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One quarter of children in the United States live with at least one parent who is an immigrant. Immigrants have a variety of backgrounds and situations including families who are refugees from war-torn countries, families living in the country for graduate school, and families who have lived in the US for multiple years. Immigrants' diversity of experiences makes getting to know their backgrounds and incorporating them into instruction critical. In this article, we share our experiences and provide reflection questions and suggestions to help educators embrace and incorporate home languages, explain and expand educational practices, and consider literacy curriculum and instructional practices.

Numbers of Dual Language Bilingual Education (DLBE) programs are rapidly growing in the United States, especially in the New Latinx Diaspora in the South. With fast expansion comes a need for DLBE teachers, but there is a lack of programs in this region to prepare teachers with specialized knowledge for DLBE instruction. This phenomenological study examines the efforts of one university to prepare DLBE teachers in the unique context of Georgia, where the establishment and growth of DLBE is a recent development. Interviews with study participants reveal recruitment and preparation challenges, which have implications for teacher preparation and research, both in the New Latinx South and more broadly.

With much focus on English development in United States schools and research, less is known about how bilinguals develop literacy in their home languages without sustained formal instruction. This qualitative study of reading strategies addressed that gap. It examined how young bilinguals used English literacy knowledge gained through formal instruction to develop biliteracy, specifically literacy skills in their home language of Spanish. Five third- and fifth-grade Spanish-English bilinguals read three dual-language books and engaged in two verbal protocols. Analysis of student interviews, running records, verbal protocols, and video recordings of reading sessions found that students used English phonological knowledge to support decoding. To read the Spanish text, they also relied on memory of and direct references to the book's English text along with their Spanish oral language knowledge. Findings provide evidence of students leveraging oral and written linguistic knowledge across the Continua of Biliteracy to support their biliteracy development. Implications are discussed for bilingual reading development and instruction.

We believe that is culturally situated. In this conceptual article, we problematize some of the phrasing used for prosody indicators and explore how three of the most spoken languages in the United States (other than English) enact aspects of prosody when reading. We probe potential linguistic and sociocultural implications and contribute to the discussion of equitable assessment practices in reading education. Using a multilingual and sociocultural lens, we identify elements of prosody in other languages that could impact how prosody in English is produced. We discuss extratextual features that impact prosody and implications for the rubrics used by assessors. We end by providing recommendations for the field related to increasing our understanding of multilingual fluency and promoting multilingual mindsets in fluency classroom assessment.

This mixed-methods study analyzed how elementary-school children translated while reading Spanish-English dual-language books (DLBs). Specifically, it investigated the types of strategies students used to translate words in DLBs, strategies' success, and differences in strategy use based on grade, home language(s), and oral reading accuracy. Sixty-three Spanish-English biliterate third and fifth graders participated in the study. Verbal protocols/think-alouds explaining their translation strategies were analyzed qualitatively using discourse analysis and quantitatively to establish trends. Findings suggest that strategies used most frequently by third graders and/or students with lower oral reading accuracies focused on textual features, whereas strategies used most frequently by fifth graders and/or students with higher accuracies were informed by linguistic knowledge. Results discuss how strategies reflect developing metalinguistic knowledge, linguistic assumptions, and ways that participants drew upon their linguistic repertoires to translate and engage in translanguaging. Also discussed are instructional implications for supporting biliteracy development and for dual-language programs.

Critical literacy works to make readers aware of the explicit and implicit ideologies present in texts. Engaging in critical reading helps readers recognize and interrogate ideologies in texts in order to be more informed readers. This action research study examined the development of critical literacy skills in 19 prospective elementary teachers across three weeks of a semester-long undergraduate children's literature course. Researchers, who were also course instructors, intentionally paired texts to help students enter a Third Space in which they could practice intertextuality (Tracey & Morrow, 2012). The Third Space afforded ideological distance from both the students' personal ideologies and those inherent (and often unrecognized) in texts, thus allowing students to better connect and critique messages within and across texts. Researchers engaged in first- and second-cycle coding and collaborative discussion of students' written responses to texts and discussion transcripts. Findings suggest that pairing texts with similar themes allows students to begin to uncover implicit ideologies and reevaluate their stances both toward the literature and to their own ideological beliefs. However, quality of discussion, background knowledge, and emotional connection to the literature and/or the topic may also affect the ways in which students critically engage with texts in the Third Space.

