404 results on '"Donald R. Davis"'
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2. Pratiloma Paranoia: Class Hierarchy, Conservatism, and Ethics in Classical Hindu Law
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
class ,hierarchy ,ethics ,conservatism ,Hindu law ,caste ,Religions. Mythology. Rationalism ,BL1-2790 - Abstract
The Hindu law tradition grounds its social ethics on an ideological hierarchy of class or caste known as varṇa. The positive inculcation of this hierarchy is bolstered by a fear of social inversion, known as pratiloma, in every area of law and society. Through an examination of the concept of pratiloma, this article contends first that the central Hindu law principle of dharma, religious and legal duty, depends upon knowing and abiding by one’s place in society. From this Hindu articulation of social rank as the foundation of ethics, the article then draws a comparison between classical Anglo-American conservatism and Hindu law to suggest that conservative traditions in general base moral action on social station and the fear of breaking social rank. Ethics in Hindu law, therefore, are derived from an acceptance of social station within the varṇa hierarchy and the constant cultivation of local expectations of proper behavior according to social position.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The dietary risk index system: a tool to track pesticide dietary risks
- Author
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Charles M. Benbrook and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Pesticide dietary risk ,Residues in food ,Chronic reference dose ,Acceptable daily intake ,Food quality protection act ,Organophosphate insecticides ,Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene ,RC963-969 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background For years the United States Department of Agriculture’s Pesticide Data Program and the United Kingdom’s Food Standards Agency have published annual or quarterly data on pesticide residues in foods. Both programs report residues in conventionally grown, organic, and imported foods. The US program has tested about 288,000 food samples since 1992, primarily fruits and vegetables consumed by children. Since 1999 the UK has tested about 72,000 samples of a wider range of foods. These data are vital inputs in tracking trends in pesticide dietary risks. Methods The Dietary Risk Index (DRI) system facilitates detailed analyses of US and UK pesticide residue data, trends, and chronic risk distributions. The DRI value for a pesticide is the dietary intake of that pesticide from a single serving of food divided by the pesticide’s acceptable daily intake as set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It can be calculated based on average annual residue concentrations, and on residue levels in individual samples of food. DRI values can be aggregated over multiple pesticides in single foods, and over individual pesticides in multiple foods. Results The DRI system provides insights into the levels, trends, and distribution of pesticide dietary risk across most widely consumed foods. By drawing on both US Pesticide Data Program and UK-Food Standards Agency residue data, the DRI is capable of assessing pesticide risks in a significant portion of the global food supply. Substantial reductions in pesticide dietary risks occurred in the early 2000s, primarily from replacement of organophosphate insecticides with seemingly lower-risk neonicotinoids. However, there remain several areas of concern and opportunities to reduce risks. Both herbicide and fungicide dietary risks are rising. Organically grown produce poses risks far lower than corresponding, conventionally grown produce. Risk differences are inconsistent between domestic and imported foods. Conclusions The surest ways to markedly reduce pesticide dietary risks are to shift relatively high-risk fruits and vegetables to organic production. For other foods, reducing reliance on pesticides overall, and especially high-risk pesticides, will incrementally lower risks. The DRI system can help focus such efforts and track progress in reducing pesticide dietary risk.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Sex with Purpose
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Donald R Davis, Jr
- Subjects
Religious studies - Abstract
In this essay, the relationship between Mimamsa hermeneutics and Dharmasastra rules is explored through the topic of marital intercourse. The physical act of sex between married partners at prescribed times is viewed as an essential step in a ritualized understanding of the higher religious purposes or goals of intercourse. The transformation of ordinary actions into religiously purposeful actions though rules and restrictions is characteristic not only of Hindu legal thought, but also of legal rules everywhere. This small example, therefore, contains a wider lesson about the aspirations of law beyond mere social order.
- Published
- 2023
5. Seeing through the law: A debate on caste in medieval Dharmasastra
- Author
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science - Abstract
It is well known that the legal texts of the Hindu tradition known as Dharmaśāstra vigorously defend caste and social hierarchy. Studies of the nature of caste in this textual tradition, however, have overlooked the important argument that legal texts and categories define and determine caste status. This article examines two major commentaries of the Dharmaśāstra tradition from medieval India and shows how they fit into a wider philosophical debate about the nature of caste as a social institution. With comparisons to studies of race in America, I emphasise the instability of sight or vision as the determinate factor in the social construction of caste. Rather, following medieval Hindu law authors, I argue that caste, like race, is produced and sustained through the cultivation and promulgation of legal rules and categories. The constitutive role of the law in the reproduction of caste thus has a deeper history that merits further attention to understand the sociology of caste.
- Published
- 2022
6. Dharma : Hindu
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Donald R. Davis
- Published
- 2021
7. Religious Law
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Donald R. Davis
- Published
- 2021
8. The History of the Arthaśāstra: Sovereignty and Sacred Law in Ancient India. By Mark McClish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xviii+267. $99.99 (cloth); $32.99 (paper)
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
History ,Religious studies - Published
- 2022
9. Slaves and slavery in theSmṛticandrikā
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Jr. Donald R. Davis
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Economics and Econometrics ,History ,Hindu law ,060101 anthropology ,Law ,05 social sciences ,0507 social and economic geography ,General Social Sciences ,Servant ,0601 history and archaeology ,06 humanities and the arts ,Sociology ,050701 cultural studies - Abstract
This article contains both a study and a translation of the laws relating to slavery found in the thirteenth-century Hindu law digest called the Smṛticandrikā. By focusing on a single text, we can clearly see the ideology of slavery in the view of one important author of medieval India. First, slaves formed one end of a categorical continuum of workers, all of whom laboured for the benefit of others as they were denied legal autonomy. While not equivalent, slavery and other forms of work formed a unified topic under what is often called Master and Servant law. Second, slaves were frequently likened to both Śūdras and wives in the text, indicating the persistent relevance of caste and gender to slave status. As a result, the characterisation of slavery as ‘social death’ is less helpful in this case than the unsettling idea that slavery is an intensified form of work in general. All work, including slavery, is affected by a loss of freedom and personal benefit, as well as the biases of social stratification.
