3.00 μg. L-1, respectively, all of which were lower than Grade II (5.00 μg.L-1) in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). Agricultural non-point source and urban point source were the major pollution source of Pb in spring (growing season) and autumn (dry season), respectively; while both point and non-point sources were responsible in summer (wet season).

In order to provide background information and scientific basis for pollution control of Pb, this paper analyzed the sink and transfer process of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that Pb in Jiaozhou Bay was mainly sourced from agricultural non-point source and urban point source, as well as atmosphere dry and wet deposition, leading to the contents of Pb were increasing from spring to summer, and decreasing in autumn and winter. Due to Jiaozhou Bay is a closed bay, the narrow bay mouth is vital to the water exchange, which is the force of horizontal distributions. Horizontal diffusion and vertical deposition were the two major transferred processes of Pb, leading to a large amount of Pb was finally transferred to the sea bottom of the bay mouth areas, and the sea bottom of bay mouth areas was the sink of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay.

Based on the investigation data of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) in waters in Jiaozhou bay on April, August and November 1981, this paper analyzed the distribution and changing of PHC content in surface and bottom waters. Results showed that pollution levels of PHC ranged from Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV and worse than Grade IV during year. PHC content was relatively high in near shore waters especially in river mouth waters, while was relatively low in bay mouth, bay center and outer bay. It could be concluded that, in addition to marine exploitation activities, rivers were important pollution sources of PHC.

Based on the investigation data of Cadmium (Cd) in Jiaozhou Bay waters in1981, this paper analyzed the content, distribution and sources of Ca in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that the contents of Cd were lower than 1.00μg.L-1 in the full year, as reached Grade I in according to National Standard of China for Seawater Quality (GB3097-1997). There were two major sources for Cd. One was atmosphere precipitation; another was land pollution from the major rivers, played the major role in spring and summer, respectively. While in autumn, both atmosphere precipitation and land pollution decreased, and there was little Cd pollution in the Bay.

Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in both surface and bottom waters in Jiaozhou bay in 1979 to 1981, this paper tried to analysis the vertical variations of Hg contents, and to reveal the transfer processes of Hg in the bay. Results showed that, Hg pollution in the bay is mainly discharged from the major rivers, the seasonal variations of Hg content in surface waters showed a similar trend in different years, with an order of spring (or summer) > autumn. The Hg contents in bottom waters were mainly determined by the sedimentation of Hg from surface waters. There were major three transfer processes of Hg as, 1) Hg from various pollution sources was transported to streams by rainfall, 2) Hg in streamflows was discharged to surface waters of the bay, and 3) Hg in surface waters was sedimented to the bottom of the bay.

Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in waters in Jiaozhou bay during time peroids of 1979 to 1985 (absent of 1984), this paper tried to analysis the seasonal variations of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay, to reveal the transfer process of Hg, and to provide basis for decision-making of pollution control. Results showed that, there was indistint seasonal variations of Hg content, due to anthropogenic discharge was the major source of Hg, which was not static, but depended on industrial adjustment. The land transfer process of Hg could be divided into three major processes: 1) human discharges of Hg to soil, waters, and atmosphere, etc., 2) Hg is washouted and delivered into streams, and 3) Hg is transferred to ocean via river channel runoff. In order to reconcile economic growth with environmental protection, we should have to improve the use ratio of Hg, and to reduce the discharge load of Hg.

Based on the investigation data of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay waters in April, July and October 1986, this paper tried to analysis the horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay, and to reveal the pollution sources and transfer processes of Hg. Results showed that Jiaozhou Bay had been heavily polluted by Hg, whatever in different seasons. Hg in Jiaozhou Bay was mainly from point sources such as industrial waste and sewage runoff. The horizonal and vertical distributions of Hg content showed the transfer processes as, from estuaries to their outside and the bay mouth, and form surface waters to bottom waters, respectively. The water environmental capacity of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay had been unable to carry the emission load of Hg, and therefore the reduction of emission as well as the improvement of cyclic utilization ratio were the primary processes for Hg pollution prevention and reduction.

