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Designers are entrusted with increasingly complex and impactful challenges. However, the current system of design education does not always prepare students for these challenges. When we examine what and how our system teaches young designers, we discover that the most valuable elements of the designer’s perspective and process are seldom taught. Instead, some designers grow beyond their education through their experience working in industry, essentially learning by accident. Many design programs still maintain an insular perspective and an inefficient mechanism of tacit knowledge transfer.Meanwhile, skills for developing creative solutions to complex problems are increasingly essential. Organizations are starting to recognize that designers bring something special to this type of work, a rational belief based upon numerous studies that link commercial success to a design-driven approach.So, what are we to do? Other learned professions such as medicine, law, and business provide excellent advice and guidance embedded within their own histories of professionalization. In this article, we borrow from their experiences to recommend a course of action for design. It will not be easy: it will require a study group to make recommendations for a roster of design and educational practices that schools can use to build a curriculum that matches their goals and abilities. And then it will require a conscious effort to bootstrap the design profession toward both a robust practitioner community and an effective professoriate, capable together of fully realizing the value of design in the 21st century. In this article, we lay out that path. Keywords: Design education, Design-driven transformation, Design thinking, Design doing, Major societal challenges, Complex sociotechnical systems, DesignX

Automated driving research over the past decades has mostly focused on highway environments. Recent technological developments have drawn researchers and manufacturers to look ahead at introducing automated driving in cities. The current position paper examines this challenge from the viewpoint of scientific experts. Sixteen Human Factors researchers were interviewed about their personal perspectives on automated vehicles (AVs) and the interaction with VRUs in the future urban environment. Aspects such as smart infrastructure, external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs), and the potential of augmented reality (AR) were addressed during the interviews. The interviews showed that the researchers believed that fully autonomous vehicles will not be introduced in the coming decades and that intermediate levels of automation, specific AV services, or shared control will be used instead. The researchers foresaw a large role of smart infrastructure and expressed a need for AV-VRU segregation, but were concerned about corresponding costs and maintenance requirements. The majority indicated that eHMIs will enhance future AV-VRU interaction, but they noted that implicit communication will remain dominant and advised against text-based and instructive eHMIs. AR was commended for its potential in assisting VRUs, but given the technological challenges, its use, for the time being, was believed to be limited to scientific experiments. The present expert perspectives may be instrumental to various stakeholders and researchers concerned with the relationship between VRUs and AVs in future urban traffic.

Signal processing methodology was applied to forced-choice ESP data. This methodology, which has been used successfully in a variety of other scientific disciplines, appears to have yielded information about psi not available by classical methods. In the ESP experiments reported here, a form of cross correlation of guesses with targets revealed the presence of periodic maxima. Upon computing the number of matches between guesses and targets at all possible displacements, we found that most of the matches were in clusters that recurred regularly and periodically throughout the whole range of displacements. Fourier analyses of the cross correlations were performed to quantify the harmonic patterns. The power maxima were then compared to Monte Carlo simulations of the experiments. In the linear and circular correlation analyses of grouped data from selected subjects, the mean power was statistically significant (p [less than] .002 and p [less than] .001, respectively). We termed the observation of a significant harmonic pattern in the correlation of targets and guesses a "correlation wave." Also, two post hoc analyses of grouped data from unselected subjects revealed that only subjects with visual (rather than verbal) cognitive styles guessing high-imagery targets had significant or near-significant correlation waves (p [less than] .037 and p [less than] .063). Therefore, within the context of these experiments, guesses and targets were related in a meaningful way by wave functions, possibly suggesting the operation of a natural, lawful process. Psi has repeatedly been found to be unconstrained in ordinary ways by space, time, and causality. These properties of psi suggest that psi should appear as a pattern throughout the entire range of data rather than be locally confined to one or a few places in the data, as it is usually described. Our results suggest that psi may be an oscillatory correlational field, dependent upon or interacting with mental factors and target characteristics and capable of organizing information or even macroscopic objects in contextually meaningful ways., INTRODUCTION This study began with the serendipitous discovery of apparently nonrandom patterns in displaced ESP data gathered during a long-distance test of clairvoyance with Olof Jonsson, a selected subject who [...]