- Published
- 2020
10. Adenogasteria leguminivora Davis & Vargas gen. et sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a new seed‐feeding micromoth associated with Fabaceae in Peru and Chile
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Donald R. Davis, Gilson R. P. Moreira, Marcelo Vargas-Ortiz, Jackie Farfán, Wilson Huanca-Mamani, Héctor A. Vargas, José Cerdeña, and Gislene L. Gonçalves
- Subjects
Lepidoptera genitalia ,Ecology ,biology ,Acacia macracantha ,Insect Science ,Botany ,Fabaceae ,Leguminivora ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Gracillariidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2019
11. Conscience is tradition
- Author
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Hindu law ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Law ,Philosophy ,Conservatism ,Conscience ,media_common - Published
- 2021
12. Life history and systematics of Albusambia elaphoglossumae (Lepidoptera:Crambidae): A new genus and species of musotimine with leaf-mining biology from Costa Rica
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M Alma Solis, Donald R Davis, and Kenji Nishida
- Subjects
Elaphoglossum conspersum ,larvas grega- rias ,helecho ,minador de hojas ,neotropical ,Neurophyseta ,Proacrias ,Undulambia ,E.biolleyi ,gregarious larvae ,fern ,leaf miner ,Neotropical ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Albusambia elaphoglossumae Solis &Davis,a new genus and species,is described.It was discov- ered mining the fronds of the fern Elaphoglossum conspersum in Costa Rica (San José and Cartago Provinces, at elevations of 2300-3100 m).The type series was obtained by rearing of the immature stages in laboratory. The adult is defined by unique genital characters,and the pupa with a medial depression on the vertex and with two anterolateral horn-like structures on the prothorax.The larva is a gregarious leaf miner with its body flat- tened dorsoventrally and head prognathous; morphological adaptations to its leaf-mining habit are new to the Musotiminae.Fern-feeding musotimines are important to the discovery of new biological control agents for invasive ferns.Rev.Biol.Trop.53(3-4):487-501.Epub 2005 Oct 3.Se describen un género y especie nuevos de Musotiminae,Albusambia elaphoglossumae Solis and Davis,de Costa Rica.Esta especie mina las frondas del helecho Elaphoglossum conspersum .La serie tipo se obtuvo mediante la recolección de las minas y mediante crianza en laboratorio.El adulto se define por caracteres específicos en el aparato genital;la pupa se caracteriza por una depresión media en el vértex y por dos estructuras anterolaterales en forma de cuernos en el protórax.La larva es un minador gregario de la fronda,con su cuerpo aplanado dorsoventralmente y su cabeza prognata;ambas adaptaciones morfológicas para minar frondas (vistas por primera vez en Musotiminae). Actualmente,Musotiminae es de alta prioridad en la búsqueda de nuevos agentes para el control biológico de helechos invasores.
- Published
- 2005
13. Phylogeny of gracillariid leaf-mining moths: evolution of larval behaviour inferred from phylogenomic and Sanger data
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Camiel Doorenweerd, Donald R. Davis, Ryan A. St Laurent, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Xuankun Li, Atsushi Kawakita, Chandra Earl, Erik J. van Nieukerken, Shigeki Kobayashi, Chris A. Johns, Akito Y. Kawahara, Issei Ohshima, and Andreas Zwick
- Subjects
Subfamily ,Phylogenetic tree ,Phyllocnistinae ,Biology ,Moths ,biology.organism_classification ,Monophyly ,Phylogenetics ,Evolutionary biology ,Larva ,Animals ,Clade ,Gracillariidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Callicercops ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Gracillariidae is the most taxonomically diverse cosmopolitan leaf-mining moth family, consisting of nearly 2000 named species in 105 described genera, classified into eight extant subfamilies. The majority of gracillariid species are internal plant feeders as larvae, creating mines and galls in plant tissue. Despite their diversity and ecological adaptations, their phylogenetic relationships, especially among subfamilies, remain uncertain. Genomic data (83 taxa, 589 loci) were integrated with Sanger data (130 taxa, 22 loci), to reconstruct a phylogeny of Gracillariidae. Based on analyses of both datasets combined and analyzed separately, monophyly of Gracillariidae and all its subfamilies, monophyly of the clade "LAMPO" (subfamilies: Lithocolletinae, Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, Phyllocnistinae, and Oecophyllembiinae) and relationships of its subclade "AMO" (subfamilies: Acrocercopinae, Marmarinae, and Oecophyllembiinae) were strongly supported. A sister-group relationship of Ornixolinae to the remainder of the family, and a monophyletic leaf roller lineage (Callicercops Vari + Parornichinae) + Gracillariinae, as sister to the "LAMPO" clade were supported by the most likely tree. Dating analyses indicate a mid-Cretaceous (105.3 Ma) origin of the family, followed by a rapid diversification into the nine subfamilies predating the Cretaceous-Palaeogene extinction. We hypothesize that advanced larval behaviours, such as making keeled or tentiform blotch mines, rolling leaves and galling, allowed gracillariids to better avoid larval parasitoids allowing them to further diversify. Finally, we stabilize the classification by formally re-establishing the subfamily ranks of Marmarinae stat.rev., Oecophyllembiinae stat.rev. and Parornichinae stat.rev., and erect a new subfamily, Callicercopinae Li, Ohshima and Kawahara to accommodate the enigmatic genus Callicercops.
- Published
- 2021
14. Description of immature stages of Nemophora bellela (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Adelidae)
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Marko Mutanen, Donald R. Davis, Matti Ahola, Juhani Itämies, and Reima Leinonen
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Larva ,Detritus ,Betula nana ,biology ,Chaetotaxy ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Pupa ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,010602 entomology ,Insect Science ,Instar ,Adelidae - Abstract
Little life history data is available on the larvae of Adelidae (Lepidoptera, Adeloidea). We provide information on the life history of Nemophora bellela (Walker, 1863), a circumpolar adelid species occurring in northern Europe on peat bogs and open tundra with Betula nana. The habitat is described and details of the larval behavior and larval diet are provided. The later instar larvae are case dwelling and feed on the ground on detritus. The larval case and chaetotaxy are described in detail. The female pupal exuviae is described. Our observations on the life history of N. bellela are in general agreement with the known details of the life history of related species, but some differences were also observed.
