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This research investigates whether charities can enhance fundraising effectiveness by increasing donors' sense of agency. This article introduces two strategies that allow donors to target individual charitable projects, either via the choice options (targeting-via-options) or via the suggested donation amounts (targeting-via-amounts). A large-scale field experiment involving more than 40,000 prospective donors manipulates the ability to control the allocation of the charity's resources and finds that enhancing donor agency boosts fundraising revenue by 42%. A causal forest analysis indicates significant donor heterogeneity, with a subset of donors being three times more responsive to the opportunity to target their gift than the average donor. Inactive donors, "clumpy" donors (who exhibit uneven donation patterns), and donors who concentrate their gifts during the popular giving periods are less responsive to interventions, whereas frequent, generous, and long-tenured donors are more responsive to them. Three experiments offer stronger internal validity regarding the manipulations and process evidence that agency—and not emotion—is responsible for the increased donation effects. An optimization analysis provides implications for how charities can leverage these insights to manage their fundraising campaigns to greater success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mother's milk provides optimal nutrition for infants. Donor human milk (DHM) is recommended for low birthweight infants when mother's milk is unavailable. Little is known about human milk (HM) donation practices in New Zealand (NZ), where few HM banks are available. This study aimed to investigate parents' and health professionals' (HP) experiences with formal and informal HM donation in NZ. Methods: Two electronic surveys were disseminated in 2022 to parents and HPs involved with HM donation in NZ. The surveys covered respondents' views and experiences with HM donation. HPs were also asked about HM donation practices in their workplace. Chi-squared and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests were used for quantitative analysis and qualitative data were thematically analysed using inductive approach. Results: A total of 232 HP and 496 parents completed the surveys. Most parents either donated (52%) or sought DHM (26%) for their infant and most donations were informal, arranged between individuals (52%) or through hospital staff (22%). HP reported DHM was used in 86% of facilities, with only 20% of donations facilitated by HM banks. Almost half (48%) of HP stated they would like to use DHM in their workplace but access was limited. The most common screening processes undertaken by parents and HP before informal HM donation were lifestyle including smoking status, medication, drug and alcohol intake (44% and 36%, respectively) and serological screening such as CMV, HIV, Hepatitis C or B (30% and 39%, respectively). Pasteurisation of DHM obtained informally was not common. Most donors were satisfied with their HM donation experiences (informal and/or formal, 91%) and most respondents supported use of DHM in hospitals and community. Participants reported HM donation could be improved (e.g., better access) and identified potential benefits (e.g., species-specific nutrition) and risks (e.g., pathogens) for the infant. Potential benefits for the donor were also identified (e.g., altruism), but respondents acknowledged potential negative impacts (e.g., cost). Conclusion: Informal HM donation in NZ is common. Most parents and HP support the use of DHM; however, improvements to current practices are needed to ensure safer and more equitable access to DHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human milk banks are essential facilities to provide donated human milk (DHM) to preterm and term infants with health complications. Little is known regarding milk bank donors and how their characteristics may influence the particularities of the donation process. The present study aims to assess characteristics of donors and their newborns to identify associations with the amount of DHM and initiation and donation time, during the first and second year of the milk bank operation in Córdoba, Spain. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three periods: pre-opening of the milk bank (PRE) including all women who gave birth to a newborn between January – May 2017 and were hospital users; donors in the first year after the opening (Period 1 (P1): April 2019 – March 2020); and in the second year (P2: April 2020 – March 2021). For P1 and P2, DHM data were recorded. The relationships between donor and newborn characteristics and the donation process were examined using univariable and regression models. Results: From 391 women interviewed in the PRE period, 55 (14%) showed intention to donate. In P1 and P2, there were 51 and 25 human milk (HM) donors, respectively. Age, gestational age (GA) and parity were similar between periods. In P2, a higher proportion of donors had higher education (P1: 46%; P2: 70.8%, p = 0.045). Around 40% of donors in both periods were on maternity leave. In P1, donors who had low birth weight infants (< 2500 g) donated more HM than those with infants weighing ≥ 2500 g (p = 0.020). In P2, women whose GA was < 37 weeks donated a higher volume vs. those with ≥ 37 weeks (p = 0.002). Maternity leave was linked to a shorter initiation time for donations in both periods (P1: p = 0.002; P2: p < 0.001). Conclusions: Data obtained from a Spanish human milk bank indicate that prematurity and low birth weight appear to influence the amounts of DHM. Employment status might be a decisive factor in initiating HM donation. Additional efforts are required to identify shared donor characteristics that influence the initiation and volume of donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of changes in tax codes on voluntary giving to universities and colleges. While higher education institutions have drawn attention to individual gifts and philanthropic donations as supplementary financial resources, the recent introduction of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 in the United States reduced tax incentives for charitable contributions, thus raising concerns regarding considerable declines in charitable giving. By using panel data from the Voluntary Support of Education Survey, this research revealed that changes in tax benefits on charitable giving as a consequence of the new tax policy are associated with an overall decrease in the sum of individual donations and the number of individual donors. This loss of voluntary contribution is notably observed in private colleges and universities with an emphasis on research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak has led cities worldwide to implement lockdowns and stay‐at‐home orders, which has caused a sudden cessation of revenue generation from ticket sales at animal