Engaging in discussions of texts featuring diverse expressions of bilingualism is important at the elementary level to move away from historical conceptions of bilingualism focused on language proficiency and instead embrace a translanguaging view focused on linguistic practices. To successfully engage in these conversations, understanding bilingualism's complexities is important. To choose books that reflect students, it is also key to learn more about their language practices, as they are often more complex than what home language surveys may capture. To these ends, the authors present ways to supplement home language surveys and engage students in text discussions about bilingualism (including providing book recommendations and potential discussion questions).

In the past decade, researchers have argued for translanguaging as an instructional approach that radically re-conceptualizes educators' views on multilingualism as an asset. Teacher education programs play a pivotal role in preparing teachers who enact this vision. Research on teachers' receptivity to translanguaging's epistemological (re)orientation towards mainstreaming multilingualism, however, remains scarce. To redress this gap, this study investigated mainstream preservice teachers' uptake of translanguaging theories while taking an online ESOL methods course required for TESOL certification. Through the analysis of interview data and participants' written reflections and coursework, we explored preservice teachers' beliefs and the evolution of their views on language learning, language, linguistic diversity, and translanguaging over the course of one semester. Findings highlight the challenges and potential benefits of including translanguaging theories in mainstream and TESOL teacher preparation programs' curricula.

The purpose of this study was to examine preK certification requirements for literacy and mathematics coursework to understand policy trends across the United States. We were interested in examining whether teacher certification requirements in these content areas align with expectations for child outcomes in early literacy and math. We completed a content analysis of 114 documents from 50 states including preK teacher certification requirements and early learning standards from each state. We engaged in a detailed analysis of the sections of these documents related to early literacy and mathematics. Based on this state-by-state analysis, we found that most states had very little specification of preK teacher certification requirements related to literacy or mathematics. Our findings suggest that current certification policies are not well-aligned with expectations for preK children's learning in early literacy and mathematics.

Having a dual focus on teaching content information and language is important in language-learning contexts and is a defining feature of dual language bilingual education (DLBE). However, systematically teaching both language and content is challenging for DLBE teachers. This exploratory mixed methods study of nine Spanish-English bilingual Latinx preservice teachers (PSTs) placed in United States DLBE primary classrooms sought to determine how PSTs attended to language acquisition and development during content instruction. Seventy videos of PSTs teaching content-area lessons were analyzed quantitatively using a researcher-created rubric for Integrated Language and Content and Attention to Language. Forty of these relatively high-scoring videos and transcripts were analyzed qualitatively by coding linguistic and multimodal communication to further describe PSTs' instructional moves. Findings indicate that throughout their preparation programme, PSTs improved their integration of language and content and attention to language, but their linguistic focus remained limited to vocabulary instruction. PSTs also focused more on students' receptive than expressive language development. Understanding PSTs' developing abilities to integrate content and language has implications for teacher education to support DLBE PSTs' emerging pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's books work to balance many opposing forces. For instance, they are simultaneously written to be read aloud as well as independently and are written for children as well as the adults who purchase and often read them (Nodelman, 2008). Children's books also attempt to impart ideas while avoiding being overtly didactic (Hunt, 1999), yet they may focus solely on entertainment. Concept books--that is, informational texts that teach an abstract, foundational idea such as the alphabet, numbers, and colors through examples rather than topical explanations (Duke & Tower, 2004; Kiefer, 2009)--encompass even more opposing forces. Evaluation criteria for concept books and informational texts have frequently dealt with accurate content, a clear and engaging writing style, and visually interesting design elements that reinforce the information (e.g., Bamford & Kristo, 1998; Dowd & Lyday, 1991; Galda, Cullinan, & Sipe, 2009; Saul & Dieckman, 2005; Vardell, Hadaway, & Young, 2006; Young & Moss, 2006), but they have not discussed culture--something that dual-language books (DLBs) increased audience foregrounds. Considering culture when selecting concept books is essential because cultural knowledge affects reading comprehension (e.g., Droop & Verhoeven, 1998; Steffensen, Joag-Dev, & Anderson, 1979), and concepts themselves are inherently cultural because how one engages in daily life is embedded in culture (Nieto, 2017). While extant studies have investigated how children interact with concept books (e.g., Bradley & Jones, 2007; Chiong & DeLoache, 2013), few, if any, published content analyses have addressed how verbal and visual elements, in addition to cultural portrayals, interact in concept books to promote conceptual development. In fact, there have been few content analyses of informational texts in general (e.g., Crisp, 2015; Dávila, 2012; May et al., 2019). Therefore, this study sought to probe these issues in an effort to provide deeper understanding of dual-language concept books, as well as recommendations for book selection and use with multilingual learners. The purpose of this study was to examine the visual, verbal, and cultural elements of 10 recently published Spanish-English dual-language concept books and the ways in which these elements interact to communicate the books' concepts and the resulting potential impacts on biliteracy development. This literary content analysis reveals that books' conceptual presentations are often complicated by inconsistencies in vocabulary and syntax within and across languages, lack of clarity in illustrations, and book creators' agendas to teach cultural aspects.

