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The South African Working for Water (WfW) Programme of the Department of Environmental Affairs: National Resource Management is acknowledged for providing funding. Funding for this work was also provided by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology; the Afromontane Research Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology; and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.

Tibial plateau fractures with an ipsilateral compartment syndrome are a clinical challenge with limited guidance regarding the best time to perform open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) relative to fasciotomy wound closure. This study aimed to determine if the risk of fracture-related infection (FRI) differs based on the timing of tibial plateau ORIF relative to closure of ipsilateral fasciotomy wounds.A retrospective cohort study identified patients with tibial plateau fractures and an ipsilateral compartment syndrome treated with 4-compartment fasciotomy at 22 US trauma centers from 2009 to 2019. The primary outcome measure was FRI requiring operative debridement after ORIF. The ORIF timing relative to fasciotomy closure was categorized as ORIF before, at the same time as, or after fasciotomy closure. Bayesian hierarchical regression models with a neutral prior were used to determine the association between timing of ORIF and infection. The posterior probability of treatment benefit for ORIF was also determined for the three timings of ORIF relative to fasciotomy closure.Of the 729 patients who underwent ORIF of their tibial plateau fracture, 143 (19.6%) subsequently developed a FRI requiring operative treatment. Patients sustaining infections were: 21.0% of those with ORIF before (43 of 205), 15.9% at the same time as (37 of 232), and 21.6% after fasciotomy wound closure (63 of 292). ORIF at the same time as fasciotomy closure demonstrated a 91% probability of being superior to before closure (RR, 0.75; 95% CrI, 0.38 to 1.10). ORIF after fasciotomy closure had a lower likelihood (45%) of a superior outcome than before closure (RR, 1.02; 95% CrI; 0.64 to 1.39).Data from this multicenter cohort confirms previous reports of a high FRI risk in patients with a tibial plateau fracture and ipsilateral compartment syndrome. Our results suggest that ORIF at the time of fasciotomy closure has the highest probability of treatment benefit, but that infection was common with all three timings of ORIF in this difficult clinical situation.

Invasive alien plants can use animal-plant interactions to increase their invasiveness. This study investigated the role of frugivorous birds in seed dispersal and germination of the alien plant Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae) in South African high elevation grasslands. We monitored which bird species fed on the fruit of the invasive P. angustifolia in some farms in the Eastern Free State Province using camera-traps and direct surveillance. Nine bird species visited P. angustifolia shrubs to perch or feed on fruits, but only one bird (Speckled Mousebird) fed on the fruits during timed observations. To assess the effect of ingestion by avian frugivores on P. angustifolia germination, P. angustifolia fruits were fed to captive Cape White-eyes (Zosterops virens), Dark-capped Bulbuls (Pycnonotus tricolor), Purple-crested Turacos (Gallirex porphyreolophus), Red-winged Starlings (Onychognathus morio) and Speckled Mousebirds (Colius striatus). Seeds collected from bird excreta, whole fruits, and depulped fruits were grown under greenhouse conditions and germination rates recorded. All captive bird species, except for Cape White-eyes, ingested the seeds; Cape White-eyes only fed on fruit pulp that they had manually removed. Bird species with relatively larger body mass had longer seed retention times compared with the smaller bird species. Germination success of both depulped and ingested P. angustifolia seeds was high (> 80%) and that of whole fruits low (7%). Ingestion by the four avian frugivore species did not affect germination rate and success; instead, the birds facilitate the spread and germination of seeds by removing the fruit pulp and spreading the seed away from the parent shrubs.

This work compares a multiphysics modeling approach with experimental measurements of two Ge-on-Si butt-coupled waveguide photodetectors. The coupled three-dimensional electromagnetic and electrical simulation of the frequency response shows promising agreement with the measurements at 1310 nm, and provides detailed information about significant microscopic quantities, such as the spatial distribution of the optical generation rate.