conservation institutions. Accordingly, the cost of feeding and caring for the animals remains unsustainable, and the threat of another outbreak and lockdowns lingers. To this end, the present study investigates the effectiveness of internet media for the sustainable development of animal conservation institutions (e.g., zoos) in the post‐pandemic era. A total of 321 actual visitors' responses were collected through an online survey, and PLS‐SEM was used for the data analysis. The stimulus‐organism‐response (S‐O‐R) theory was used as the framework to explore the effects of content characteristics and internet celebrities in animal conservation institutions on visitors' internal mechanisms and their behavioral responses. Stimulus factors were internet content characteristics and animal celebrities' attributes. Organism factors included visitors' internal mechanisms, such as the attitude toward the ecological environment, trust, and hedonic values. Critical behavioral responses of subscribing to the official channels, visiting the institutions, and making donations were considered. The findings confirm the influence of internet media (content attributes and celebrity attributes) as an antecedent to individual organisms, which in turn leads to spillover effects such as donations. Implications for academic research and practice are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Previous studies on charitable giving have emphasized the importance of socioeconomic status in explaining why individuals choose to donate or not to donate money. Other explanations, such as social capital or local contexts, have also been investigated, but these perspectives are rarely combined and tested against an actual behavioral outcome measure. We seek to compare the statistical importance of these explanations for individual‐level donation decisions.Our study investigates survey respondents’ choices to repeatedly donate their earned incentive after a completed interview in the three waves of the Immigrant German Election Study II from 2021. In each wave, respondents were offered an incentive worth 10 euros, which they could either keep as a gift card or donate to the local food bank. This decision is a measurement of real rather than self‐reported donation behavior. We combine individual‐level variables and neighborhood‐level variables that capture the heterogeneity of our sample to systematically compare explanations for this donation decision.We find that the respondents’ self‐assessed economic situation and sociopolitical preferences in favor of more social spending by the state, rather than the respondents’ objective socioeconomic status, have strong positive effects on the total amount donated throughout the survey.Not the rich per se, but those who think they are doing well economically, and who are on the redistributive left, give more to others. These findings remain robust after controlling for the strong heterogeneity of our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical colleges in Central India often face shortages of cadavers for anatomical education, hindering the development of future doctors' practical skills. Whole body donation programs offer a potential solution, but their impact in this region remains unexplored. Objective: This study investigates the influence of whole body donation programs on medical colleges in Central India. Methods: A mixed-methods approach will be employed. Quantitative data will be collected through surveys of medical educators and students of Ram Krishna Medical College Hosptal and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh to assess the perceived impact of whole body donation on practical skill development, curriculum effectiveness, and student confidence. Qualitative data will be gathered through interviews with key stakeholders involved in donation programs to understand challenges and opportunities. Expected Outcomes: The study aims to reveal how whole body donation programs contribute to: • Enhanced practical anatomical training for medical students. • Development of more competent and confident future doctors. • Identification of potential challenges associated with these programs in the Central Indian context. Implications: This research will provide valuable insights for medical colleges considering the implementation or expansion of whole body donation programs. It can inform strategies to optimize the use of donated bodies for improved medical education and ultimately, better patient care in Central India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a child needs a hematopoietic stem cell transplant, the seriousness of the child's illness is highlighted. The purpose of this study was to explore parents' experiences of the transplantation process when two children in the family are involved, one severely ill child as the recipient and the other as the donor. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with 18 parents of 13 healthy minor donors after successful stem cell transplants. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore parents' experiences. The parents described they were living with the threat of losing a child. They lived with an uncertain future as they were confronted with life-changing information. Whether the ill child would survive or not could not be predicted; thus, parents had to endure unpredictability, and to cope with this they chose to focus on positives. Finally, the parents managed family life in the midst of chaos, felt an inadequacy and a perception that the family became a fragmented although close team during hospital stays. They expressed a need for both tangible and emotional support. When a child needs a stem cell transplant, the parents feel inadequate to their healthy children including the donating child. It is obvious that they experience an uncertain future and struggle to keep the family together amid the chaos. Considering these results, psychosocial support should be mandatory for parents in connection with pediatric HSCT, to enable a process where parents can prepare for the outcome, whether successful or not. • Parent's experience a threat of losing their child when HSCT is needed for their ill child. • The parents' primary focus is on the ill child and feel inadequate towards the healthy children in the family. • Parents needed psychosocial support, but it was difficult to accept help when it was offered. • Psychosocial support should be mandatory for parents and minor donors in conjunction with HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Economics / İslam Ekonomisi Dergisi is the property of Journal of Islamic Economics / Islam Ekonomski Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Mother’s milk provides optimal nutrition for infants. Donor human milk (DHM) is recommended for low birthweight infants when mother’s milk is unavailable. Little is known about human milk (HM) donation practices in New Zealand (NZ), where few HM banks are available. This study