The purpose of this study was to understand messages about the role of language and literacy in the Next Generation Science Standards and the C3 Framework for Social Studies standards documents. We engaged in a content analysis of (a) framework documents that provide the theoretical basis for the standards and (b) learning expectation statements for elementary grade students. Findings indicated a substantial emphasis on supporting language and literacy for disciplinary learning, with emphases on discipline-specific practices and apprenticing children into these practices, often through classroom discussion, beginning in the elementary grades. Although student expectations use similar terminology across science and social studies--for example, explain, argue, and ask--framework documents clarify disciplinary differences in the ways that these practices are enacted. Supporting students' disciplinary language and literacy development in alignment with these ambitious standards will likely require substantial instructional change in elementary classrooms.

US dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs have a goal to develop students' sociocultural competence, but little is known about how preservice teachers (PSTs) do this. This descriptive study involved quantitative and qualitative analysis of 82 videos of instruction and 76 lesson plans from nine Latinx PSTs placed in Spanish DLBE classrooms across 3 years. PSTs focused more on students' interests or background knowledge than specific family/community and/or cultural practices. Few lessons incorporated culturally relevant/sustaining literature. Findings help teacher educators consider contextual constraints in teacher preparation and ways to better support PSTs in recognizing and developing students' sociocultural competence. The Challenge: Developing students' sociocultural competence is a foundation of dual language bilingual education (DLBE), yet it is an underresearched topic. How do DLBE preservice teachers (PSTs) incorporate their students' cultural backgrounds and family and community knowledge in their teaching? How do DLBE PSTs develop students' sociocultural competence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBecause word problems present mathematical information through a scenario, they are language-intensive and require mathematical and reading comprehension skills to solve them. In addition, they are linguistically complex, which makes them challenging for all learners, especially multilingual learners. Given the rising number of dual-language bilingual programs in the United States—which have the goal of simultaneously supporting content and language learning—it is important to understand the linguistic complexity of word problems and their translations. Therefore, we adopted a sociolinguistic perspective to recognize the inextricable relationship between language and mathematics and conducted a linguistic content analysis of Grades 1 and 4 addition/subtraction word problems in a widely used U.S. elementary curriculum. We analyzed the ways in which word problems were linguistically complex and how complexity differed between English, French, and Spanish translations. We found that word problems were complex due to vocabulary inconsistencies, assumed cultural knowledge, verb tenses, and errors. The French and Spanish translations also had more errors and inconsistencies than the English source text. Findings have implications for curriculum and assessment developers related to multilingual editing and linguistic and contextual consistency, as well as for teachers to support students’ engagement with language and mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because dual-language books (DLBs) are written entirely in two languages, they have the potential to help readers develop multilingual literacy skills while acting as cultural and/or linguistic windows and mirrors. However, the ways in which publishers choose words when translating, format languages, and represent cultures have implications for readers in terms of identity, readability, and language learning. This content analysis of 69 U.S. Spanish-English dual-language picturebooks published from 2013-2016 investigated trends in DLBs' cultural, linguistic, formatting, and readability factors. It also determined these trends' relationships with publisher types, original publication language, and author and character ethnicity. Findings include that publishers specializing in multilingual or Latinx literature tend to create more DLBs featuring Latinx characters and with more diverse portrayals than in the past. However, regardless of publisher type, original language, or author/character ethnicity, DLBs' formatting generally privileges English. The implicit marginalization of Spanish and the need to seek out smaller, lesser-known publishers for diverse Latinx portrayals can have implications for readers' identity and biliteracy development.

