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Experience sampling is considered one of the best methods for measuring behavior (Furr, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1002/per.724). When used for this purpose, it requires a coding system to transform diversified reports on what people are doing, provided as responses to an open-ended question, into interpretable data. We present a categorization of everyday behaviors that can be used to code responses from experience sampling and diary studies conducted with different groups of participants—from adolescents to elderly people. This categorization was developed and validated on a set of 19,840 responses to an open-ended question about participants’ recent activity, provided by 667 persons ranging in age from 12 to 66. As a result of the multistage work, we present a categorization system which forms a hierarchy from three broad categories to 97 narrow ones through middle levels of five, 23, and 63 categories of behaviors. The possible usage of the developed categorization is discussed.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a serious condition requiring immediate medical attention. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults, with an incidence of around 5.2 cases per million people annually. Nearly half of UM patients develop metastatic disease, most often affecting the liver. UM refers to any malignant tumor arising from melanocytes in the uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Treatment options for UM depend on several factors, including tumor size, location, and the patient's overall health. These options may include radiation therapy, surgery, laser treatments, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. UM is often described as an immune-privileged tumor, with a distinct immune profile compared to cutaneous melanoma (CM). This article aims to highlight the unique characteristics and challenges associated with this rare form of melanoma. By providing detailed information, the article seeks to enhance understanding and management of this rare form of melanoma.

Introduction: Migraine is a prevalent and debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches and associated symptoms such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. While conventional treatments exist, a significant subset of patients suffers from refractory migraines, prompting the exploration of alternative therapies like lignocaine. Purpose of the work: This review examines the mechanisms by which lignocaine modulatespain and underscores the potential of lignocaine as a therapeutic option for refractory migraines, while also highlighting the need for continued research to refine its clinical application. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: chronic migraine / lignocaine migraine / migraine treatment/ migraine pain mechanism / migraine chronic pain mechanism / lignocaine and ketamine migraine / lignocaine adverse effects / lignocaine safety / refractory migraine. Results: Lignocainehas shown promise in alleviating both acute and chronic migraine pain. However, its use requires careful patient selection and monitoring due to potential side effects, such as cardiac and central nervous system toxicity. Despite these risks, the favorable safety profile and efficacy of lignocaine make it a valuable option in migraine management. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing protocols, evaluating long-term outcomes, and identifying biomarkers to guide patient selection.

Introduction: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of diseases in which genetic defects occur that disturb the synthesis of cortisol. The most common variant of CAH (95%-99%) is caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency as a result of mutations in the CYP21A2 gene and is one of the most common monogenic diseases. CAH is characterized by androgen overproduction along with variable degrees of cortisol and aldosterone deficiency. Age at diagnosis can provide some information about the underlying mutations, with those diagnosed at birth/early infancy being at greater risk of developing serious enzyme defects. Classic and non-classical forms of this disorder have been described in the literature. CAH diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation, hormonal panel, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, and genetic testing. The main goals of treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia are glucocorticoid/mineralcorticoid supplementation, control of high adrenal androgen levels, fertility control, genetic counseling, and optimization of patients’ quality of life. Purpose of the work: This study aims to review and characterize the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, CYP21A2 Results: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that can lead to serious and even fatal complications in the form of adrenal crisis. Therefore, screening tests and early diagnosis are crucial and can save the lives of newborns. Treatment should be individualized and allow patients to achieve normal growth, sexual development, fertility and a better quality of life.

Atopic dermatitis is a long-term inflammatory skin disease caused by factors such as skin barrier dysfunction and immune system dysregulation . Currently, the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis involves the use of topical glucocorticosteroids; however, this treatment is associated with many side effects. Therefore the need of finding new methods of treatment arises. Objective: The objective of this study is to gather and analyze literature on new methods of treating atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods: The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the database, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embaseand, Scopus, books and other scientific articles.

Abstract: Introduction: TORCH syndrome refers to a group of symptoms caused by congenital infections with teratogenic pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii, Varicella, Treponema pallidum, Parvovirus B19, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can also encompass infections like HIV, Zika virus (ZIKV), hepatitis B, and SARS-CoV-2. These pathogens can pass through the placenta, overcoming various placental barriers. Infections during pregnancy can result in severe consequences for both the fetus and the mother. Common symptoms in newborns include low birth weight, rashes, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac anomalies, jaundice, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly, with 2% to 3% of congenital anomalies attributed to perinatal infections. The incidence of these infections varies globally. Purpose of the work: This study aims to review and characterize TORCH syndrome and the prevention of TORCH infections. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: TORCH syndrome / infections during pregnancy / perinatal infections / Toxoplasmosis / Rubella / CMV infection / Herpes Simplex Virus infection / Parvovirus B19 / Treponema pallidum / vaccinations before and during pregnancy / maternal nutrition. Results: TORCH syndrome is a significant issue causing congenital diseases, premature births, and intrauterine deaths, impacting babies throughout their lives. Most complications can be prevented with proper prophylaxis and early treatment. Increasing awareness and providing education for women from preconception through the early postnatal period is essential. Addressing TORCH syndrome remains a major medical challenge, but improving management offers hope for better outcomes.

Abstract Background Several pioneering studies investigated deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treatment-refractory anorexia nervosa (AN) patients, but overall effects remain yet unclear. Aim of this study was to obtain estimates of efficacy of DBS in AN-patients using meta-analysis. Methods We searched three electronic databases until 1st of November 2021, using terms related to DBS and AN. We included trials that investigated the clinical effects of DBS in AN-patients. We obtained data including psychiatric comorbidities, medication use, DBS target, and study duration. Primary outcome was Body Mass Index (BMI), secondary outcome was quality of life, and the severity of psychiatric symptoms, including eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. We assessed the risk of bias using the ROBINS-I tool. Results Four studies were included for meta-analysis, with a total of 56 patients with treatment-refractory AN. Follow-up ranged from 6–24 months. Random effects meta-analysis showed a significant increase in BMI following DBS, with a large effect size (Hedges’s g = 1 ∙ 13; 95% CI = 0 ∙ 80 to 1 ∙ 46; Z-value = 6 ∙ 75; P

Somatic mutations are a common molecular mechanism through which chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells acquire resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) therapy. While most of the mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 can be successfully managed, the recurrent somatic mutations in other genes may be therapeutically challenging. Despite the major clinical relevance of mutation-associated resistance in CML, the mechanisms underlying mutation acquisition in TKI-treated leukemic cells are not well understood. This work demonstrated de novo acquisition of mutations on isolated single-cell sorted CML clones growing in the presence of imatinib. The acquisition of mutations was associated with the significantly increased expression of the LIG1 and PARP1 genes involved in the error-prone alternative nonhomologous end-joining pathway, leading to genomic instability, and increased expression of the UNG, FEN and POLD3 genes involved in the base-excision repair (long patch) pathway, allowing point mutagenesis. This work showed in vitro and in vivo that de novo acquisition of resistance-associated mutations in oncogenes is the prevalent method of somatic mutation development in CML under TKIs treatment.