aimed to investigate parents’ and health professionals’ (HP) experiences with formal and informal HM donation in NZ. Methods Two electronic surveys were disseminated in 2022 to parents and HPs involved with HM donation in NZ. The surveys covered respondents’ views and experiences with HM donation. HPs were also asked about HM donation practices in their workplace. Chi-squared and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests were used for quantitative analysis and qualitative data were thematically analysed using inductive approach. Results A total of 232 HP and 496 parents completed the surveys. Most parents either donated (52%) or sought DHM (26%) for their infant and most donations were informal, arranged between individuals (52%) or through hospital staff (22%). HP reported DHM was used in 86% of facilities, with only 20% of donations facilitated by HM banks. Almost half (48%) of HP stated they would like to use DHM in their workplace but access was limited. The most common screening processes undertaken by parents and HP before informal HM donation were lifestyle including smoking status, medication, drug and alcohol intake (44% and 36%, respectively) and serological screening such as CMV, HIV, Hepatitis C or B (30% and 39%, respectively). Pasteurisation of DHM obtained informally was not common. Most donors were satisfied with their HM donation experiences (informal and/or formal, 91%) and most respondents supported use of DHM in hospitals and community. Participants reported HM donation could be improved (e.g., better access) and identified potential benefits (e.g., species-specific nutrition) and risks (e.g., pathogens) for the infant. Potential benefits for the donor were also identified (e.g., altruism), but respondents acknowledged potential negative impacts (e.g., cost). Conclusion Informal HM donation in NZ is common. Most parents and HP support the use of DHM; however, improvements to current practices are needed to ensure safer and more equitable access to DHM.

Background: Christian mission hospitals provide critical assistance to communities that need their services the most, yet they often lack the financial and human resources needed to realize their full potential for community impact. Existing charity rating organizations rate few charities and lack transparency for donors, and limited resources exist to help volunteers find organizations that would benefit from their services the most. The objective of this article is to develop a transparent Transformational Impact Rating System (TIRS) that can be used by funding agencies and volunteer directing agencies to assess the potential for transformational impact of any hospital anywhere in the world. Methods: Research to inform the rating system was conducted via a comprehensive review of existing charity rating systems and literature, in-depth interviews, and surveys. TIRS was developed by identifying, selecting, categorizing, and allocating weights to variables. TIRS was implemented via a custom-built website to enable future testing and evolution. Results: A rating system was developed that generates an overall hospital score and scores in each of five categories (regional impact potential, financial health, operational performance, external relations, and volunteer experience) based on data collected from the hospital and surveys of donors, volunteers, staff, patients, and the local community. Discussion: TIRS in its current state is a proof of concept that demonstrates data-driven decision-making for funding and staffing hospitals with high potential for transformational impact. TIRS can be modified for future applications. Conclusion: TIRS provides a proof-of-concept system through which all hospitals in low-resource settings can make their impact potential visible to donors and volunteers. If TIRS (with suggested modifications) is used by those interested in helping mission hospitals, invisible hospitals that are struggling in remote areas will be more likely to receive much-needed resources. TIRS can help direct declining funds and manpower to hospitals that have the highest potential for transformational impact.

Abstract Background Human milk banks are essential facilities to provide donated human milk (DHM) to preterm and term infants with health complications. Little is known regarding milk bank donors and how their characteristics may influence the particularities of the donation process. The present study aims to assess characteristics of donors and their newborns to identify associations with the amount of DHM and initiation and donation time, during the first and second year of the milk bank operation in Córdoba, Spain. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in three periods: pre-opening of the milk bank (PRE) including all women who gave birth to a newborn between January – May 2017 and were hospital users; donors in the first year after the opening (Period 1 (P1): April 2019 – March 2020); and in the second year (P2: April 2020 – March 2021). For P1 and P2, DHM data were recorded. The relationships between donor and newborn characteristics and the donation process were examined using univariable and regression models. Results From 391 women interviewed in the PRE period, 55 (14%) showed intention to donate. In P1 and P2, there were 51 and 25 human milk (HM) donors, respectively. Age, gestational age (GA) and parity were similar between periods. In P2, a higher proportion of donors had higher education (P1: 46%; P2: 70.8%, p = 0.045). Around 40% of donors in both periods were on maternity leave. In P1, donors who had low birth weight infants (

Introduction. Perinatal loss is a profoundly stirring event that affects various areas of society, from women and their partners to health professionals and society as a whole. Unfortunately, in caring for women experiencing perinatal bereavement, information and support related to breastfeeding is often overlooked, which can increase their feelings of grief and anxiety. However, breast milk donation has been recognised as a valuable option that can play a significant role in the bereavement process. Aim. To review the existing literature on the impact of milk donation after perinatal loss, its role in the bereavement process and its implications. Methods. Literature search of PubMed, Cochrane and PsycINFO databases to identify studies addressing milk donation, perinatal loss and women’s experiences. Results. Based on seven qualitative papers, they highlighted the need for breastfeeding support for mothers in perinatal bereavement, as well as the lack of sensitive and non-judgmental communication by health professionals. Conclusion. Breastfeeding can play an essential role in the perinatal bereavement process, validating maternal identity and generating meaningful memories. The importance of addressing breastfeeding inhibition on an individualised basis and improving the training of health professionals to provide comprehensive support is emphasised.