Based on investigation data in Jiaozhou bay waters from 1979 to 1985(absent of 1984), this paper tried to anylysis the horizontal distributions and pollution sources and characteristics of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay. The results showed that, the horizonal distributions of Hg in surface water of Jiaozhou Bay showed decreasing trends from river flow direct, and the major pollution source of Hg was point source, whose pollutants were transferred by stream discharge. Under the influences of point source pollution, the Hg concentrations in surface waters could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1; while under the influences of ocean current itself, the concentration of Hg in bay mouth area could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1. The pollution sources of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay could be catagoried as two levels as high-pollution sources and non-pollution sources, due to Hg in this bay was mainly impacted by point source. It is necessary to enhance the recovery ratio of Hg, and to reduce the discharge of Hg.

Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in waters in Jiaozhou bay during time peroids of 1979 to 1985 (absent of 1984), this paper tried to analysis the content, pollution level and theis temporal variations of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay, to reveal the changing trend of Hg, and to provide basis for pollution control of Hg in the bay. Results showed that, during 1979-1985, water in Jiaozhou Bay had been polluted by Hg in certain levels. For seasonal variation, there was a dicreasing trend form summer to winter in 1979, 1981 and 1985, and an increasing trend form summer to winter in 1980 and 1983. For annual variation, there was an obvious decreasing trend of Hg pollution from 1979-1982, while from 1982-1985 an increasing trend occurred. The temporal variation of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay reflects the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection. Having in mind that the environmental carrying capacity of Jiaozhou Bay is not unlimited, and the environmental disruption might finally cause economic loss and disasters to the human, we believe that the dischargd load of Hg should be limited in a suitable amount.

Since China's move towards reform and opening up, the problem of environmental pollution has becomes more and more serious. This paper tried to reveal the pollution level, distribution characteristics, migration patterns, and sources of the pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay in 1979. Results showed that, in 1979, waters in Jiaozhou Bay had little been contaminated by Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg; while bad been contaminated by HCH and PHC in a certain level. The major pollution sources of Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, HCH, and PHC could be considered as point source, dry and wet deposition, wastewater and sewage, rock weathering, and agricultural non-point source, respectively. The temporal, horizonal and vertical distributions of pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay in 1979 had showed the influences of human activities on environmental quality, even if in the beginning of the reform and opening-up in China. The development of social and economic development should be on the base of protecting environment and concordant to the capacity of nature.

Artificial organic polymer flocculants has been widely applied in water treatment; however, disadvantages of nonbiodegradable and poisonous may cause another environmental problem. This paper established an effective water treatment technique using Abelmoschusmoschatu (Okra) in combining of glue extraction process and flocculating process, with fully consideration of factors such as treating time, cost, and efficiency. Results showed that ethanol extraction was an effective method for extraction of glue form Okra. After being soaked in distilled water overnight with ratios of material to solvent, and was extracted by ethanol with volume percentage of 50% at stable temperature of 70 °C for one hour, the extraction rate of Okra glue could be as high as 18.38%. The glue usage of 0.015-0.020 g.L-1 and flocculating time of five minutes could be the optimal usage in treating suspending liquid of kaolin, with the turbidity of 3.0 g.L-1. The processes are low cost, simple, efficient, and low pollution, having broad application prospects.

In organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), the high performance of devices depends on balanced charge transfer in emitting layer (EML). However, the balance charge transfer is hard to achieve in the single host material-based EML. In this work, a high luminance co-host based OLEDs is printed. In detail, green phosphorescent material tris[2-(p-tolyl)pyridine]iridium(III) [Formula: see text] is used as dopant, and a hole-transporting material [Formula: see text]-tris[3-methy-lphenyl(phenyl)amino]-triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) blended with an electron-transporting material 1,3,5-tris(phenyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-benzene (TPBi) as co-host. As a result, the optimized printing co-host OLEDs with 10 wt.% [Formula: see text] shows a maximum luminance of [Formula: see text], which is much higher than the CDBP counterpart.

Biotransformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may be affected by many factors such as biostimulation and bioaugmentation whether beneficial or not. Served as natural healthy medical stone, feed additive and also filters for their adsorption capability in water purification function, was used widely in China. In this paper, PCB 118 was selected as typical polychlorinated biphenyl to study maifanite additive influence on the degradating efficiency of marine fungi for POPs. The results of controlled trials by two penicillium fungus showed thatthe degradation rates of PCB 118 were higher with maifanite as promoting additive than mediums without maifanite. Significant differences were found in further analysis of zeta potential of maifanite in solutions from pH 2 to pH 9 suggesting different adsorption capability of maifanite at different pH levels.

Thin films of manganese oxides have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process on silicon and stainless steel substrates at different substrate temperatures and oxygen gas pressures. By proper selection of temperature and oxygen pressure during the PLD process, pure phases of Mn 2O 3, Mn 3O 4 as well as an amorphous phase of MnO x were successfully fabricated and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The pseudo-capacitance behaviors of those manganese oxides of different phases have also been evaluated by the electrochemical cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M Na 2SO 4 aqueous electrolyte. Their specific current and capacitance determined at different scan rates were calculated and compared. The results show that polycrystalline Mn 2O 3 phase has the highest specific current and capacitance, while the values for polycrystalline Mn 3O 4 films are the lowest. The amorphous phase MnOx films have the values sitting in between those of Mn 2O 3 and Mn 3O 4. The specific capacitance of Mn 2O 3 films reaches 200 F/g at 1 mV/sec scan with excellent stability and cyclic durability. This work has demonstrated that PLD is a very promising technique for supercapacitor material research due to its excellent flexibility and capability of controlling microstructures and phases of various materials. © 2012 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland., 7th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, THERMEC'2011, 1 August 2011 through 5 August 2011, Quebec City, QC

The pressure increasing process within a twin screw multiphase pump, under the condition of high gas volume fractions (GVFs), induces large temperature and pressure changes that cause the rotors to deform. Rotor deformations heavily influence the backflow of the multiphase fluid through clearances within the twin screw multiphase pump and these deformations may even lead to pump failures. An accurate temperature and pressure distribution on the screw rotors need be obtained before the deformation analysis can be carried out. By means of small temperature and pressure sensors embedded into the groove at the root of the rotors, the temperatures of 12 points on the rotors and the pressure distributions of a twin screw multiphase pump under high GVFs conditions were recorded. Temperature test results were adopted to perform a heat transfer analysis for determining the temperature distribution on the screw rotors. Then deformation analyses, including thermal deformation, force deformation, and total deformation, were conducted according to the pressure and temperature distributions. Deformation analysis for different materials was also conducted under the same boundary conditions. A material was suggested for the manufacturing of rotors in a twin screw multiphase pump under the condition of high gas volume fractions.

Silicon is the essential element to phytoplankton, determining the growth of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is the basis of the marine food chain, as well as phytoplankton has tremendous capacity to absorb carbon. Phytoplankton and human determine the change of atmospheric carbon collectively, so the earth system is able to maintain the dynamic balance of the emission of anthropic carbon and the absorption of carbon by phytoplankton. This paper analyzed the effects of Silicon to the growth of phytoplankton, the absorption of CO2 by phytoplankton, the biogeochemical process of silicon, and revealed the effects of silicon to the change of phytoplankton growth and atmospheric carbon.

Based on investigation dada on Cr in 1982 in Jiaozhou Bay, this paper analyzed the seasonal and spatial distribution of Cr, and revealed the transfer process of Cr. Results showed that horizontal diffusion and vertical sedimentation were major transfer processes of Cr, which were mainly determined by water exchange and gravity settling. These findings were essential to pollution control and environmental remediation in Jiaozhou Bay. From the point of view of pollution control, reducing the discharge of Cr from the sources was the major countermeasure.