Contains fulltext : 244832.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage in military austere/remote environments is a leading cause of potentially preventable death in the prehospital/battlefield environment that has not shown a decrease in mortality in 26 years. Numerous conceptual innovations to manage non-compressible torso hemorrhage have been developed without proven effectiveness in this setting. This scoping review aims to assess the current literature to define non-compressible torso hemorrhage in civilian and military austere/remote environments, assess current innovations and the effectiveness of these innovations, assess the current knowledge gaps and potential future innovations in the management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage in civilian and military austere/remote environments, and assess the translational health science perspective of the current literature and its potential effect on public health. The Joanna Briggs Institute for evidence synthesis will guide this scoping review to completion. A nine-step development process, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist, will be used to enhance the methodological and reporting quality of this scoping review. The Participant, Concept, Context framework will broaden this scoping review's reach in developing a comprehensive search strategy. Thirty years will be explored to assess all relevant literature to ensure a thorough search. Two researchers will explore all the discovered literature and develop consensus on the selected literature included in this scoping review. The article will undergo review and data extraction for data analysis. The knowledge to action framework will guide the knowledge synthesis and creation of this scoping review. A narrative synthesis will systematically review and synthesize the collected literature to produce and explain a broad conclusion of the selected literature. Lastly, a consultation exercise in the form of qualitative interviews will be conducted to assess the thematic analysis results and validate the result of this scoping review. This scoping review will require Institutional Review Board approval for the expert consultation in the form of qualitative interviews. Consultants' identifying information will remain confidential. The collected and analyzed data from this scoping review will identify gaps in the literature to create an evidence-informed protocol for the management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage of the abdomen in civilian and military austere/remote environments. The results of this scoping review will be distributed in peer-reviewed journals and educational, medical presentations. Scoping Review Protocol, Level IV.

Unlike factorization theory of commutative semigroups which are well-studied, very little literature exists describing factorization properties in noncommutative semigroups. Perhaps the most ubiquitous noncommutative semigroups are semigroups of square matrices and this article investigates the factorization properties within certain subsemigroups of M n ( Z ) , the semigroup of n × n matrices with integer entries. Certain important invariants are calculated to give a sense of how unique or non-unique factorization is in each of these semigroups.

he paper provides an overview of successful development of MEMS micro-mover with large range of motion and an array of cantilevers with sharp tips (read-write heads) for a probe storage device. Approaches used for integration of memory material into the MEMS process and integration of MEMS cantilever process with CMOS are briefly discussed.

This paper sought to demonstrate that diagnosable malingering does occur in Electrical Injury (EI) and examine the relationship of malingering to potential indicators of the presence and severity of neurological injury. Eleven consecutive EI patients seen for neuropsychological evaluation were presented. Over half the patients met the Slick et al. (1999) criteria for at least Probable MND. Most of the MND patients lacked evidence of a biologically meaningful exposure to electrical current. These findings highlight the importance of considering biological markers of neurological injury and of non-neurological factors, including effort/malingering, in the study of the neurocognitive consequences of EI.

This study demonstrates the reliability of 3 Clock Drawing Test (CDT) scoring systems when applied to the protocols of stroke patients. The sample included 20 randomly selected sets of both freehand and predrawn circle versions ofthe CDT completed by patients undergoing comprehensive stroke rehabilitation. The protocols were scored independently by 2 raters using each of 3 published scoring systems (Freedman et al., 1994; Libon, Malamut, Swenson, Sands,Cloud, 1996; Rouleau, Salmon, Butters, Kennedy,McGuire, 1992). Interrater agreement and intrarater consistency were measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The results demonstrate that the raters used comparable criteria for each score (high interrater reliability) and that each applied similar scoring criteria throughout the set of protocols (high intrarater consistency). Scores related to the overall contour of the clockface tended to have lower ICCs. Reliability coefficients were comparable for both CDT versions. The results provide evidence for the accurate and consistent scoring of the CDT in stroke.

The present study attempted to replicate the findings of previous factor analytic studies of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in a homogeneous sample of patients suffering recent cerebrovascular accidents and being treated in a comprehensive inpatient physical rehabilitation program. In addition this study examined the relationship of the WCST to standard measures of functional ability used in many rehabilitation programs. The results confirmed the previously reported three-factor structure and replicated past findings concerning the test's construct validity. A small but significant relationship was noted between the WCST and functional status, though the WCST did not make a unique contribution to the prediction of functional status at discharge. This study highlights the similarities and differences in WCST factor structure in a stroke sample compared to a more general neurological sample and raises questions about the utility of the WCST in stroke rehabilitation.

This paper briefly outlines (he formation and history of the Crown Prosecution Service, its role in the Criminal Justice System and its present structure. Having set the context, which includes reference to the Narey Review of Delay in the Criminal Justice System, it then outlines the major recommendations of the Glidewell Review, published in June 1998, distinguishing between those which affect the internal structure of the Service and those which have implications for other parties in the Criminal Justice System. The nature of those implications and the possible problems in implementation of such as may be accepted by the Government are considered.