When using film adaptations of children's literature, teachers often limit learning opportunities to comparisons and contrasts of film and text or use movies as rewards. To develop deeper understandings of film adaptations of literature, students must learn that film adaptations do not merely translate a text but rather reenvision it within a particular cultural and historical moment. To move beyond looking at a film's fidelity to the original book and instead realize that the film is a creative work in its own right, students engage in film analysis in which they attend to a film's images, use of color, music, and camerawork and speculate about the consequences of the filmmakers' choices. In doing so, students develop critical media literacy skills and meet Common Core State Standards. This article offers a SCREEN Guide created by the authors to facilitate students' film analysis.

Dual-language books' (DLBs) two-language format could support biliteracy development, but little is known about how children read them. Fifty-four third and fifth graders read aloud DLBs with English or Spanish first on each page to determine DLBs' potential affordances. Although there were no significant differences in oral reading fluency or reading comprehension measures by the language printed first, there was some evidence of holistic bilingual processing. Students' English fluency scores were also significantly higher than their Spanish scores. Findings indicate needs for more research about DLBs and potentially for increased attention to Spanish literacy skills in U.S. dual-language programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because dual‐language books (DLBs) print the entire text in two languages nearby on the page, they have great potential for supporting children's biliteracy development by providing contexts to compare/contrast languages. However, little is known about how children read DLBs independently and how they may/may not use such characteristics to support learning. This article reports on a study of the think‐alouds/verbal protocols of 63 Spanish‐English bilingual third and fifth graders and the strategies they used to translate words and retell pages as they read DLBs. Children often took up their identities as language learners and chose to read the language with which they were less familiar. They were also strategic readers, but their strategies were not always accurate. Findings indicate that children would benefit from using DLBs in bi‐/multilingual classrooms and participating in activities such as strategic, analytic translation to build their linguistic knowledge and their biliteracy skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biobanking plays a critical role in diagnostics, biomarker research and development of novel treatment approaches for various diseases. In urgent need of understanding, preventing and treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the importance of biobanking including data sharing and management further increased. To provide high quality tissue biomaterials and data for research and public health, the COVID-19 Autopsy and Biosample Registry was established in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) in Germany, combining expertise and technologies of the Institutes of Pathology of the five university hospitals in BW (Heidelberg, Tübingen, Ulm, Freiburg, Mannheim). The COVID-19 Autopsy and Biosample Registry BW comprises tissue samples from autopsies and associated data of deceased patients in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The aim is to collect autopsy biospecimens, associated clinical and diagnostic data in a timely manner, register them, make them accessible for research projects and thus to support especially tissue-related research addressing COVID-19. By now, the BW network holds multiple collaborations and supported numerous publications to increase the understanding of COVID-19 disease. The achievements of the BW network as a landmark biobanking model project represent a potential blueprint for future disease-related biobanking and registry effort., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest None., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)