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Consumption of uninspected raw milk can pose health risks. The presence of coliforms in milk indicates precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions during the stages of obtaining this product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance to domestic boiling of total and thermotolerant coliforms from uninspected and informally sold raw milk. 10 samples of raw milk were purchased without inspection from merchants in the city of Bauru - SP. Research was carried out on total and thermotolerant coliforms and the presence of Escherichia coli in raw milk samples and after domestic boiling. As a statistical tool, Student's T test, R Statistical software, was used to compare the means of two paired groups, raw milk and boiled milk. The search for total and thermotolerant coliforms was lower (p 0.05) in boiled milk when compared to raw milk. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in 20% of the samples (n=2) in raw milk, being absent in 100% of the samples after this thermal treatment. However, it must be considered that these microorganisms can, for example, produce toxins resistant to heat treatment and, therefore, put the health of the consumer at risk.

Minas Frescal cheese has high humidity and pH close to neutrality, which favors microbial proliferation. It is a common habit for people to buy this type of cheese at open markets, where they are sold without any type of quality seal that guarantees the safety of the product. Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and coliforms are some examples of pathogens that can be found in these cheeses when there is excessive handling, use of fresh milk, and failures in good manufacturing practices. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of Minas Frescal cheeses without sanitary inspection, sold in open markets in the region of Bauru, São Paulo, through the search for Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and total and thermotolerant, comparing the results obtained with the current legislation. Samples of thirty Minas Frescal cheeses were evaluated. The microbiological analyses were performed according to the literature, at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory at the University Paulista (UNIP), Bauru Campus. All samples analyzed showed a total absence of Salmonella spp. and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in these. However, 26 of the 30 samples were in disagreement with the current legislation regarding the maximum allowed number (MPN/g) of total coliforms, and the presence of Escherichia coli was also detected in 36% of the samples. The results showed that the cheeses sold in street markets in the region of Bauru-SP have low hygienic-sanitary conditions and may represent a potential risk to the health of consumers.

Objetivos: Avaliar o grau de sensibilização a anticorpos anti-HLA dos pacientes candidatos a Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoiéticas (TCTH) cadastrados no laboratório de HLA da Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, no período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2024. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional exploratório, utilizando dados de painel de reatividade de anticorpos (PRA) dos pacientes candidatos a Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoiéticas (TCTH) cadastrados na Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, abrangendo o período de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2024. As análises foram realizadas pela metodologia LABScreen Single Antigen™ da One Lambda, Inc., considerando o valor de Intensidade Média de Fluorescência (MFI) de 1.500 como valor de cut-off. Os dados foram organizados em uma planilha específica para análise e estratificação. As informações utilizadas não continham identificação dos casos individuais, eliminando a necessidade de submissão à análise do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Desde 2010, foram avaliados os resultados de Painéis de Reatividade de Anticorpos (PRA) em pacientes pré-transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) realizados no Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto até julho de 2024, totalizando 186 exames. No geral, foram detectados anticorpos contra antígenos HLA em 79 (42,59%) dos 186 pacientes. Anticorpos contra ambos os antígenos de classe I e II foram identificados em 28 (35,5%) desses pacientes, enquanto anticorpos contra apenas antígenos de classe I foram detectados em 40 (50%) e anticorpos contra apenas antígenos de classe II em 12 (15%). A análise específica por condição clínica revelou que, entre os pacientes sensibilizados, 29 (36,7%) tinham Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA), 21 (26,6%) apresentavam aplasia medular, 12 (15,2%) tinham leucemia linfocítica aguda (LLA), 7 (8,9%) apresentavam linfoma/leucemia linfocítica, talassemia 3 (3,8%) e outras 7 (8,8%). Discussão: A presença de anticorpos pré-existentes contra antígenos HLA do doador pode levar a uma resposta imunológica adversa, aumentando a probabilidade de falha do enxerto e a ocorrência de complicações, como a Doença do Enxerto Contra o Hospedeiro (DECH). A presença de anticorpos pré-existentes contra antígenos HLA do doador pode levar a uma resposta imunológica adversa, aumentando a probabilidade de falha do enxerto e a ocorrência de complicações, como a Doença do Enxerto Contra o Hospedeiro (DECH). Em um estudo multicêntrico nos Estados Unidos da América, em 2022, Ren et al. avaliaram 250 pacientes pré-TCTH, detectaram anticorpos contra HLA em 40% de seus pacientes, dos quais 38% destes, apresentaram anticorpos contra ambos antígenos: classe I e II, 45% contra antígenos classe I e apenas 17% para classe II. Martelli et al., em 2023, na Europa, encontraram anticorpos anti-HLA em 37% dos 220 pacientes analisados. Destes, 30% apresentavam anticorpos contra ambos antígenos de classe I e classe II, com 52% apresentando antígenos de classe I e 18% para classe II. Na avaliação deste trabalho, foi observada associação similar aos resultados encontrados em pacientes europeus e norte americanos conforme Martelli et al. (2023) e Ren et al. (2022). Conclusão: Os resultados do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto são consistentes com os achados de estudos internacionais, com taxas de sensibilização variando entre 37% e 45% em diferentes populações, e uma distribuição de anticorpos de classe I e II que se alinha bem com os resultados encontrados em Ribeirão Preto.