Protected areas (PAs) such as national parks face funding issues that undermine effective management. Therefore, many PAs are exploring new financial instruments, such as visitor donations, to supplement their conservation budgets. This paper investigates visitor perceptions of one such system, a new conservation donation under consideration in Aso Kuju National Park, southwest Japan, is due to be introduced. Our on-site survey at two trailheads in autumn 2022 gauged visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) the expected JPY 500 donation. The analysis used Bayesian linear regression to look for significant predictors of WTP. Findings show that female, older, and higher-income visitors were more likely to pay the donation collectively rather than voluntarily. Prior knowledge of the donation system was also a significant predictor of WTP, but more frequent climbers were significantly less likely to pay the donation collectively, regardless of prior Kuju climbing experience, possibly due to the perceived increase in use costs. Moreover, visitors willing to pay the cooperation donation collectively are also willing to pay higher prices than those willing to pay voluntarily. The elicited WTP values confirm that the implementation of a new conservation donation could help to improve the long-term sustainable financing of PAs such as Aso Kuju while raising issues over price fairness.

Background Methods Results Conclusion Systems for quality and safety assurance in organ donation and transplantation are vital, especially those that seek to minimize donor disease transmission. Australia has developed a national vigilance and surveillance system to identify, review, and analyze actual and potential donor‐derived infections and other disease transmissions.The system involves notification of incidents to the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority for review by a Vigilance and Surveillance Expert Advisory Committee (VSEAC). The VSEAC grades incidents, O makes recommendations, and issues communications both publicly and to the clinical donation and transplant sector.Annual notifications have increased since the inception of the system in 2012 until 2022. The vast majority relate to procedural aspects including donor assessment, information/data issues, and the recovery, offer, allocation, preservation and transportation of organs. Possible donor‐derived disease accounted for 19% of all notifications, and those related to possible donor‐derived infection only 12%. The VSEAC, as a result of reviewing these incidents, has made recommendations resulting in revisions to donor screening, organ allocation, packaging and transportation. The review of incidents has led to changes in clinical guidance for increased viral risk donor assessment, testing, and ensuing organ utilization and recipient surveillance. Guidance has also been reviewed for other infectious risks including strongyloides, human T‐lymphotropic virus, and HEV.The Australian vigilance and surveillance system has enabled national retrospective reporting and evaluation of serious adverse events or reactions to identify trends and inform processes and guidelines, therefore improving the safety of donation and transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas (PAs) such as national parks face funding issues that undermine effective management. Therefore, many PAs are exploring new financial instruments, such as visitor donations, to supplement their conservation budgets. This paper investigates visitor perceptions of one such system, a new conservation donation under consideration in Aso Kuju National Park, southwest Japan, is due to be introduced. Our on-site survey at two trailheads in autumn 2022 gauged visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) the expected JPY 500 donation. The analysis used Bayesian linear regression to look for significant predictors of WTP. Findings show that female, older, and higher-income visitors were more likely to pay the donation collectively rather than voluntarily. Prior knowledge of the donation system was also a significant predictor of WTP, but more frequent climbers were significantly less likely to pay the donation collectively, regardless of prior Kuju climbing experience, possibly due to the perceived increase in use costs. Moreover, visitors willing to pay the cooperation donation collectively are also willing to pay higher prices than those willing to pay voluntarily. The elicited WTP values confirm that the implementation of a new conservation donation could help to improve the long-term sustainable financing of PAs such as Aso Kuju while raising issues over price fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nonprofit commercialization, the increased reliance on revenues from commercial activities such as program and service fees, is one of the most significant topics in nonprofit finance studies. Commercialization can jeopardize nonprofits' efforts to secure financial sustainability as donors become reluctant to contribute to highly commercialized nonprofits. This study examines the effect of thematic and episodic framing in acquiring support on nonprofit commercialization with an online survey experiment. The findings reveal that both thematic and episodic framings increase willingness to donate and volunteer, and combining both framings is more effective than using a single framing, suggesting that nonprofits can benefit from message framing in persuading donors and stakeholders of nonprofit commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a popular tool for assessing for-profit organizations' customer loyalty and future growth to assess customer loyalty and future growth in for-profit organizations. However, its application in higher education has been limited, especially in examining its relationship with the alumni's desire to give back to the university. To address this gap, we investigate the relationship between NPS and desire of online MBA students' to give back to their alma mater. We also investigate the factors influencing online MBA students' college experience and satisfaction, examine how those factors impact their propensity to recommend the academic institution to their friends. Our analysis is based on survey data from 306 online MBA students at a mid-sized state university in the U.S. Upon calculating the NPS, 15 detractors, 58 passives, and 162 promoters were identified and