- Published
- 2019
15. Buddhist Law in Burma: A History of Dhammasattha Texts and Jurisprudence, 1250–1850. By D. Christian Lammerts
- Author
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Philosophy ,Buddhism ,Religious studies - Published
- 2019
16. Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae)
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Héctor A. Vargas, Marina D. Mainardi, Gilson R. P. Moreira, Germán San Blas, Gabriela Thomaz da Silva, Gislene L. Gonçalves, and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Schinus ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Insecta ,Arthropoda ,Anacardiaceae ,polygamus ,Zoology ,Cecidosidae ,SCHINUS POLYGAMUS ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,INSECT GALLS ,Parasitoid ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,Ciencias Biológicas ,03 medical and health sciences ,Monophyly ,Genus ,Systematics ,lcsh:Zoology ,Gall ,Animalia ,lcsh:QL1-991 ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https] ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Schinus polygamus ,ANACARDIACEAE ,biology ,Cenozoic ,Cecidosid moths ,CECIDOSID MOTHS ,insect galls ,NEOTROPICAL MICROLEPIDOPTERA ,Zoología, Ornitología, Entomología, Etología ,Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ,biology.organism_classification ,Incurvarioidea ,Lepidoptera ,030104 developmental biology ,Neotropical microlepidoptera ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Taxonomy (biology) ,Americas ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS ,Research Article - Abstract
There are still many gall systems associated with larvae of Lepidoptera in which the true gall-inducers have not been identified to species. Reports on misidentification of gall inducers have been recurrent for these galls, particularly in complex gall-systems that may include inquilines, kleptoparasites, and cecidophages, among other feeding guilds such as predators and parasitoid wasps. Here we describe and illustrate the adults, larvae, pupae and galls, based on light and scanning microscopy, of Andescecidium parrai gen. et sp. n. and Oliera saizi sp. n., two sympatric cecidosid moths that are associated with Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera (Anacardiaceae) in central Chile. Adults, immatures, and galls of the former did not conform to any known cecidosid genus. Galls of A. parrai are external, spherical, and conspicuous, being known for more than one century. However, their induction has been mistakenly associated with either unidentified Coleoptera (original description) or Oliera argentinana Br糨es (recently), a distinct cecidosid species with distribution restricted to the eastern Andes. Galls of O. saizi had been undetected, as they are inconspicuous. They occur under the bark within swollen stems, and may occur on the same plant, adjacent to those of A. parrai. We also propose a time-calibrated phylogeny using sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear loci, including specimens of the new proposed taxa. Thus in addition to clarifying the taxonomy of the Chilean cecidosid species we also tested their monophyly in comparison to congeneric species and putative specimens of all genera of Neotropical and African cecidosids. Fil: Silva, Gabriela T.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Moreira, Gilson R. P.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Vargas, Héctor A.. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile Fil: Gonçalves, Gislene L.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil. Universidad de Tarapacá de Arica; Chile Fil: Mainardi, Marina D.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: San Blas, Diego German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentina Fil: Davis, Donald. National Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos
- Published
- 2018
17. Dharma in classical Hinduism
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Donald R. Davis and David Brick
- Subjects
Dharma ,Hinduism ,Philosophy ,Religious studies - Published
- 2020
18. Organic production enhances milk nutritional quality by shifting fatty acid composition: a United States-wide, 18-month study.
- Author
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Charles M Benbrook, Gillian Butler, Maged A Latif, Carlo Leifert, and Donald R Davis
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Over the last century, intakes of omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids in Western diets have dramatically increased, while omega-3 (ω-3) intakes have fallen. Resulting ω-6/ω-3 intake ratios have risen to nutritionally undesirable levels, generally 10 to 15, compared to a possible optimal ratio near 2.3. We report results of the first large-scale, nationwide study of fatty acids in U.S. organic and conventional milk. Averaged over 12 months, organic milk contained 25% less ω-6 fatty acids and 62% more ω-3 fatty acids than conventional milk, yielding a 2.5-fold higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio in conventional compared to organic milk (5.77 vs. 2.28). All individual ω-3 fatty acid concentrations were higher in organic milk--α-linolenic acid (by 60%), eicosapentaenoic acid (32%), and docosapentaenoic acid (19%)--as was the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (18%). We report mostly moderate regional and seasonal variability in milk fatty acid profiles. Hypothetical diets of adult women were modeled to assess milk fatty-acid-driven differences in overall dietary ω-6/ω-3 ratios. Diets varied according to three choices: high instead of moderate dairy consumption; organic vs. conventional dairy products; and reduced vs. typical consumption of ω-6 fatty acids. The three choices together would decrease the ω-6/ω-3 ratio among adult women by ∼80% of the total decrease needed to reach a target ratio of 2.3, with relative impact "switch to low ω-6 foods" > "switch to organic dairy products" ≈ "increase consumption of conventional dairy products." Based on recommended servings of dairy products and seafoods, dairy products supply far more α-linolenic acid than seafoods, about one-third as much eicosapentaenoic acid, and slightly more docosapentaenoic acid, but negligible docosahexaenoic acid. We conclude that consumers have viable options to reduce average ω-6/ω-3 intake ratios, thereby reducing or eliminating probable risk factors for a wide range of developmental and chronic health problems.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. New fossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Amphiesmenoptera) from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China.
- Author
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Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, Conrad C Labandeira, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Donald R Davis, Jorge A Santiago-Blay, Oliver Flint, and Dong Ren
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundThe early history of the Lepidoptera is poorly known, a feature attributable to an inadequate preservational potential and an exceptionally low occurrence of moth fossils in relevant mid-Mesozoic deposits. In this study, we examine a particularly rich assemblage of morphologically basal moths that contribute significantly toward the understanding of early lepidopteran biodiversity.Methodology/principal findingsOur documentation of early fossil moths involved light- and scanning electron microscopic examination of specimens, supported by various illumination and specimen contrast techniques. A total of 20 moths were collected from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Northeastern China. Our principal results were the recognition and description of seven new genera and seven new species assigned to the Eolepidopterigidae; one new genus with four new species assigned to the Mesokristenseniidae; three new genera with three new species assigned to the Ascololepidopterigidae fam. nov.; and one specimen unassigned to family. Lepidopteran assignment of these taxa is supported by apomorphies of extant lineages, including the M1 vein, after separation from the M2 vein, subtending an angle greater than 60 degrees that is sharply angulate at the junction with the r-m crossvein (variable in Trichoptera); presence of a foretibial epiphysis; the forewing M vein often bearing three branches; and the presence of piliform scales along wing veins.Conclusions/significanceThe diversity of these late Middle Jurassic lepidopterans supports a conclusion that the Lepidoptera-Trichoptera divergence occurred by the Early Jurassic.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A large-scale, higher-level, molecular phylogenetic study of the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies).