In Europe, a comprehensive assessment of surface water bodies is hindered by a widespread deficiency in quality monitoring data, both spatially and temporally, which impedes sustainable water management. In light of this challenge, this paper proposes a multidisciplinary short-cut methodology to estimate the biochemical quality of rivers determined by primary anthropogenic pollution sources acting as the most significant pressure on surface water. The proposed methodology comprises three main steps:Identifying primary anthropogenic pollution sources and assessing their relative expected pressures on river water,Spatially allocating identified sources along the river using a raster-based approach, andAssessing the overall biochemical state of surface water. The industrial activities considered significant for river quality deterioration include establishments under the Seveso Directive, activities subject to the IPPC-IED discipline, and wastewater treatment plants. Contaminated sites are also considered, representing former industrial activities that continue to indirectly impact water bodies. To address the scarcity of monitoring data, the methodology relies on accessible official documentation for the assessment. The methodology was applied to a river basin exposed to various industrial pressures in the North of Italy. The obtained results have been compared with available water quality records to check the methodology's ability to reproduce the trend of measured data along the main river stem. The results of this preliminary investigation suggest that the developed approach has the potential to be a valuable tool for assessing biochemical river quality in regions with limited monitoring data.

The Po River District Authority promoted the MOVIDA project with the aim to define appropriate methodologies for flood risk assessment and being compliant with the European Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC). A dedicated Open Source Geographic Information System (i.e. QGIS geoprocessing modules) has been developed for mapping the expected damages in all areas at significant risk in the Po District (Northern Italy), considering five categories of exposed elements (population, infrastructures, economic activities, environmental and cultural heritage, and na-tech sites). Focusing on road and railway infrastructures, the methodology proposed within the project adopts information coming from different data sources (Regional Geoportals, Open Street Map, etc.) and allows to qualitatively estimate the potential risk associated with a flood event. Different risk classes (High, Medium, Low and Null) are assigned in relation to roads category (i.e., Highways, Main, Secondary, Service, Other) or railways type (High-Speed train or not), thus considering both the relevance of the infrastructure itself (as well as its topographical characteristics: e.g. tunnel, bridge, etc.) and the magnitude of the expected event (i.e., hazard). The definition of the risk matrix led to the estimation of the lengths of the sections exposed to different risk levels, which is useful to support the definition of potential mitigation measures and support the competent bodies in the organization of the rescue.

The impacts of floods on environmental assets are often not assessed. In this communication, we reflect on this issue by analysing the reported environmental consequences of the 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods. The information on the environmental impacts is constructed by collecting data from reports, press releases, and interviews in the aftermath of the events. The most frequently reported damage involves water resources and water-related ecosystems, with cultural and supporting ecosystem services particularly affected. Indirect effects in time and space, intrinsic recovery capacity, cascade impacts on socio-economic systems, and the lack of established monitoring activities appear to be the most challenging aspects for future research.

Flow–duration curves (FDCs) provide a compact view of the historical variability of river flows, reflecting climate conditions and the main hydrologic features of river basins. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will enable the estimation of river flows globally, by sensing rivers wider than 100 m with a sampling recurrence from 3 to 21 days. This study investigated the lifetime mission potential for FDC estimation through the comparison between remotely-sensed and empirical FDCs. We employed the Global Runoff Data Center dataset and derived SWOT-like river flows by selecting gauging stations of rivers wider than 100 m with more than 10-year long daily river flow time series. Overall, 1200 gauged river cross-sections were examined. For each site, we created a set of 24 SWOT-simulated FDCs (i.e., based on different sampling recurrences, mean biases, and random errors) to be compared against their empirical counterparts through the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the mean relative error. Our results show that climate and the sampling recurrence play a key role on the performance of SWOT-based FDCs. Tropical and temperate climates performed the best, whereas arid climates mostly revealed higher uncertainties, especially for high- and low-flows.