The controversial psychic Olof Jonsson performed 288 trials on a modified version of the ESPerciser(TM), a computer-controlled psi-testing system widely recognized for its methodological rigor. Jonsson correctly guessed 88 targets out of 288 trials, whereas 72 correct guesses (25%) would have been expected by chance (p = .019, one-tailed exact binomial). The associated effect size (h) = .12 over all trials. Post hoc exploration indicated that Jonsson's significant overall score was due mostly to his performance on high-confidence trials. Of 165 high-confidence trials, Jonsson scored 55 hits (p = .010, one- tailed; h = .18). He performed nonsignificantly on trials given a medium- (p = .555; h = - .02) or a low- (p = .314; h = .06) confidence rating. Trials presented in the precognition mode (27 hits out of 72 trials) were also independently significant (p = .013; h = .26). Jonsson's performance on clairvoyance trials (61 hits out of 216 trials), although numerically above mean chance expectation, was nonsignificant (p = .154; h = .07). The issues of Jonsson's alleged use of trickery and the genuineness of his paranormal abilities are discussed.

Event-related brain potential changes (ERP) as an indicator of psi potential was studied. The study was differentiated from an similar earlier study by the presence of two conditions, namely the absence of a second person in the psi task and the comparison of ERP derived from two categories of physically present stimuli. The subject of the study was Malcolm Bessent who showed high esper potential in previous studies. Results indicated that the subject failed to show above chance performance in the four separate main experiments., Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in response to target and nontarget stimuli were compared in the data of Malcolm Bessent, who performed at chance level (p > .05) on the ESPerciser[TM], a computerized psi task that was modified to deliver four task stimuli sequentially rather than simultaneously. ANOVAs of sets of averaged ERP components showed a larger early poststimulus ERP amplitude at 100 ms (P100) to target than to nontarget stimuli (p = .022); this effect was restricted to three anterior right-hemisphere scalp sites (all p [is less than or equal to] .05) negative Slow Wave was also larger for target than for nontarget stimuli (p = .044). Three other average ERPs showed nonsignificant target-nontarget differences. The P100 and negative Slow Wave accounted for two thirds of the variance in a significant, successfully cross-validated, multiple regression model predicting target-nontarget status using the five ERPs measured at the single-epoch level. This finding reduces the likelihood that the emergence of the two significant average ERPs was due to multiple testing. Results for the two significant average ERPs are consistent with hypotheses of unconscious and preconscious transformation of psi-received information. Although the subject could not overtly discriminate targets from nontargets ERPs elicited by target and nontarget stimuli differed significantly. Design limitations of the study are also discussed.

This paper describes an attempt to replicate a study by Honorton (1987) reporting evidence of precognitive performance by an exceptional subject (Malcolm Bessent) on a computerized psi task (ESPerciser[.sup.TM]. The present experiment used the same special subject and psi task used by Honorton; in addition, recordings of the subject's EEG were made during performance of the task. Contrary to predictions, Bessent's performance was nonsignificant for precognition trials overall (z = - 0.62, p = .73) and for precognition trials involving the cognitive-impression response mode considered separately (z = - 0.22, p = .59). Associated effect sizes (h) were - .03 and - .01, respectively. The difference between precognition and clairvoyance runs, although in the predicted direction, was also nonsignificant, t (98) = .14, p > .05. The failure to replicate Honorton's findings was attributed to differences between our design and Honorton's; our design may have hindered the subject's attainment of a psi-conducive psychological state in the present experiment. EEG data collected during the experiment were not examined and are not reported here.

ABSTRACT: EEG activity in the "40 Hz" or gamma band has received much recent attention as a possible neural binding mechanism underlying the establishment of conscious mental states. The authors [...]

ABSTRACT: Several of our previous studies showed that event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by psi targets in a forced-choice precognition task differed significantly from ERPs elicited by nontarget stimuli. The [...]

This report describes one of a series of experiments investigating the EEG correlates of psi performance by well-known psychics. In this study, overall performance during telepathy and clairvoyance tasks by a selected subject was not significantly different from what might be expected by chance. However, evidence that ESP may have been operating in a single block of trials was considered. The power spectra of single trials collected during this block were examined, and a number of EEG differences between hits and misses were observed. These included increased power in the delta and theta bands at all recording sites and reduced occipital alpha for hits relative to misses. This may suggest that a state of low cortical arousal was associated with successful performance. A tendency for hit trials to be disproportionately concentrated in the middle of the block and a lack of EEG differences between hit and miss trials when trial position was included as a co-variate were also consistent with an arousal interpretation. Interaction effects between Accuracy and Hemisphere factors for alpha power over the central scalp and for beta I power over the temporal scalp suggested a greater involvement of the right than the left hemisphere in task-related processes.