Here we propose a robust silicon modulator that seamlessly generates phase shift keyed data. The modulator has very low insertion loss and is robust against electrical amplitude variations in the modulating signal; specifically a 50%-200% variation in modulating amplitude leads to only a π/9 variation in output optical phase, corresponding to only ± 10% variation in the differentially detected signal. This yields a ~2.5dB enhancement in SNR over OOK (on-off-keying) formats.

In this work we propose a high-speed hybrid optical-time-division-multiplexing (OTDM) and wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) system that seamlessly generates high bit-rate data (>200Gbit/s) from a low speed (5Gbit/s) quantum-dot mode locked laser pulse train. The high-speed output data can be generated using electro-optical micro-ring modulators that operate as low as (5Gbit/s). By utilizing time and wavelength domains, the proposed design is a promising solution for high-speed, compact and low-power consumption optical networks on chip.

Optimization of a Silicon electro-optic modulator design achieves a VπL of 0.085Vcm while still maintaining linearity (60db SFDR). An integrated on-chip filter yields a stop band of

We propose a BPSK silicon modulator with very low insertion loss that is robust against the amplitude variations in the modulating signal. The device directly enables a ~2.5dB enhancement in SNR over OOK formats.

Adiabatic wavelength conversion is experimentally demonstrated at a single photon power-level using an integrated silicon ring resonator. This approach allows conversion of a photon to arbitrary wavelengths with no energy or phase matching constraints. The conversion is inherently low-noise and efficient with greater than 10% conversion efficiencies for wavelength changes up to 0.5 nm, more than twenty times the resonators line-width. The observed wavelength change and efficiency agrees well with theory and bright coherent light demonstrations. These results will enable integrated quantum optical wavelength conversion for application ranging from wavelength-multiplexed quantum networks to frequency bin entanglement.

Low loss shallow etched rib waveguides are systematically analyzed and used to realize compact ring resonators (∼100 micron radius) with intrinsic Q-factors of Q∼500,000. These high-Q rings directly enable large tunable delays.

Proof. We first construct y1, y2, . . . yk iteratively, as will be explained. For notational convenience, for i 1 we let yj be any element chosen from Sj \ Tj , where Sj = {y ∈ Zn : 1 − ajy ∈ Zn }, and Tj = {y ∈ Zn : y(1 + ajyi,j) = yi,j , for some i with 1 ≤ i < j}. Note that the defining property of Sj ensures that 1− ajyj is invertible, and that Tj ensures that yj 6= yi,j(1− ajyj) = yi,j+1 for all i < j. Now, set xi = yi,k+1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ k. Note that a1x1 + a2x2 + · · · + akxk conveniently telescopes to 1, because a1y1 = 1. Suppose that xi = xj (for i < j). Then yi,k+1 = yj,k+1. We may cancel the common terms, because they were constructed to be invertible, to get yi,j+1 = yj,j+1 = yj , which contradicts our construction of yj . Hence the xi are distinct, and a solution to (∗). It remains to prove that Sj \ Tj is nonempty. We first prove that |Sj | = |Zn | = φ(n), by showing that f(y) = 1 − ajy is a bijection on Zn, and thus f(Sj) = Zn . If f(y) = f(y′), then 1− ajy = 1− ajy and aj(y− y′) = 0, but aj is invertible, hence y = y′. So f is injective on a finite set and hence bijective.

Donald Adams San Diego State University (graduate student) Rene Ardila City College of New York (undergraduate) David Hannasch University of Nevada at Las Vegas (undergraduate) Audra Kosh University of California at Santa Barbara (undergraduate) Hanah McCarthy Lawrence University (undergraduate) Vadim Ponomarenko Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego CA 92182-7720 E-mail: vadim@sciences.sdsu.edu Ryan Rosenbaum San Diego State University (undergraduate)

This study compared the behavioral effects of 3 anticonvulsants in impulsive aggressive men. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups design, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 6-week treatments: phenytoin (n = 7), carbamazepine (n = 7), valproate (n = 7), or placebo (n = 8). The efficacy measure was the average aggression score, a global severity index from the Overt Aggression Scale (J. M. Silver & S. C. Yudofsky, 1991). Analysis showed a significant reduction in impulsive aggression during all 3 anticonvulsant conditions compared with placebo. However, the treatment effect during carbamazepine administration was slightly delayed compared with phenytoin and valproate. These findings suggest that increased use of anticonvulsants could make a significant impact in the control of impulsive aggression in both mental health and criminal justice settings.