O texto aponta os fundamentos bachelardianos do “politeísmo epistemológico" através do qual se constitui o “paradigma do Imaginário” na Escola de Grenoble.

O texto examina a abordagem “mitodológica” das estórias de vida e as categorias filosóficas que a regem, sobretudo destacando a forma específica da temporalidade e da cenarização nessa “cultura da alma” .

O texto investiga a problemática indivíduo / sociedade, em suas matrizes nas ciências humanas, na filosofia da cultura e nas ciências da educação, de onde partem, de modo criador e instigante, as tematizações do “personalismo ontológico" de N.Berdiaev, cujos pontos básicos são aqui esboçados.

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion.

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion.

Objetivos: Atualmente, temos em média 5.624.450 registros de doadores cadastrados no Redome (REDOME ‒ Registro Nacional de Doadores Voluntários de Medula Óssea) com interesse em se tornarem doadores de medula óssea. Logo, realizou-se estudo observacional longitudinal retrospectivo de dados fornecidos pela plataforma de análise de NGS: TSV, de 2021 até a presente data para identificar a frequência alélica dos doadores cadastrados pela Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto junto ao Laboratório de HLA. Materiais e métodos: Utilizou-se a base dados da plataforma do software de análise de NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) Type Stream Visual (TSV), com dados obtidos dos resultados da tipificação HLA de cadastro de doadores voluntários de medula óssea no Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto-SP, de junho de 2021 a julho de 2023. Os grupos alélicos foram tipificados molecularmente em alta resolução para aos alelos HLA Classe I (locus A, B e C) e II (locus DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, DPB1). Foram utilizados filtros do TSV e planilhas excel para identificação da frequência de todos os alelos presentes nos cadastros. Resultados: O estudo abrangeu doadores voluntários de medula óssea cadastrados na Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto-SP, de Junho de 2021 a Julho de 2023. Com auxílio do Software TSV, foi possível identificar quais alelos são mais frequentes para classe I e classe II destes doadores, assim como perceber a presença de alelos não frequentes. Os alelos mais encontrados para classe I – foram: A*02:01, A*01:01, A*03:01, A*24:02. B*07:02, B*08:01, B*14:02, B*15:01. C*04:01, C*06:02, C*03:04, C*02:02. Para classe II – obtivemos: DPA1*01:03, DPA1*02:01, DPA1*02:02. DPB1*01:01, DPB1*03:01, DPB1*04:01. DQA1* 01:02, DQA1*02:01, DQA1*01:01. DQB1*03:03, DQB1*02:02, DQB1*03:02. DRB1*07:01, DRB1*03:01, DRB1*01:01. Foram encontradas tipificações não frequentes para Classe I: A*01:156, A*02:872, A*03:351. B*07:120, B*08:188, B*15:146, B*18:145, B*35:386. C*02:168, C*03:407, C*06:289, C*07:985. Como em Classe II: DQB1*03:296, DQB1*03:393, DQB1*05:234. DRB1*03:124, DRB1*03:181, DRB1*11:261. Discussão: As características apresentadas quanto as frequências alélicas em HLA vem se tornando similar entre as populações. Assim como as frequências alélicas, a presença ou ausência de alguns alelos específicos se associam aos cadastros de doadores voluntários de medula óssea (Pimtanothai et al., 2001; Luo et al., 2002; Piancatelli et al., 2004; Ayed et al., 2004). Ferreira (2007), identificou doadores voluntários mais frequentes para HLA-A*02:01 em estudo realizado no Maranhão, onde também apresentou maior frequência no locus DRB1*07:01. De acordo com Guimarães (2015) em outro estudo similar de frequência alélica: A*02, A*24, A*03, A*01, B*07, DRB1*07 e DRB1*01 fazem parte dos grupos mais frequentes cadasrados no REDOME. No estado de São Paulo (Campagnuolo, D. G., Cita, R. F., & Colombo, T. E. 2018) demonstram também a prevalência de alelos mais frequentes em doadores, sendo A*24, A*03, DQB1*03 e DRB1*01 em voluntários cadastrados para doação de medula óssea. Conclusão: A implantação da metodologia de tipificação de HLA por alta resolução (NGS) demonstrou uma melhoria na avaliação do perfil dos cadastros de doadores voluntários de medula óssea, tornando-se possível uma avaliação imunológica mais precisa dos doadores voluntários aos receptores. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo somam-se aos já existentes, demonstrando a miscelânea da população do Brasil e polimorfismo genético do Sistema HLA.