- Author
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Jerome C Regier, Charles Mitter, Andreas Zwick, Adam L Bazinet, Michael P Cummings, Akito Y Kawahara, Jae-Cheon Sohn, Derrick J Zwickl, Soowon Cho, Donald R Davis, Joaquin Baixeras, John Brown, Cynthia Parr, Susan Weller, David C Lees, and Kim T Mitter
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Higher-level relationships within the Lepidoptera, and particularly within the species-rich subclade Ditrysia, are generally not well understood, although recent studies have yielded progress. We present the most comprehensive molecular analysis of lepidopteran phylogeny to date, focusing on relationships among superfamilies.483 taxa spanning 115 of 124 families were sampled for 19 protein-coding nuclear genes, from which maximum likelihood tree estimates and bootstrap percentages were obtained using GARLI. Assessment of heuristic search effectiveness showed that better trees and higher bootstrap percentages probably remain to be discovered even after 1000 or more search replicates, but further search proved impractical even with grid computing. Other analyses explored the effects of sampling nonsynonymous change only versus partitioned and unpartitioned total nucleotide change; deletion of rogue taxa; and compositional heterogeneity. Relationships among the non-ditrysian lineages previously inferred from morphology were largely confirmed, plus some new ones, with strong support. Robust support was also found for divergences among non-apoditrysian lineages of Ditrysia, but only rarely so within Apoditrysia. Paraphyly for Tineoidea is strongly supported by analysis of nonsynonymous-only signal; conflicting, strong support for tineoid monophyly when synonymous signal was added back is shown to result from compositional heterogeneity.Support for among-superfamily relationships outside the Apoditrysia is now generally strong. Comparable support is mostly lacking within Apoditrysia, but dramatically increased bootstrap percentages for some nodes after rogue taxon removal, and concordance with other evidence, strongly suggest that our picture of apoditrysian phylogeny is approximately correct. This study highlights the challenge of finding optimal topologies when analyzing hundreds of taxa. It also shows that some nodes get strong support only when analysis is restricted to nonsynonymous change, while total change is necessary for strong support of others. Thus, multiple types of analyses will be necessary to fully resolve lepidopteran phylogeny.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The dietary risk index system: a tool to track pesticide dietary risks
- Author
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Donald R. Davis and Charles Benbrook
- Subjects
Pesticide dietary risk ,Glyphosate ,Acceptable daily intake ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Food Contamination ,Food quality protection act ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Risk Assessment ,03 medical and health sciences ,lcsh:RC963-969 ,Neonicotinoids ,0302 clinical medicine ,Food Quality Protection Act ,Environmental health ,Vegetables ,Residues in food ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Organophosphate insecticides ,Pesticides ,Antifungal agents ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Index system ,Pesticide residue ,business.industry ,Dietary risk ,Herbicides ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Methodology ,Age Factors ,Pesticide Residues ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Pesticide ,Chronic reference dose ,United Kingdom ,United States ,Diet ,Agriculture ,Fruit ,lcsh:Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene ,Environmental science ,business - Abstract
Background For years the United States Department of Agriculture’s Pesticide Data Program and the United Kingdom’s Food Standards Agency have published annual or quarterly data on pesticide residues in foods. Both programs report residues in conventionally grown, organic, and imported foods. The US program has tested about 288,000 food samples since 1992, primarily fruits and vegetables consumed by children. Since 1999 the UK has tested about 72,000 samples of a wider range of foods. These data are vital inputs in tracking trends in pesticide dietary risks. Methods The Dietary Risk Index (DRI) system facilitates detailed analyses of US and UK pesticide residue data, trends, and chronic risk distributions. The DRI value for a pesticide is the dietary intake of that pesticide from a single serving of food divided by the pesticide’s acceptable daily intake as set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It can be calculated based on average annual residue concentrations, and on residue levels in individual samples of food. DRI values can be aggregated over multiple pesticides in single foods, and over individual pesticides in multiple foods. Results The DRI system provides insights into the levels, trends, and distribution of pesticide dietary risk across most widely consumed foods. By drawing on both US Pesticide Data Program and UK-Food Standards Agency residue data, the DRI is capable of assessing pesticide risks in a significant portion of the global food supply. Substantial reductions in pesticide dietary risks occurred in the early 2000s, primarily from replacement of organophosphate insecticides with seemingly lower-risk neonicotinoids. However, there remain several areas of concern and opportunities to reduce risks. Both herbicide and fungicide dietary risks are rising. Organically grown produce poses risks far lower than corresponding, conventionally grown produce. Risk differences are inconsistent between domestic and imported foods. Conclusions The surest ways to markedly reduce pesticide dietary risks are to shift relatively high-risk fruits and vegetables to organic production. For other foods, reducing reliance on pesticides overall, and especially high-risk pesticides, will incrementally lower risks. The DRI system can help focus such efforts and track progress in reducing pesticide dietary risk.
- Published
- 2020
22. Wrong side of the leaf: assigning some Lithocolletinae species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) to their proper genera
- Author
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Charles S. Eiseman and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Larva ,biology ,Zoology ,Lithocolletinae ,Moths ,biology.organism_classification ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Lepidoptera ,Phyllonorycter ,Genus ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Genitalia ,Cameraria ,Gracillariidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Cameraria Chapman and Phyllonorycter Hübner (Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) are two speciose genera of leaf-mining moths that were once treated as belonging to a single genus, Lithocolletis Hübner. Typically, species of Cameraria form flat mines on the upper leaf surface, whereas most Phyllonorycter species form underside tentiform mines. We reviewed North American literature records and found 15 exceptions to this generalization, with two Cameraria species reported to form underside mines and 13 Phyllonorycter species reported to form upper-surface mines. For each of these species we summarize the published data on larval biology, hostplants, and distribution, which we supplement with internet records and our own observations. Both purported Cameraria species making underside mines were misplaced in this genus by Davis (1983); we affirm the combinations Phyllonorycter affinis (Frey & Boll) and P. leucothorax (Walsingham), each of which has been published once before but not formally proposed as a new combination, and thus has been ignored by subsequent authors. We have further determined P. affinis to be a junior synonym of P. mariaeella (Chambers). Three of the purported Phyllonorycter species making upper-surface mines were similarly misplaced. One of these, Anarsioses aberrans (Braun), has recently been transferred to a new genus, and we propose the new combinations Cameraria arizonella (Braun) and C. cretaceella (Braun) for the other two. Genitalia and forewing patterns are illustrated for all species whose generic placement is corrected in this paper.