categorized. Results show that classes and financial aid staff were the most influential factors in the likelihood of recommendation. Statistical analysis shows that the promoters, compared to detractors, were 2 to 14 times more likely to give back to their alma mater. Recommendations were provided to assist university administrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of evidence (statistical, narrative) and altruism on advertisement evaluations of and intentions to donate to a health-oriented nonprofit organization. Participants (N = 296) reviewed fundraising messages and evaluated their perceptions of the advertisement, their intentions to donate, and their personal altruism. Results demonstrated that statistical and narrative evidence produced similar evaluations of the advertisements; however, narrative evidence produced stronger intentions to donate than statistical evidence. Altruism was also positively correlated with advertisement evaluation for both types of evidence; however, this association was stronger for narrative evidence than statistical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When disaster occurred in Qing Dynasty, some of the rich people, say gentry and merchants, were willing to make great contributions on relief. According to sources, donations for relief had some benefits for them. Not merely can they gain official titles with self-identity and superiority, but can convert “cultural capital” into upwardly mobile political chances and strengthen a say in local politics, propelling them into positions of power. Therefore, when making a substantial payment on relief, in exchange, contributors using symbols paid attention on the importance of cultural hegemony in maintaining their positions in local society. The observation of the relief donation in the Qing Dynasty made it a site to study not just how people dealt with the famine policy within structure and what the social mechanism at the time developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many national studies in Saudi Arabia have revealed a lack of knowledge about eye donation. The current study assessed awareness and attitudes towards eye donation among health faculty students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It aims to increase their awareness as future healthcare providers are expected to raise general awareness to attain more local corneal donations. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 1,060 health faculty students was conducted at King Abdulaziz University. Data were collected through an online questionnaire that covered participants' demographics, academic year, knowledge, and attitudes regarding eye donation. Results: Thirty-five percent of students had heard about eye donation, with the most common sources of information being social media (29%) and health workers (24%). Most respondents, 61% (n = 643), indicated willingness to donate their eyes after death. Of these respondents, 93% (n = 986), 6.8% (n = 72), and 0.2% (n = 2) had poor, fair, and good knowledge levels, respectively. A total of 66% (n = 696) and 34% (n = 364) had negative and positive attitudes, respectively. Conclusion: Students in this study showed low levels of knowledge and negative attitudes about eye donation. Students should be adequately educated about the significance of eye donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that limited research has been conducted to explore corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in the local brand context, compared to the global brand context, this study is to bridge the gap by comparing CSR initiatives in local independent restaurants with those of international chain restaurants. Two studies were performed to examine the impact of CSR type and construal level in CSR messages using experimental designs. In addition, the mediating effects of perceived warmth and competence were examined as potential psychological mechanisms explaining consumers' reactions. Findings show that consumers are more likely to donate to CSR initiatives of chain restaurants and revisit them when the initiatives lean toward local community CSR rather than global environmental CSR. Also, consumers prefer local community CSR initiatives that are presented in detail in local independent restaurants. This study also reveals different mediating effects of perceived warmth and competence in relation to CSR type, restaurant type, and consumer behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate charitable giving (CCG) is increasingly pervasive in the global hospitality industry. Among various subtypes of CCGs, many hospitality companies request donations from customers during the service delivery or payment process to encourage customer engagement and co-created social responsibility. Karma—the implicit belief that the universe rewards good deeds and punishes wrongdoings—resonates with consumers' prosocial behaviors, yet little is known about how karma beliefs, along with various donation elements, affect donation likelihood. Study 1 demonstrates that karma believers are more likely to donate gifts-in-kind than money, as it signals altruism that engenders karmic rewards. Study 2 shows that consumers with weak (vs. strong) karma beliefs are more likely to donate in a public (vs. private) setting due to greater reputational benefits. This research enriches the literature on hospitality CCG marketing and provides insights to managers regarding how to effectively execute donation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the field of prosocial behavior has shown that the presence of others has a significant effect on individuals’ prosociality. However, no research has explored such an effect of romantic partner’s presence. Studies in evolutionary psychology have shown benevolence/prosociality as an important factor when choosing a romantic partner. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesized that people will donate more in the presence of dating partners to maintain a positive impression on them. The research followed a mixed-method approach. The first study, a vignette-based experiment showed that people believed the presence of a dating partner significantly enhances the chances of donation. The second study was a between-subject experiment that confirmed the findings of study 1 from both donors’ and receivers’ perspectives. The third study was a qualitative investigation, where a semi-structured interview method was used to find out how and why the presence of a dating partner may influence donation. The interviews showed that the presence of dating partners increases prosociality mainly because donors want to make a good impression and project the right image of them in their partners’ eyes. The research overall suggests that the human need for self-presentation that projects them more socially likable shapes their willingness to extend a helping hand to others in the presence of their romantic partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governments' isolation measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 imposed a dilemma for the people at the bottom of the pyramid. Since these people have very unreliable sources of income, a dilemma arises: they must either work under risky conditions or refrain from work and suffer from income cuts. Emergency donations of food and cleaning supplies in a pandemic context might be overlooked by government and civil society actors. This paper aims to model the effects of donations on mitigating the negative effects of COVID-19 on vulnerable communities. Applying the system dynamics method, we simulated the behaviour of the pandemic in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) communities and the impacts that donations of food and cleaning supplies have in these settings. We administered surveys to the beneficiaries and local organisations responsible for the final distribution of donations to gather information from the field operations. The results show that increasing access to cleaning supplies in communities through donations can significantly reduce coronavirus transmission, particularly in high-density and low-resource areas, such as slums in urban settings. In addition, we also show that food donations can increase the vulnerable population's ability to afford necessities, alleviating the stress caused by the pandemic on this portion of the population. Therefore, this work helps decision-makers (such as government and non-governmental organisations) understand the impacts of donations on controlling outbreaks, especially under COVID-19 conditions, in a low-resource environment and, thus, aid these hard-to-reach populations in a pandemic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of volunteer management and personality on volunteer job satisfaction, intention to donate, and quality of life based on an environmental psychology model. A total of 238 responses were collected from students who took a mandatory volunteering course offered by a university in Singapore. It is the limitation of this study, as we only collected data from students who participated in the mandatory volunteering course offered by a university in Singapore. This study conducted confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. Results showed that volunteer management and personality had positive effects on volunteer job satisfaction, which increased their compulsory intention to donate and their quality of life. In addition, personality played a moderating role in the relationship between volunteer management and volunteer job satisfaction. These findings suggest that organizations involved in compulsory volunteer programs should look at the interaction between personality and its management climate to enhance volunteer satisfaction, and in turn, foster intention to donate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on charitable donations have explored donors' attitudes and behaviours in response to one type of fundraising message (separate evaluation, SE). However, people are increasingly exposed to multiple fundraising messages based on which they make giving decisions (joint evaluation, JE). This study investigates charitable decision-making in joint evaluation through three scenario-based experiments. Study 1 found that decision-making was based on category attributes in SE and numerical attributes in JE, resulting in preference reversal across evaluation modes. Study 2 and Study 3 further demonstrated that the framing of charity appeals affected donation decisions. Participants' risk-based choices in joint evaluation are consistent with the value curve of prospect theory. Participants showed risk aversion in the positive framing, and risk preference in the negative framing. These findings enrich the research on evaluability theory together with donation under joint evaluation context and provide important insights for charities and charitable fundraisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deposit contract is the one of famous nominated contracts which are respectable before Shari'a and law. In this regard, the depositor (trustor) shows his trust in entrusting the property to the trustee as known ‘Amin’. Vis-a-vis, the trustee also in fallowing with holly prophet’s conducts (PBUH) in trustworthiness accepts to protect the deposit free of charge. Such acceptances are the essences of deposit contract which have been advised by Shari'a. Although, in accordance with Islam resources, there are lot of argumentations to exclude trustee liability e.g., establishing any clauses which cause to his liability will invalidate the deposit contract absolutely, there is no perfect jurisprudent argumentation regarding validation, revolution or invalidation of contract after establishing some clauses in contrary to depositor interests. Accordingly, in the authors belief, establishing any clauses to impose some commitments on the depositor's burden like contractual payment to trustee would be contrary to the principle and text, thus invalidate the deposit contract. In fact, such commitments conflict with the holly Imams intention in order to promote the pure Islamic rules such as donation. Accordingly, moreover contract invalidation, it is far from fair to call trustee as the Amin too. This study is classified into intentionalism methodology as well as presented the findings in a descriptive analytical method, and the method of data gathering has been library-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights have transcended the realm of individual-state relations, becoming a constructive element of state legal systems and promoting the integration of social and legal relations, leading to the emergence of previously unknown human rights. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a legal understanding of them, considering contemporary realities. The purpose of the study is to describe and characterise the latest human rights within the framework of the general theory of law and the state. The methodological basis of the study is civilisation and socio-philosophical approaches, within which analysis, synthesis, and modelling methods were used. The essence of distinguishing generations of human rights boils down to the gradual realisation and resolution of issues of human legal status in a changing reality. Social relations, complicated by historical development, will give rise to new problems in human legal status. Attention is drawn to the close connection of human rights with the sphere of health protection, which arose as a result of scientific and technological achievements in biology and medicine, discussing rights to artificial insemination, euthanasia, organ transplantation, cloning, and gender change. The impact on fundamental human rights through the digitisation of law is analysed. The idea of the universality of human rights harmoniously interacts with the universality of digital technologies, so in the era of digitisation, the content of human rights and the related values do not change, and human rights themselves can become a unifying target perspective in determining attitudes towards new technologies. The main trends in the development of human rights in the conditions of globalisation are modelled, including the universalisation and unification of human rights, the complication of mechanisms for ensuring human rights at the international level, and the increasing importance of judicial law in protecting human rights at the supranational level. The paper focuses on the dependence of globalisation processes on transforming national legal systems in war conditions. The practical value of the study lies in its potential to incorporate the trends in human rights development within the context of globalisation into specific topics covered in courses on state and legal theory, philosophy of law, and the creation of relevant educational and methodological resources

Abstract Background Since the biological material that remains after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures plays crucial role in biobank research, this study aims to explore cancer patients’ views on the donation of biospecimens for research purposes. Methods 548 oncology patients from two hospitals with oncology treatment units in Poznan, Poland, completed an anonymous, self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaire. Results Although only 43.4% of patients had heard of biobanks, 93.1% declared themselves willing to donate. 71.1% of patients believed that doctors should ask patients to donate, and 60.9% that this should be done before the medical procedure. While 65% of patients were willing to donate any type of tissue that remained after a medical procedure, blood, saliva and hair were indicated most frequently. 40.5% of patients would donate their entire body after death and 21% would refuse. Patients’ support for biobanks was mainly driven by the desire to support science, help advance cancer research and altruism. Some respondents expected health information or medical treatment. The most common barriers for donation were physical distance, repeated examinations, concerns over the privacy and confidentiality of data and the commercial or unethical use of samples. Patients’ attitudes toward biobank donation seemed to be associated with age, education level, declared religiousness, a family history of genetically determined diseases and whether they were a blood donor. Conclusions Although cancer patients’ lack of biobank awareness had no effect on their affirmative attitudes towards biobank research, there is a need to further increase patients’ support and overcome possible barriers that might hinder their willingness to donate.

Background and Aim: Considering the role of social workers in the health system, the success and stability of organ transplantation, prevention of re-hospitalization of patients and reduction of imposed costs, this study aims to design a protocol for the specialized interventions of social workers in Iran’s medical centers in the transplant process and to create uniformity in practice. Comprehensive services have been provided to patients and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in two phases of resource review and qualitative. In the resource review phase, reliable databases were examined, and in the qualitative phase, in order to collect information from Delphi techniques and focused group discussion with the presence of fifteen officials and social workers working in the country’s hospitals and experts and experts. The areas of health and treatment assistants of the Ministry of Health, university professors, medical staff and experts in the field of transplantation and organ donation were carried out. The protocol was sent to eight experienced experts for final review and evaluation, and they were asked to review the protocol in terms of the goal and scope of interventions, stakeholders, development steps, clarity of presentation, accessibility and non-dependence in writing according to the checklist to evaluate. Results: In this study, the work process of social workers was drawn in three stages before, during and after transplantation. Also, various roles were considered for social workers in three stages of work, including the role of defender, supporter, case manager, resource mobilizer, trainer, consultant, evaluator and guidance. Interventions such as finding informational support, facilitating the patient hospitalization process, providing psychosocial support to the family with the aim of empowering them for post-transplant care, providing counseling to family members to deal with stress and improving mental health of the patient, providing economic support, Accomodation conditions are provided through hospital companions and communication and interaction with the treatment team, including the doctor, in order to respond to the needs of the family, facilitate treatment and on time discharging. Conclusion: the protocol of specialized interventions of social workers in the transplantation process created a new step and a different look at psychosocial support in transplantation and coordination teams, so that social workers in the field of organ donation and transplantation and working with caregivers, families and the survivors of the patients arrived.