St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) is a relatively common cause of neurological illness, yet little is known about its cognitive and psychosocial consequences.To describe the cognitive, emotional, psychophysiological, and psychosocial consequences of SLE infection.A comprehensive neuropsychological and psychophysiological evaluation of a high functioning woman 6 weeks and 1 year after acute SLE infection is presented. The focus and course of rehabilitation is also examined.The primary cognitive consequences of SLE infection involved attention, working memory, speed of processing, and cognitive efficiency. Depression was also observed. Psychometric testing suggested that these deficits largely resolved after 1 year.SLE produces neurocognitive deficits which are reflected in both psychometric and psychophysiologic measures and functional status. Psychometric and vocational improvement were observed over 1 year. However, the normal vocational return came at a significant psychosocial cost. This case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and illustrates the importance of an integrated rehabilitation programme.

Ž. The present study examines the behavioral and psychophysiological effects of phenytoin PHT in individuals who display impulsive-aggressive outbursts. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, individuals meeting previously established criteria for impulsive aggression were administered PHT and placebo during separate 6-week Ž. conditions. The efficacy measures used were the Overt Aggression Scale OAS and the Profile of Mood States Ž. Ž . POMS . Psychophysiological measures evoked potentials were taken at baseline and at the end of each 6-week condition. Photic stimulation was used to evoke the mid-latency P1N1P2 waveform complex. Analysis indicated a significant decrease in the frequency of impulsive-aggressive outbursts during PHT administration compared to baseline and placebo. Analysis of the psychophysiological data showed significantly increased P1 amplitude and significantly longer N1 latency during PHT administration. In addition, a reduction in N1 amplitude during PHT administration was also suggested. These findings indicate reparation of physiological abnormalities previously observed in impulsive-aggressive individuals and imply more efficient sensory processing and effective orienting of attention. Taken together, these results provide insight as to the physiological mechanisms by which PHT serves to ameliorate impulsive-aggressive behavior. 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT; Hooper, 1958) is a commonly used measure of visual perceptual function. However, serious questions have recently been raised about its construct validity (i.e., the role of object naming). This study further examined the HVOT's construct validity and began exploring its contribution to outcome prediction in stroke rehabilitation. Participants were 101 rehabilitation inpatients suffering from recent cerebrovascular accidents. Each participant was administered the HVOT as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Wechsler, 1981) Object Assembly, Picture Completion, and Cognistat Naming were significantly and uniquely correlated with the HVOT and accounted for about 45% of its variance. The HVOT's value in outcome prediction was examined by correlating HVOT with admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM; GrangerHamilton, 1990; Hamilton, Granger, Sherwin, Zielezny,Tashman, 1987) scores. While correlating weakly with some FIM domains, when admission FIM was controlled, the relation between HVOT and discharge FIM became nonsignificant. Implications of these data for the HVOT's clinical utility are discussed.

Summary Sixteen control and fourteen splenectomized patients were given a single intravenous injection of 1.0 ml of a 2.0 per cent suspension of washed sheep erythrocytes. All controls responded with a significant rise in antibody titer between nine to fourteen days after the injection. Thirteen out of fourteen splenectomized patients failed to respond with a significant rise in antibody titer during this same time interval. Splenectomy had been performed eight days to forty months prior to immunization. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in terms of three syndromes: acquired hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and erythroblastosis foetalis.

The ponderosa pine trees in the industrialized area north of Spokane, Washington, have exhibited a characteristic reddening of the needles since 1943, known locally as ponderosa pine blight. The blighted area now embraces approximately 50 square miles, and the trees within a 3-square mile area near the center are dead. As a portion of a comprehensive investigation, the concentrations of gaseous fluorine and sulfur compounds in the air during the growing season of 1950 have been determined through operation of twelve air-sampling stations and a mobile air-analysis laboratory. Analysis of rain-water samples obtained during each rainy period throughout October and November 1950 at 82 locations established the points of origin of the contaminants and the extent of their dispersion. Meteorological and topographical conditions in the ponderosa pine blight area, which control the dispersion of pollutants and explain the damage and pollutant concentration-patterns, are discussed. Concentrations of gaseous fluorine compounds in the atmosphere of the area will serve as a guide in controlled fumigation of ponderosa pine.