- Published
- 2020
23. Labor Market Polarization and the Great Divergence: Theory and Evidence
- Author
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Donald R. Davis, Eric Mengus, and Tomasz K. Michalski
- Published
- 2020
24. Maxims
- Author
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Donald R. Davis
- Abstract
This chapter examines the history and use of maxims in legal traditions from several areas of the world. A comparison of legal maxims in Roman, Hindu, Jewish, and Islamic law shows that maxims function both as a basic tools for legal interpretation and as distillations of substantive legal principles applicable to many cases. Maxims are characterized by their unquestionable character, even though it is often easy to demonstrate contradictions between them. As a result, legal maxims seem linked to the recurrent desire for law to have a moral foundation. Although maxims have lost their purchase in most contemporary jurisprudence and legal practice, categories such as “canons of construction,” “legal principles,” and “super precedents” all show similarities to the brief and limited collections of maxims in older legal traditions. The search for core ideas underlying the law thus continues under different names.
- Published
- 2019
25. Anarsioses, a new generic name for Phyllonorycter aberrans (Braun) (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae)
- Author
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Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Insecta ,biology ,Arthropoda ,Male genitalia ,Zoology ,Biodiversity ,biology.organism_classification ,Gracillariidae ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Lepidoptera ,Phyllonorycter ,Genus ,Phyllonorycter aberrans ,Animalia ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Annette Braun (1930) described the leafmining moth Phyllonorycter aberrans in the genus Lithocolletis Hübner, 1825. The species was later transferred to Phyllonorycter by Davis (1983). Recent morphological studies on North American Gracillariidae by the author have shown that P. aberrans requires a new generic placement. Generic distinction was also recognized by the molecular studies of Kawahara et al. (2017: fig. 2). Anarsioses is very similar to Phyllonorycter in general head morphology and wing venation, but differs in the unusual asymmetry of the male genitalia and in larval biology.
- Published
- 2019
26. emAnarsioses, a new generic name foremPhyllonorycteremaberrans (Braun) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)/strong
- Author
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Donald R, Davis
- Subjects
Lepidoptera ,Male ,Larva ,Animals ,Genitalia, Male ,Moths - Abstract
Annette Braun (1930) described the leafmining moth Phyllonorycter aberrans in the genus Lithocolletis Hübner, 1825. The species was later transferred to Phyllonorycter by Davis (1983). Recent morphological studies on North American Gracillariidae by the author have shown that P. aberrans requires a new generic placement. Generic distinction was also recognized by the molecular studies of Kawahara et al. (2017: fig. 2). Anarsioses is very similar to Phyllonorycter in general head morphology and wing venation, but differs in the unusual asymmetry of the male genitalia and in larval biology.
- Published
- 2019
27. A New Species of Niditinea (Tineidae: Tineinae) with a Preference for Bird Nests, and the Known Larval Habitats of the Species in the United States
- Author
-
Mark A. Metz, Mignon M. Davis, and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,010607 zoology ,Zoology ,Niditinea fuscella ,Flying squirrel ,biology.organism_classification ,Bird nest ,01 natural sciences ,Caracara ,Tineidae ,010602 entomology ,Habitat ,Common species ,Insect Science ,Polistes ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
We describe and illustrate Niditinea sabroskyi, new species, the larvae of which are associated with bird nests. We provide diagnostic information to distinguish the new species from the other two species occurring in the United States, Niditinea fuscella (Linnaeus, 1758) and Niditinea orleansella (Chambers, 1873). Although there is a considerable amount of published literature on the biology of the most common species, N. fuscella, owing to the difficulty of identifying species of Niditinea, host records are unreliable. We show that N. sabroskyi is predominantly a bird nest associate, and that specimens identified as N. fuscella and previously associated with bird nests are actually misidentified. We also summarize the larval habitat information from specimens with confirmed identifications.
- Published
- 2018
28. First Report of the Genus Telamoptilia from the Western Hemisphere with Descriptions of Two New Species (Gracillariidae)
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis and Mignon M. Davis
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Western hemisphere ,Hibiscus moscheutos ,Larva ,Telamoptilia ,Ecology ,010607 zoology ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Genus ,Botany ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Gracillariidae ,Malvaceae ,Pavonia - Abstract
The genus Telamoptilia (Acrocercopinae) is reported from the Western Hemisphere for the first time. Two new species, Telamoptilia hibiscivora, from the eastern United States, and T. pavoniae , from western Cuba, are described and illustrated. The larvae initially begin as serpentine leafminers and eventually form mostly full depth blotch leafmines on Malvaceae. Telamoptilia hibiscivora mines the leaves of Hibiscus moscheutos L. and the lavae of T. pavoniae mine Pavonia fructicosa (Mill.), Malvaceae.
- Published
- 2017
29. Cities, lights, and skills in developing economies
- Author
-
Antonio Miscio, Donald R. Davis, and Jonathan I. Dingel
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Zipf's law ,Economies of agglomeration ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Wage ,Developing country ,Metropolitan area ,Urban Studies ,Geography ,0502 economics and business ,Economic geography ,050207 economics ,China ,Construct (philosophy) ,050205 econometrics ,media_common - Abstract
In developed economies, agglomeration is skill-biased: larger cities are skill-abundant and exhibit higher skilled wage premia. This paper characterizes the spatial distributions of skills in Brazil, China, and India. To facilitate comparisons with developed-economy findings, we construct metropolitan areas for each of these economies by aggregating finer geographic units on the basis of contiguous areas of light in nighttime satellite images. Our results validate this procedure. These lights-based metropolitan areas mirror commuting-based definitions in the United States and Brazil. In China and India, which lack commuting-based definitions, lights-based metropolitan populations follow a power law, while administrative units do not. Examining variation in relative quantities and prices of skill across these metropolitan areas, we conclude that agglomeration is also skill-biased in Brazil, China, and India.