Abstract Background Approaching families of dying or newly deceased patients to donate organs requires specialized knowledge and a mastery of relational communication. As the transplantation field has progressed, Donation Professionals (DPs) are also leading conversations with family decision makers (FDMs) about the donation of uncommon anatomical gifts, such as face, hands, genitalia, referred to as Vascularized Composite Allotransplants (VCA) without much training or experience. To address the need for training, we adapted and beta tested an evidenced-based communication training program for donation discussions to VCA requests. The overarching goal of Communicating Effectively about Donation for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (CEaD-VCA) is to increase the number of VCA authorizations and to improve the socioemotional outcomes of FDMs. Methods We developed CEaD-VCA, an online, on-demand training program based on the previously tested, evidenced-based communication skills training program designed to train DPs to have conversations about solid organ donation. The training was modified utilizing data from a national telephone survey with DPs and results of 6 focus groups conducted with members of the general public. The survey and focus groups assessed knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to VCA donation. The training was shaped by a partnership with a leading industry partner, the Gift of Life Institute.™ Results Using the results as a guide, the existing CEaD training program, consisting of interactive eLearning modules, was adapted to include technical information about VCA, foundational communication skills, and two interactive example VCA donation request scenarios to facilitate active learning. Forty-two DPs from two partner Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) participated in the beta test of CEaD-VCA. Pre- and post-test surveys assessed the impact of the training. Conclusions The training was scored highly by DPs in effectiveness and ease of use. This project created a standardized, accessible, and comprehensive training for DPs to communicate about VCA donation. CEaD-VCA is an example of how to develop a communication skills training for difficult conversations utilizing input from stakeholders, guided by communication theory. It also demonstrates how gaps in communication skills during medical education can be filled utilizing advanced online Learning Management Systems. The training specifically addresses new CMS rules concerning OPO performance metrics.

Charities are constantly looking for new and more effective ways to engage potential donors in order to secure the resources needed to deliver services. The current work demonstrates that creative activities are one way for marketers to meet this challenge. Field and lab studies find that engaging potential donors in creative activities positively influences their donation behaviors (i.e., the likelihood of donation and the monetary amount donated). Importantly, the observed effects are shown to be context independent: they hold even when potential donors engage in creative activities unrelated to the focal cause of the charity (or the charitable organization itself). The findings suggest that engaging in a creative activity enhances the felt autonomy of the participant, thus inducing a positive affective state, which in turn leads to higher donation behaviors. Positive affect is demonstrated to enhance donation behaviors due to perceptions of donation impact and a desire for mood maintenance. However, the identified effects emerge only when one engages in a creative activity—not when the activity is noncreative, or when only the concept of creativity itself is made salient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the biological material that remains after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures plays crucial role in biobank research, this study aims to explore cancer patients' views on the donation of biospecimens for research purposes. Methods: 548 oncology patients from two hospitals with oncology treatment units in Poznan, Poland, completed an anonymous, self-administered pen-and-paper questionnaire. Results: Although only 43.4% of patients had heard of biobanks, 93.1% declared themselves willing to donate. 71.1% of patients believed that doctors should ask patients to donate, and 60.9% that this should be done before the medical procedure. While 65% of patients were willing to donate any type of tissue that remained after a medical procedure, blood, saliva and hair were indicated most frequently. 40.5% of patients would donate their entire body after death and 21% would refuse. Patients' support for biobanks was mainly driven by the desire to support science, help advance cancer research and altruism. Some respondents expected health information or medical treatment. The most common barriers for donation were physical distance, repeated examinations, concerns over the privacy and confidentiality of data and the commercial or unethical use of samples. Patients' attitudes toward biobank donation seemed to be associated with age, education level, declared religiousness, a family history of genetically determined diseases and whether they were a blood donor. Conclusions: Although cancer patients' lack of biobank awareness had no effect on their affirmative attitudes towards biobank research, there is a need to further increase patients' support and overcome possible barriers that might hinder their willingness to donate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has analyzed the effect of internet disclosure on NPO donations, specifically, through website disclosure, showing a positive relation between internet disclosure and NPO income. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies examining the association between sentiment on social media and NPO donations. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effect that sentiment in Twitter messages has on the donations received by NPOs. Using a sample of NPOs listed on the Non-Profit Times 100, we examine whether the sentiment transmitted by the NPOs through Twitter affects their donations. The results show that the sentiment associated with certain specific categories of messages (community messages and information messages about matters not directly related to the NPO) has a significant effect on the amount of donations received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We advance prior work on humility by proposing the trust signaling hypothesis of humility. Five preregistered experiments (N = 3,302), examined whether humble leaders humility would elicit more favorable ratings, greater trust, and generate behavioral intentions toward making financial contributions. Experiment 1 (n = 864) revealed that humble leaders elicited more favorable ratings and intentions to make financial contributions, even when leader competence was low. These interactive effects were mediated by perceived trustworthiness. Experiment 2 (n = 807) replicated these effects and compared for-profit and nonprofit organizations. Experiment 3 (n = 823) clarified these effects and compared domestic and international organizations. Experiment 4 (n = 375), replicated these effects using a more direct leader description. Experiment 5 (n = 433) revealed a boundary condition, wherein likable leaders were viewed as or more favorably than humble leaders. We discuss the central role of trust and the financial appeal of humble leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]