Based on investigation dada on Pb in April, June, July and October 1982, this paper analyzed the transportation of Pb in Jiaozhou Bay. Results showed that atmosphere deposition, ocean current from the offshore, and the transportation of the head of the islands were the major sources of Pb. These different sources determined different transportation processes of Pb, displayed seasonal variations of Pb content and distribution.

Jiaozhou Bay is located in the south of Shandong province, and is around by economic developed cities such as Qingdao, Jiaozhou and Jiaonan etc. Previous studies showed that this bay had been polluted by mercury ( Hg) in certain level. This paper is a summary of previous studies, in order to reveal the transfer process of Hg, including 1) the variation of Hg content, 2) the pollution sources of Hg, 3) land transfer process of Hg, 4) aquatic transfer process of Hg, and 5) settling process of Hg. The results of this paper were meaningful to the control of Hg pollution.

Sources of heavy metals in marine environment could be cagetoried as natrual source and artificial source. The portion from natrual source forms the environmental background value of heavy metal. This paper proposed the theory of the structure of environmental background value for heavy metal. Finally, this paper applied this theory in the analysis of the environmental background value of Cadmiun (Cd) in Jiaozhou Bay waters. This theory provides basis for pollution control and remediation of marine environment.

Being a close bay, vertical settling was the dominant transfer process of Hg Jiaozhou Bay. Based on the investigation data of mercury (Hg) in bottom waters in Jiaozhou bay in 1979 to 1985 (in absence of 1984), this paper tried to analysis both of the settling processes and settling mechanisms of Hg. Results showed that that Hg in Jiaozhou Bay was settling continually over year, therefore a continued accumulation of Hg contents in bottom waters appeared, especially in spring and summer. Sediments in sea bottom could be both of source and sink of pollutants, especially for persistence pollutants such as Hg. Based on the both of the settling processes and settling mechanisms, the improve of recycle rate and the emission reduction of Hg should be the major pollution control strategies in Jiaozhou Bay.

Samarium doped ceria exhibits relative high conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 700 °C and has been considered to be an attractive electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells operating at the temperature range between 500 to 600 °C. Although the material exhibits better chemical and structural compatibility with electrodes as well as higher ionic conductivity than Yttria-stabilized Zirconia, the reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ induces n-type electronic conduction which tends to decrease power output of solid oxide fuel cells. The problem can be eliminated by using a barrier of thin Zr0.9Sc0.1O2 layer deposited over SDC layer as an alternative electrolyte to improve the stability of Samarium doped ceria under reducing atmosphere. In this work, we will report the results on the development of the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) process to fabricate Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9/Zr0.9Sc0.1O2 bilayer films. Bilayer films with controlled microstructures, density, and interfacial properties were successfully grown by the PLD at various deposition temperatures on Si(100) substartes. X-ray diffraction was used to determine their crystal structures, while the cross section images of the film-film and film-substrate interfaces were examined by field-emission SEM. The film density was calculated from the index of reflection data determined by a fiber-optic spectrophotometer.

Tight junctions (TJ) are multiprotein complexes that function to regulate paracellular transport of molecules through epithelial and endothelial cell layers. Many new tight junction-associated proteins have been identified in the past few years, and their functional roles and interactions have just begun to be elucidated. In this paper, we describe a novel protein LYsine-RIch CEACAM1 co-isolated (LYRIC) that is widely expressed and highly conserved between species. LYRIC has no conserved domains that would indicate function and does not appear to be a member of a larger protein family. Data from analysis of rat and human tissue sections and cell lines show that LYRIC colocalizes with tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin in polarized epithelial cells, suggesting that LYRIC is part of the tight junction complex. LYRIC dissociates from ZO-1 when junctional complexes are disrupted, and as tight junctions reform, ZO-1 relocalizes before LYRIC. These results suggest that LYRIC is most likely not a structural component required for TJ formation, but rather is recruited during the maturation of the tight junction complex.

