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To investigate relationships within the subfamily Telotylenchinae, more than 500 soil samples were collected from various natural and agricultural habitats in several localities of Iran. Individuals of seven known species, including Bitylenchus dubius, B. parvus, B. serranus, Sauertylenchus maximus, Tylenchorhynchus clarus, T. microconus and Trophurus ussuriensis, were recovered and characterized based on morphological and morphometric characters. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships within representatives of the subfamily Telotylenchinae were explored using 13 sequences from the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S ribosomal (r) DNA and 13 sequences for the partial 18S rDNA genes obtained in the present study. Analyses based on the relatively conserved 18S rDNA gene underlined the polyphyletic status of Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, as three clusters representing Tylenchorhynchus, Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus were well separated, and interspersed by, e.g., representatives of the Macrotrophurinae. Analysis of the more variable D2-D3 28S rDNA sequences suggested at least four clades within the subfamily Telotylenchinae: two clades dominated by Tylenchorhynchus species; a third clade harbouring representatives of Sauertylenchus, Bitylenchus, and Paratrophurus in distinct but unresolved branches;and a fourth clade dominated by Trophurus species. Although no molecular information was available from a number of genera that were originally gathered under Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, we concluded that both Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus should be seen as valid Telotylenchinae genera related to, but distinct from Tylenchorhynchus.

Sauertylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 2000 Syn: Bitylenchus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1950 Tylenchorhynchus wilskii Kornobis, 1980 (Brzeski, 1998) Bitylenchus wilskii (Kornobis, 1980) Jairajpuri, 1982 Bitylenchus wilskii (Kornobis, 1980) Siddiqi, 1986 (Figure 4, Table 3) Description Female Body curved ventrally to C-shaped after heat fixation. Cuticle with distinct annuli, 1.5–2.3 μm wide at midbody. Lateral field with four longitudinal incisures, outer bands areolated. Lip region offset, hemispherical, 8.0– 9.0 μm wide at base, 4.0–5.0 μm high, and bearing six or seven distinct transverse annuli. Cephalic framework lightly sclerotized, outer margins extending over two or three body annuli. Stylet moderately strong, knobs rounded, slightly directed posteriorly; the conus almost half of the total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.0–2.1 μm behind stylet knobs. Median pharyngeal bulb oval, 12–13 μm wide; basal bulb pyriform, abutting anterior intestine. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, spermatheca elongated, empty. Vagina 10 μm long, 40–60% of the vulval body diameter. Intestinal fasciculi present throughout intestine and inside post rectal sac which enters into about two-thirds of the tail length. Tail cylindrical with a hemispherical, annulated terminus, bearing 33–40 annuli on ventral side. Hyaline portion thickness 6–7 μm. Phasmids located 16–17 μm posterior to anus, in the anterior half of the tail. Male Not found. Remarks Compared to the original description of S. maximus by Allen (1955), the Iranian populations differ by the absence of males. The Iranian populations of S. maximus were recovered from Semnan, Ardabil and West Azerbaijan provinces in the rhizosphere of peach (Prunus persica), grass, hawthorn (Crataegus aronia) and apple (Malus pumila), respectively., Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on pages 434-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Allen, M. W. (1955) A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. University of California Publications in Zoology, 61, 129 - 165.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2 nd edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 833 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851992020.0000","Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology, Slough, UK, 645 pp.","Brzeski, M. W & Dolinski C. M. (1998) Compendium of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cob, 1913 sensu lato (Nematodea: Belonolaimidae). Russian Journal of Nematology, 6 (2), 189 - 199.","Jairajpuri, M. S. (1982) Some studies on Tylenchorhynchinae: The subgenus Bitylenchus Filipjev, 1934, with description of Tylenchorhynchus (Bitylenchus) depressus n. sp. and a key to species of Bitylenchus. Mededelingen van de Fakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 47, 765 - 770."]}

Bharti, Lovely, Bhat, Aashaq Hussain, Chaubey, Ashok Kumar, Abolafia, Joaquín (2020): Morphological and molecular characterisation of Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Merlinidae) from India. Journal of Natural History 54 (23-24): 1477-1498, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1810352, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1810352

Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological and morphometric data. The new species is characterized by its 760–1073 µm long body, conoid-rounded lip region continuous with the body contour and bearing 5–7 fine striae, 22.0–24.5 µm long stylet, basal pharyngeal bulb offset or slightly overlapping intestine, post-anal sac extending 50–73 % of the tail region, and cylindrical or subclavate tail with a striated terminus. Differences of the new species from the closely related species T. astriatus, T. astriatoides, T. changlingensis and T. papyrus are discussed. Photomicrographs and several taxonomic notes on 13 other species of Telotylenchinae, collected from Iran, are provided.