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Abstract Solar System bodies undergo to daily and periodical variations of temperature that mainly depend on their closeness to the Sun. It is known that mineral expansion and contraction due to such variations modify the thermal infrared spectra acquired on solid surfaces. Therefore, it becomes crucial to know the best temperature range at which the acquisition itself should be carried out to get reliable information on the mineralogy of such bodies. Here we provide the thermal expansion of olivine between 20 and 298 K determined by X-ray diffraction. Our data reveal the non-linear behaviour of silicates that undergo to low temperatures, where volume variations appear positively correlated with temperatures. Subtle bond-length variations occurring at low temperatures are then expected to minimally affect vibrational absorption positions. We suggest that thermal infrared spectra of those Solar-System surfaces that are not exceeding 300 K provide reliable information about not only the silicate mineral identification but also on their chemical composition, regardless of the instantaneous temperature.

Flow–duration curves (FDCs) provide a compact view of the historical variability of river flows, reflecting climate conditions and the main hydrologic features of river basins. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will enable the estimation of river flows globally, by sensing rivers wider than 100 m with a sampling recurrence from 3 to 21 days. This study investigated the lifetime mission potential for FDC estimation through the comparison between remotely-sensed and empirical FDCs. We employed the Global Runoff Data Center dataset and derived SWOT-like river flows by selecting gauging stations of rivers wider than 100 m with more than 10-year long daily river flow time series. Overall, 1200 gauged river cross-sections were examined. For each site, we created a set of 24 SWOT-simulated FDCs (i.e., based on different sampling recurrences, mean biases, and random errors) to be compared against their empirical counterparts through the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the mean relative error. Our results show that climate and the sampling recurrence play a key role on the performance of SWOT-based FDCs. Tropical and temperate climates performed the best, whereas arid climates mostly revealed higher uncertainties, especially for high- and low-flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective flood risk management requires a realistic estimation of flood losses. However, available flood damage estimates are still characterized by significant levels of uncertainty, questioning the capacity of flood damage models to depict real damages. With a joint effort of eight international research groups, the objective of this study was to compare, in a blind-validation test, the performances of different models for the assessment of the direct flood damage to the residential sector at the building level (i.e. microscale). The test consisted of a common flood case study characterized by high availability of hazard and building data but with undisclosed information on observed losses in the implementation stage of the models. The nine selected models were chosen in order to guarantee a good mastery of the models by the research teams, variety of the modelling approaches, and heterogeneity of the original calibration context in relation to both hazard and vulnerability features. By avoiding possible biases in model implementation, this blind comparison provided more objective insights on the transferability of the models and on the reliability of their estimations, especially regarding the potentials of local and multivariable models. From another perspective, the exercise allowed us to increase awareness of strengths and limits of flood damage modelling, which are summarized in the paper in the form of take-home messages from a modeller's perspective.

River floods are one of the most devastating extreme hydrological events, with oftentimes remarkably negative effects for human society and the environment. Economic losses and social consequences, in terms of affected people and human fatalities, are increasing worldwide due to climate change and urbanization processes. Long-term dynamics of flood risk are intimately driven by the temporal evolution of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Although needed for effective flood risk management, a comprehensive long-term analysis of all these components is not straightforward, mostly due to a lack of hydrological data, exposure information, and large computational resources required for 2-D flood model simulations at adequately high resolution over large spatial scales. This study tries to overcome these limitations and attempts to investigate the dynamics of different flood risk components in the Murray-Darling basin (MDB, Australia) in the period 1973–2014. To this aim, the LISFLOOD-FP model, i.e., a large-scale 2-D hydrodynamic model, and satellite-derived built-up data are employed. Results show that the maximum extension of flooded areas decreases in time, without revealing any significant geographical transfer of inundated areas across the study period. Despite this, a remarkable increment of built-up areas characterizes MDB, with larger annual increments across not-flooded locations compared to flooded areas. When combining flood hazard and exposure, we find that the overall extension of areas exposed to high flood risk more than doubled within the study period, thus highlighting the need for improving flood risk awareness and flood mitigation strategies in the near future.