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Meat is a crucial nutrient for human health since it represents a giant supply of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. On the opposite hand, the intake of red and processed meat is taken into account dangerous due to its potential of carcinogenesis and cancer risk improvement, particularly for colorectal cancer (CRC), although it has been reported that also the contaminations of beef infected by oncogenic bovine viruses could increase colorectal cancer’s risk. Regarding the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, different hypotheses have been proposed. A suggested mechanism describes the potential role of the heterocyclic amines (HACs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) in carcinogenesis induced by DNA mutation. Another hypothesis states that heme, through the lipid peroxidation process and therefore the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), produces cytotoxic and genotoxic aldehydes, resulting in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a recent proposed hypothesis, is based on the combined actions between the N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and genotoxic compounds. The purpose of this narrative review is to shed a light on the mechanisms underlying the potential carcinogenicity of red and processed meat, by summarizing the data reported in literature on this topic.

// Marco Cascella 1 , Roberta Fusco 2 , Domenico Caliendo 1 , Vincenza Granata 2 , Domenico Carbone 3 , Maria Rosaria Muzio 4 , Giuseppe Laurelli 5 , Stefano Greggi 5 , Francesca Falcone 5 , Cira Antonietta Forte 6 and Arturo Cuomo 1 1 Department of Anesthesia, Endoscopy and Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia 2 Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiant and Metabolic Therapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Salerno, Italia 4 Division of Infantile Neuropsychiatry, UOMI, Maternal and Infant Health, Torre del Greco, Napoli, Italia 5 Gynecologic Oncology Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia 6 Psychology, Division of Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italia Correspondence to: Marco Cascella, email: m.cascella@istitutotumori.na.it Keywords: anesthesia, anesthesia awareness, deep, intravenous, sedation Received: February 27, 2017 Accepted: March 21, 2017 Published: April 19, 2017 ABSTRACT Background. Anesthetic dreaming and anesthesia awareness are well distinct phenomena. Although the incidence of intraoperative awareness is more common among patients who reported a dream after surgery, the exact correlation between the two phenomena remains an unsolved rebus. The main purpose of this study was to investigate anesthetic dreaming, anesthesia awareness and psychological consequences eventually occurred under deep sedation. Intraoperative dreaming experiences were correlated with dream features in natural sleep. Methods. Fifty-one patients, undergoing surgical excision of fibroadenomas under a Bispectral index-guided deep sedation anesthesia with propofol target controlled infusion, were enrolled into this prospective study. Psychological assessment was performed through the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. A questionnaire was adopted to register dreaming and anesthesia awareness. Data were collected after emergence (t0), 24 hours (t1), 1 month (t2), 6 months (t3). Results. Six patients (12%) reported anesthetic dreaming at t0 confirming the response at each subsequent evaluation. One patient (2%) confirmed dreaming during anesthesia in all, but denied it at t0. There was a high correlation between the intraoperative dream contents and the features of dreams in natural sleep. No cases of anesthesia awareness were detected. A similar level of satisfaction was observed in dreaming and no-dreaming patients. Conclusions. Anesthetic dreaming does not seem to influence satisfaction of patients undergoing deep sedation with propofol target controlled infusion. A psychological assessment would seem to improve the evaluation of possible psychological consequences in dreamer patient.

Human pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic treatment for this disease, only the minority of patients can be resected due to late diagnosis. Recently, new chemotherapy schemes with the combination of different drugs have been shown to improve disease-free survival, although best results were obtained mostly as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the minority of patients with resectable tumor. Consequently, there is stimulated interest in new chemotherapeutic approaches and alternative medicines. Several studies showed that the use of natural compounds, such as phytochemicals, represents a promising strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment. One popular phytochemical with great anticancer properties, is the (-)-epigallocate-chin3-O-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin found in green tea. Accumulating evidences demonstrated that EGCG induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor progression by modulating different signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. For these encouraging results, this catechin is currently used in clinical trials for treatment of various type of cancer and other diseases, although its poor bioavailability and poor stability represent severe limitations. Therefore, many researchers tried to develop a new strategy based of the use of nanotechnology which increases EGCG stability and bioavailability and simultaneously targets cancer cells in order to improve its anti-tumor effects. The aim of this article is to dissect the use of EGCG for management of pancreatic cancer, by reviewing the pre-clinical studies reported in literature.

Introduction Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and thrombosis. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels have been demonstrated in patients with recurrent episodes or a single episode of thrombosis. Here we describe the development of cardiovascular disease as a complication of a surgical intervention in a patient with colorectal cancer and hyperhomocysteinemia. Case presentation A 65-year-old Caucasian man complained of pain and constipation, attributed to previously diagnosed adenocarcinoma (stage IIB) of the hepatic flexure. An anamnestic investigation showed that he had undergone two surgical interventions. During both, he suffered thrombotic postoperative complications, a deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity after the first operation and retinal vein occlusion after the second. He was diagnosed with hyperhomocysteinemia associated with a homozygous C677T mutation of the gene encoding the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Our patient was initially treated with folic acid and high-dose B vitamins. On day 7 he underwent a right hemicolectomy. Anesthesia was performed with sevoflurane in 40% O2 and without the use of nitrous oxide. Postoperatively, our patient remained on folic acid and B vitamins and was without immediate or subsequent complications. Conclusions Neoplastic disease and related surgery followed by the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs alter the hemostatic balance in cancer patients. Those suspected of also having a thrombophilic disease require a thorough laboratory diagnostic workup, including a molecular analysis aimed at identifying the genetic mutation responsible for the hyperhomocysteinemia, as indicated. The case described in this report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes expertise in peri-operative anesthesia, surgery, oncology, and hematology.