- Published
- 2021
30. Limitations of fluoridation effectiveness studies: Lessons from Alberta, Canada
- Author
-
Bill Osmunson, Hardy Limeback, James S. Beck, Michael Connett, Donald R. Davis, Christopher Neurath, and W. Gary Sprules
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Dental health ,Confounding ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Alberta canada ,Tooth surface ,030206 dentistry ,Health indicator ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Dental survey ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Baseline (configuration management) ,General Dentistry - Abstract
A paper published in this journal, “Measuring the short-term impact of fluoridation cessation on dental caries in Grade 2 children using tooth surface indices,” by McLaren et al had shortcomings in study design and interpretation of results, and did not include important pertinent data. Its pre–post cross-sectional design relied on comparison of decay rates in two cities: Calgary, which ceased fluoridation, and Edmonton, which maintained fluoridation. Dental health surveys conducted in both cities about 6.5 years prior to fluoridation cessation in Calgary provided the baseline. They were compared to decay rates determined about 2.5 years after cessation in a second set of surveys in both cities. A key shortcoming was the failure to use data from a Calgary dental health survey conducted about 1.5 years prior to cessation. When this third data set is considered, the rate of increase of decay in Calgary is found to be the same before and after cessation of fluoridation, thus contradicting the main conclusion of the paper that cessation was associated with an adverse effect on oral health. Furthermore, the study design is vulnerable to confounding by caries risk factors other than fluoridation: The two cities differed substantially in baseline decay rates, other health indicators, and demographic characteristics associated with caries risk, and these risk factors were not shown to shift in parallel in Edmonton and Calgary through time. An additional weakness was low participation rates in the dental surveys and lack of analysis to check whether this may have resulted in selection biases. Owing to these weaknesses, the study has limited ability to assess whether fluoridation cessation caused an increase in decay. The study's findings, when considered with the additional information from the third Calgary survey, more strongly support the conclusion that cessation of fluoridation had no effect on decay rate. Consideration of the limitations of this study can stimulate improvement in the quality of future fluoridation effectiveness studies.
- Published
- 2017
31. Two Records of Phereoeca praecox (Tineidae) in South Carolina and Observations on Its Biology
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis, David M. Malakauskas, Sean C. Foley, and Lucas C. Berry
- Subjects
South carolina ,Ecology ,biology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,Phereoeca ,Tineidae - Published
- 2017
32. Toward a History of Documents in Medieval India: The Encounter of Scholasticism and Regional Law in the Smṛticandrikā
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis, Jr
- Published
- 2017
33. Phylogeny and Evolution of Lepidoptera
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis, Charles Mitter, and Michael P. Cummings
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Systematics ,Zoology ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Evolution, Molecular ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,03 medical and health sciences ,Phylogenetics ,Animals ,Publication data ,Phylogeny ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,SUPERFAMILY ,computer.file_format ,Biological Evolution ,Cladistics ,Lepidoptera ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,Insect Science ,Molecular phylogenetics ,RDFa ,computer - Abstract
Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single radiation of plant-feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past two decades, building on a preceding era of morphological cladistic studies, molecular data have yielded robust initial estimates of relationships both within and among the ∼43 superfamilies, with unsolved problems now yielding to much larger data sets from high-throughput sequencing. Here we summarize progress on lepidopteran phylogeny since 1975, emphasizing the superfamily level, and discuss some resulting advances in our understanding of lepidopteran evolution.
- Published
- 2017
34. Phylotranscriptomics resolves ancient divergences in the Lepidoptera
- Author
-
Adam L. Bazinet, Erik J. van Nieukerken, Michael P. Cummings, Kim T. Mitter, Donald R. Davis, and Charles Mitter
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Paraphyly ,biology ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ditrysia ,030104 developmental biology ,Sister group ,Phylogenetics ,Insect Science ,Micropterigidae ,Palaephatidae ,Clade ,Heteroneura ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Classic morphological studies of the oldest, so-called nonditrysian lineages of Lepidoptera yielded a well-resolved phylogeny, supported by the stepwise origin of the traits characterizing the clade Ditrysia, which contains over 98% of extant lepidopterans. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular studies have robustly supported many aspects of the morphological hypothesis and strongly contradicted others, while leaving some relationships unsettled. Here we bring the greatly expanded gene sampling of RNA-Seq to bear on nonditrysian phylogeny, especially those aspects that were not conclusively resolved by the combination of morphology and previous PCR-based multi-gene studies. We analysed up to 2212 genes in each of 28 species representing all 12 superfamilies and 15 of 21 families of nonditrysians, plus trichopteran outgroups and representative Ditrysia. Our maximum likelihood phylogeny estimates used both nonsynonymous changes only (degen1 coding) and all nucleotides (nt123) partitioned by codon position, recovering a novel hypothesis for early glossatan relationships that is the most strongly supported to date. We find strong support for Micropterigidae alone as the sister group to all other Lepidoptera, in agreement with morphology and early molecular evidence, but in contrast to recent PCR-based studies. Also very strongly supported are the previously recognized clades Angiospermivora, Heteroneura, Eulepidoptera and Euheteroneura. Finally, we find strong support for paraphyly of the southern hemisphere family Palaephatidae, with the South American genus Palaephatus Butler forming the previously undetermined sister group to Ditrysia. The remaining palaephatids, Australian and South American, form the sister group to Tischeriidae.
- Published
- 2016
35. An illustrated catalogue of the Neotropical Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with new data on primary types
- Author
-
Helber Adrián Arévalo-Maldonado, Bernard Landry, Jurate De Prins, Donald R. Davis, Issei Ohshima, Júlia Fochezato, Rosângela Brito, Mignon M. Davis, Héctor A. Vargas, and Gilson R. P. Moreira
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,Ecology ,Fauna ,010607 zoology ,Species diversity ,Phyllocnistinae ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Gracillaria ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Lepidoptera ,Taxon ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Taxonomy (biology) ,Gracillariidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Gracillariidae leaf miners include 1987 species of poorly studied micromoths for which the majority of the diversity has been described from temperate regions. The Neotropics harbors one of the richest faunas of Gracillariidae, but the rate of taxon descriptions has been slow because of limited sampling and taxonomic activity. In this illustrated catalogue, we provide, for the first time, 476 high resolution illustrations for the 201 species of named gracillariids occurring in the region and revise their classification, newly considering the family-group names Oecophyllembiini stat. nov., Marmarini stat. nov., and Parornichini stat. nov. as tribes of Phyllocnistinae, in the first two cases and Gracillariinae in the last case respectively. Two species, Sauterina hexameris (Meyrick, 1921) comb. nov. and S. phiaropis (Meyrick, 1921) comb. nov., are transferred to Sauterina from Gracillaria. By making taxonomic, distributional, molecular and biological data available in a concise form, we aim to facilitate taxonomic work on Neotropical gracillariids, and in turn to enhance studies in general on poorly studied organisms such as parasitoids from this biogeographical region.
