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Infections related to health care are a major public health problem in Spain, Europe and worldwide. They cause an increase in hospital stays, long-term disability, greater resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, additional costs both for the patient and for the health system. The patient is exposed to a wide variety of microorganisms during hospitalization. The potential exposure to infection depends, in part, on the characteristics of the microorganisms, including antimicrobial resistance, intrinsic virulence, and the amount of infectious material (inoculum). The problem of greatest clinical importance is the trend of increasing bacterial resistance, becoming a health threat of great magnitude worldwide with an increase in morbidity and mortality. The incidence of bacterial resistance is also related to the prescription and consumption of antimicrobials. The main objective of this review article is to analyze the current microbiological trends of the microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the last decade, the incidence of candidemia has increased significantly; thus, knowing the isolated species facilitates choosing of the best treatment. Objectives: To characterize systemic infections by Candida spp. isolated from the blood cultures of pediatric patients. Methods: A descriptive and transversal study, which had as a sample of 14 isolates of Candida as a sample obtained from blood cultures of pediatric patients from January to December 2015, was conducted at Holguin provincial pediatric Hospital. The age, sex, personal pathological history, risk factors, service of origin, species identification, and antifungal susceptibility of the isolates were analyzed. Results: Eight cases (57.14 %) corresponded to males, and eleven (78.57 %) patients were under one year of age. As a personal pathological history, intestinal malrotation predominated in four (28.57 %) patients. The risk factors that predominated were the use of antibiotics, previous income, and surgical interventions (100.00 %). The distribution of services was Neonatology (71.42 %), Burns, and UCI (14.28 %). Candida parapsilosis predominated with eight (57.14 %) isolates; one isolate of Candida tropicalis was resistant to FLC, ITC, and VRC, and a Wickerhamomyces anomalus isolate was resistant to AMB. All the species were sensitive to 5FC. Conclusion: This work reflects the distribution according to sex, age, and the risk factors. The identification of Candida spp. contributes to optimizing its treatment. We recommended incrementing the microbiological vigilance of those patients at risk of developing candidemia, adding the commercial system API AUX 20 and the antifungal susceptibility assays to the diagnostic protocol to improve the therapeutic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]