We report a vibrational study of the reorganization of the electrical double layer following the reduction of a self-assembled nonanethiol monolayer on a Au electrode. The absence of changes in the vibrational spectra taken in the potential range covering the double layer shows that the nonanethiol monolayer is stable over 800 mV. Important changes in the vibrational spectra of the water molecules are observed when the applied potential is more negative than the reduction potential of the thiol monolayer. The interaction between the water molecules and the gold electrode is modified by the electrode potential. For a potential corresponding to the onset of the reduction of the nonanethiol monolayer the spectroscopic results suggest that the water molecules interact weakly with the gold surface. However, when the potential is sufficiently negative to cause the evolution of hydrogen, the deformation mode of the water molecules moves to a lower energy, indicating a stronger interaction between the water molecule and the gold surface. Time-resolved vibrational measurements suggest that water clusters are formed immediately after the reductive desorption of the thiols and before a significant amount of molecular hydrogen is produced. Keywords: electrochemistry, electrical double layer, vibrational spectroscopy, thiols.

The transient behavior and heat transfer for the melting of ice in porous media within a rectangular enclosure is simulated by the numerical method SIMPLE C. The solid-liquid interface becomes irregular due to the presence of porous media. The mushy zone of the finite thickness is taken into consideration in this investigation. The entire flow field is modeled by the non-Darcy model which incorporates effects of convection, inertia and boundary friction. Based upon the numerical results, the non-linear factor due to temperature-dependent density of the molten liquid could be a significant contributor to temperature field, flow field, position of interface, and capacity of heat transfer. A temperature exists on the hot side where minimum heat transfer takes place. As the Darcy number gets larger, the heat transfer gets better, the rate of melting of ice goes faster, and the interface distorts more. As time goes on, heat transfer on the hot side worsens and that on the cold side gets better.

The power density of optical excitation on microfluidic chips is attenuated due to the beam divergence of the optical fiber, making it difficult to collect either the emission or scattering light. The excitation power and coupling efficiency can be significantly increased by using an on-chip microlens system with integrated optical fibers, specially designed and simulated to reshape and collect the optical signal within the microfluidic chip.This article presents research work for designing, fabricating, and testing a type of on-chip microlens. The on-chip microlens was designed by Code VThe export light beam could be focused to a very small point to satisfy the requirements of the fluorescence excitation of samples. On the other hand, the detection efficiency could also be increased with the help of the on-chip microlens. The presented fabrication method does not require any assembly process or external driving force. To fabricate a microlens with a different focus, it is only necessary to change the figures on the mask. This technique can be used in a variety of applications as it is possible to produce customized microlens for specific applications.

A numerical study is performed to analyze the transient flow field and heat transfer behavior of cold water in a rectangular enclosure filed with a porous medium. The numerical method was employed by the SIMPLE-C algorithm. The accurate nonlinear relation between density and temperature developed by Gebhart and Mollendorf was used. The numerical results show that, for R l, only one counterclockwise vortex exists in the space the entire time. For τ > 10−3, the heat transfer rate increases with increase in Darcy number for the entire time. However, as time increases, the hea...

The optical signal on microfluidic chip is hard to be collected. To improve the excitation power and collection efficiency, we introduced a simple, inexpensive fabrication method to increase the couple rate of optical fiber. This small element is a polymer and air integrated microlens that can improve the optical signal detection. Compared to other established protocols, this procedure allows a simple, miniaturizing and inexpensive microlens fabrication with high reproducibility. The air microlens was produced by using direct lithograph of SU-8 resist to reduce the beam divergence of optical fiber. Owing to its ability to achieve customized microlens for specific applications, this technique can be used in a variety of applications, such as a blood cell counting system based on microfluidic chip.