- Published
- 2019
36. A New Leafmining Moth (Cameraria cotinivora, Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) of the American Smoketree (Cotinus obovatus)
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis and Gary R. Graves
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,biology ,Cotinus obovatus ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Cameraria guttifinitella ,Insect Science ,Botany ,Taxonomy (biology) ,Anacardiaceae ,Cameraria ,Gracillariidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Toxicodendron radicans - Abstract
Fieldwork in the Ozark Mountains of the central United States by GRG over the last decade involving the American smoketree, Cotinus obovatus Raf. (Anacardiaceae), has resulted in the discovery of a previously unknown moth species belonging to the genus Cameraria (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). The larva of this species mines the leaf mesophyll of this tree, creating serpentine mines most visible from the upper (adaxial) surface of the leaf. The most closely related species to Cameraria cotinivora, n. sp. is Cameraria guttifinitella (Clemens), a common leafminer of poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Anacardiaceae). Illustrations of both species are provided as well as a COI analysis of their genetic relationship.
- Published
- 2016
37. Early Investigations of Ceres and the Discovery of Pallas , by Clifford Cunningham
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
History ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Astronomy and Astrophysics - Published
- 2017
38. Discovery of the First Asteroid, Ceres , by Clifford Cunningham
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
History ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Astronomy and Astrophysics - Published
- 2017
39. New Species and Records of Moths from African Caves (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)
- Author
-
Mignon M. Davis and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
geography ,Larva ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,Tineidae ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Monopis ,Cave ,Insect Science ,Guano ,Phereoeca ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Setomorpha rutella - Abstract
Four species in four separate genera of Tineidae (Lepidoptera) are described from bat caves located in Kenya and South Africa. These include Tinea suswaensis, new species (Kenya), Phereoeca coprophaga, new species (South Africa), Monopis truncata, new species (South Africa), and Setomorpha rutella Zeller (South Africa). All species were collected on or near bat guano deposits in either the twilight or dark zones of the caves. Occasionally the moths were found resting on the walls of the cave near the guano deposits. Descriptions for each species, including the larval stage if known, are provided.
- Published
- 2020
40. American Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera) from the Collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis, Andrius Remeikis, Arūnas Diškus, Jonas R. Stonis, and M. Alma Solis
- Subjects
biology ,Zoology ,Coptotriche ,Asteraceae ,biology.organism_classification ,National Museum of Natural History ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Geography ,Taxon ,Insect Science ,Althaea ,Ovipositor ,Heliopsis ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
We examine five Tischeriidae species from the collection of the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, D.C. We discovered among the holdings and describe two new species from Arizona, U.S.A: Astrotischeria bucera Remeikis and Stonis, new species and Astrotischeria tucsonica Remeikis and Stonis, new species. Host plants of both species are unknown. All specimens available for the study were collected at light by R. S. Wielgus in 1990. The new taxa are illustrated with photographs of the adults and their genitalia. Additionally, we provide the first photographic documentation of Astrotischeria omissa (Braun, 1927) (feeding on Althaea L., Malvaceae), A. heliopsisella (Chambers, 1875) (feeding on Ambrosia L. and Heliopsis Pers., Asteraceae), and C. confusa (Braun, 1972) (feeding on Fragaria L., Rosaceae). Another Fragaria-feeding tischeriid species, Tischeria inexpectataBraun, 1972, is synonymized with Coptotriche confusa. We briefly discuss the Malvaceae-feeding Astrotischeria Puplesis and Diskus, and discovery of a modified, hitherto undocumented ovipositor of A. bucera and A. omissa, a novel character for the family Tischeriidae.
- Published
- 2020
41. TOWARD A HISTORY OF DOCUMENTS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Hindu law ,Geography ,Scholasticism ,Ancient history - Published
- 2018
42. Vows and Observances
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Abstract
This chapter traces the semantic and practical evolution of Hindu religious vows and observances called vrata. The general historical trajectory moves from vratas as the ascetic regimens in Vedic texts (especially observed by students), to vratas as the devotional vows of women in favor of a deity. The standard elements of a classical vow in medieval Dharmaśāstra are described, with a focus on the correct intention, procedures, times, and rewards for taking vows. The topic of vows reveals a common interplay within Dharmaśāstra among customary religious and legal practices, external textual traditions (Purāṇas in this case), and existing Dharmaśāstra norms. The history of vows thus provides helpful insight into intellectual, theological, and historical changes within Hindu law, and Hinduism, more generally.
- Published
- 2018
43. Economics and Business as Vaiśya-Dharma
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Dharma ,Sociology ,Management - Abstract
The comparatively small amount of attention paid to one of the major ideal classes of classical Indian society, the Vaiśyas, has not yet received an adequate explanation. The argument of this chapter is that the special laws, or dharmas, of Vaiśyas are to be found in the sections of Dharmaśāstra dealing with commercial law. Though these are formally classified as part of the king’s dharma, a closer inspection of the laws suggests that they apply first and foremost to the Vaiśya class as a major part of their religious life as idealized in Hindu law. The chapter surveys several titles of Hindu law and shows that social and religious considerations prevail over strictly economic ones. Economics and business, therefore, are subordinated in Dharmaśāstra to the overarching articulation of dharma as a comprehensive vision of religious, legal, and social life.
- Published
- 2018
44. Introduction
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Abstract
Between 1930 and 1962, the eminent Sanskritist and lawyer Pandurang Vaman Kane (pronounced KAH-nay) produced a five-volume monograph entitled History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law), published by the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune, India. This work of over 6,500 pages provides much more than a narrow focus on law or the special genre of Sanskrit literature devoted to religious and legal duties, the Dharmaśāstra. It contains rather something close to an intellectual history of Hinduism, from its origins in the Vedic texts to contemporary debates about the “reform” of Hinduism in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Kane understood his task as presenting the broadest possible survey of the role legal, religious, and ethical thought in the history of Hinduism, with regular incursions into other religious traditions as well. A modern scholar of Dharmaśāstra, Richard Lariviere, is fond of saying, “We all make our living from Kane’s footnotes.” Indeed, Kane’s work has become a constant source of reference and orientation in South Asian studies of law, religion, ritual, literature, history, and more. It is a work that has perhaps literally launched a thousand dissertations because it is so easy to refer a student or a colleague to the appropriate section of Kane as a way to get their bearings in relation to hundreds of topics in the fields of Hindu studies or Indian social and intellectual history....
- Published
- 2018
45. History of the Reception of Dharmaśāstra
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Abstract
Dharmaśāstra has been received into many Hindu traditions as an influential source of authoritative norms and a touchstone for orthodox or classical Hinduism. This chapter traces points of connection and difference between Dharmaśāstra and other major Hindu textual traditions, including the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhārata, the Purāṇas, and narrative literature such as the Kathāsaritsāgara and Pañcatantra. The influence of Dharmaśāstra in epigraphical sources and sectarian Hindu traditions is also surveyed. Finally, the reception and use of Dharmaśāstra in both colonial and modern Hindu law is examined in order to understand its diminishing relevance as a direct source of Hindu knowledge and practice.
- Published
- 2018
46. Children
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
health care economics and organizations ,humanities - Abstract
Classical Hindu law distinguishes the childhood, youth, and adulthood of male children in terms of ritual and legal eligibility and duty. Childhood is marked both by freedom from the constraints and obligations of ritual and law and by ritual ineligibility and legal incapacity. The consecratory rite of the sacred thread marks a son’s eligibility and obligation for religious study and ritual. Youth is the period of religious training that culminates in the completion of studies and in marriage. Legal majority is recognized for sons at age sixteen, while full ritual rights and duties commence only with marriage. In the classical texts, the onset of menstruation marks a daughter’s eligibility to marry, though her legal capacity remains restricted in principle. Daughters thus figure prominently in the intricate negotiations of marriage, kinship, and family reputation.
- Published
- 2018
47. Social and Literary History of Dharmaśāstra
- Author
-
David Brick and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Literature ,History of literature ,History ,business.industry ,business - Abstract
This chapter examines the development of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in medieval and early modern India and focuses on two genres or styles of textual production: commentaries and digests. The historical factors leading to the creation of each genre are described, along with their nature and purpose. The two genres negotiated a tension between changing sociohistorical conditions and institutions and internal commitments to preserve Hindu law in its ancient form. Commentaries stayed close to their original root-texts and sought to resolve conflicts between them, even as their interpretations also created new norms and justified customary laws. Digests radically expanded the textual scope of Dharmaśāstra by drawing on the huge corpus of Purāṇas, compendia of myth, history, and ritual, in the Hindu tradition.
- Published
- 2018
48. Enhancing the fatty acid profile of milk through forage‐based rations, with nutrition modeling of diet outcomes
- Author
-
Maged A. Latif, Charles M. Benbrook, Gillian Butler, Logan Peterman, Marcin Baranski, Carlo Leifert, Donald R. Davis, Bradley J Heins, Silvia Abel-Caines, and Ole Faergeman
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,dairy farming ,Conjugated linoleic acid ,Population ,Forage ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,GrassmilkTM ,Oily fish ,Food science ,organic milk ,grassmilk ,dairy fatty acids ,omega-6/omega-3 ratio ,Organic milk ,education ,Original Research ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,education.field_of_study ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Fatty acid ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,chemistry ,omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio ,Grassmilk ,grass milk ,Food Science ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid - Abstract
Consumer demand for milk and meat from grass‐fed cattle is growing, driven mostly by perceived health benefits and concerns about animal welfare. In a U. S.‐wide study of 1,163 milk samples collected over 3 years, we quantified the fatty acid profile in milk from cows fed a nearly 100% forage‐based diet (grassmilk) and compared it to profiles from a similar nationwide study of milk from cows under conventional and organic management. We also explored how much the observed differences might help reverse the large changes in fatty acid intakes that have occurred in the United States over the last century. Key features of the fatty acid profile of milk fat include its omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio (lower is desirable), and amounts of total omega‐3, conjugated linoleic acid, and long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. For each, we find that grassmilk is markedly different than both organic and conventional milk. The omega‐6/omega‐3 ratios were, respectively, 0.95, 2.28, and 5.77 in grassmilk, organic, and conventional milk; total omega‐3 levels were 0.049, 0.032, and 0.020 g/100 g milk; total conjugated linoleic acid levels were 0.043, 0.023, and 0.019 g/100 g milk; and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were 0.0036, 0.0033, and 0.0025 g/100 g milk. Because of often high per‐capita dairy consumption relative to most other sources of omega‐3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid, these differences in grassmilk can help restore a historical balance of fatty acids and potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases. Although oily fish have superior concentrations of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids, most fish have low levels of α‐linolenic acid (the major omega‐3), and an omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio near 7. Moreover, fish is not consumed regularly, or at all, by ~70% of the U. S. population.
- Published
- 2018
49. A new species ofiMacrosaccus/i(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) from Arizona, USA
- Author
-
Charles S. Eiseman and Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Larva ,Insecta ,Eulophidae ,Arthropoda ,biology ,Host (biology) ,Wasps ,Arizona ,Biodiversity ,Fabaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Gracillariidae ,Parasitoid ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Lepidoptera ,Plant Leaves ,Macrosaccus ,Botany ,Animalia ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Taxonomy - Abstract
A sixth species of Macrosaccus (Gracillariidae), M. coursetiae sp. nov., is described. The larvae are leafminers of Coursetia glandulosa (Fabaceae). The parasitoid Chrysocharis walleyi (Eulophidae) has been reared from the leaf mines; a table summarizing the host records for this wasp is presented.
- Published
- 2017
50. The epistemology of classical Hindu law 1
- Author
-
Donald R. Davis
- Subjects
Hindu law ,Philosophy ,Epistemology - Published
- 2017
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