Neodolichodorus sinensis sp. nov. Figs. 1–31 Measurements. See Table 1. Material examined. Type material: Holotype, adult female, slide NSF04. Paratypes, adult females (slides NSF, NSF01 - NSF03); adult males (NSM & NSM01 - NSM05); juveniles (slides NSJ13, NSJ15 & NSJ16, all putative stage 2 juveniles; NSJ01, NSJ08, NSJ14 & NSJ18-NSJ22, all putative stage 3 juveniles; NSJ03, NSJ04, NSJ06, NSJ07, NSJ09, NSJ10, NSJ23, all putative stage 4 juveniles). Type locality: Found in sandy soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of Kandelia candel in Futian Mangrove Reserve of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China (22º31’35.04’’ N, 113º59’53.77’’ E). All specimens are deposited in Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Female. Body slightly ventrally curved to C-shaped when heat relaxed, tapering at both ends. Cuticle with striae about 1.6 µm apart at mid-body. Lateral fields with four incisures, originating behind lip region and ending on tail, not areolated at mid-body, irregularly areolated anteriorly and posteriorly, inner band obviously wider than outer bands posteriorly. Lip region continuous or slightly offset from body contour, bearing five to six transverse striae. Labial disc not prominent. Cephalic framework sclerotized. Stylet elongate, conus longer than shaft, basal knobs sloping posteriorly. Precorpus cylindrical, median bulb well developed with conspicuous valve, ovate in profile. Basal bulb elongate-pyriform. Excretory pore at level of median bulb, between base and valves. Hemizonid conspicuous, posterior to excretory pore, 192–235 µm from anterior end. Vulva a transverse slit, vagina almost one-half body width long, with asymmetrical vaginal sclerotization in lateral view. Two ovaries opposite and outstretched with oocytes in two or three rows. Tail elongate-conoid, tapering, slightly narrowing 13–15 annuli posterior to anus. Phasmids pore-like, level with or slightly anterior to anus, in middle of lateral field. Male. Body similar to female in lip region, annulation, location of excretory pore, hemizonid, and lateral field, but slightly smaller. Testis outstretched, about 60% of body length. Bursa trilobed, lateral lobes rounded, crenate, prominently striated externally, extending from posterior to the head of the retracted spicules to just anterior to the tail tip and the maximum extent of the median lobe. Median lobe elongate-conoid, without spinules, terminus bifurcate or not. Spicules paired, slightly ventrally curved, bending at distal tip. Gubernaculum large, slender, straight, slightly protruding from cloaca. Gubernaculum accessory piece absent. Phasmids pore-like, located about half distance from cloacal aperture to tail tip. Tail short, pointed in lateral view. Juvenile (all stages). Body similar to female except for reproductive system and location of excretory pore. Excretory pore about at level with anterior edge of basal bulb. Hemizonid invisible. Diagnosis. Neodolichodorus sinensis sp. nov. is characterized by the continuous or slightly offset head with five to six transverse striae; female stylet 84–92 µm long (82.5–87.5 µm in male); female tail elongateconoid, slightly narrowing at 13–15 annuli posterior to anus; lateral fields with four lines; female phasmids pore-like at level with or slightly anterior to anus and relatively long spicules, between 60–70 µm; and a straight gubernaculum, between 32–33.8 µm. Relationships. The new species differs from all other species of Neodolichodorus except N. leiocephalus Doucet, 1981, N. paralongicaudatus, Rashid, 1990 and N. rageshi Siddiqi, 2000 in having a elongate-conoid female tail (all other species have a obtuse or mammillate tail). N. sinensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the above three elongate-tailed species by the continuous or slightly offset head (vs. strongly set off from body). In addition, the new species differs from N. leiocephalus in having five or six transverse striae on the head (vs. none), a more anterior vulva (v=49–50 vs. 53.3–57.7), longer female tail (c=25.6–30.9 vs. 39–52 and c’=3.3–3.6 vs. 1–2.1), and longer spicules (60–70 µm vs. 55–57 µm) and gubernaculum (31–33.8 µm vs. 21.5– 23.5 µm) in the male. It differs from N. paralongicaudatus in having the excretory pore located between the base and middle of median bulb in the female (vs. at basal part of isthmus), longer female stylet (84–92 µm vs. 73–75.5 µm), shorter female tail (c =25.6–30.9 vs. 21.2–21.5) and having phasmids level with or slightly anterior to anus in the female (vs. posterior to anus). From N. rageshi, the new species differs by the number of transverse striae on the head (five to six vs. none), longer female stylet (84–92 µm vs. 66 µm), anteriorly positioned vulva (V=49–50 vs. 56), and longer female tail (c=25.6–30.9 vs. 45.3 and c’=3.3–3.6 vs. 1.7). Etymology. The specific name refers to the geographic location (adj. sinensis = Chinese, from China).

New species of plant nematodes belonging to the genera Dolichodorus Cobb, 1914 and Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 are described and illustrated from New Caledonia. Dolichodorus pellegrini sp. n. differs from all known species of the genus in having a lateral field with one line. Of those species having the excretory pore at, or anterior to the medium bulb the other primary differential characters are: body, stylet and gubernaculum length. Xiphinema fagesi sp. n. is the sole monodelphic species having a spatulate posterior part. It differs further from other monodelphic species by having a short, more or less hemispherical tail without peg or bulge, by a greater body length, and by the structure of the anterior genital branch.

The list of plant parasitic nematodes of the family Dolichodoridae, known from Iran, is updated. 81 species belonging to 13 genera and three subfamilies are included in the list. Data for 29 species are added, of which seven species viz. Neodolichorhynchus phaseoli, Pratylenchoides crenicauda, P. erzurumensis, P. utahensis, Scutylenchus paniculoides, Trophurus impar and Tylenchorhynchus variannus are new records for the Iranian nematofauna. The list of species, further information on their morphometrics, references, referring to full or partial descriptions, associated plants, geographical distribution and some taxonomic remarks are provided. More detailed studies on some doubtful populations are proposed. The information on the taxonomic position of species in different classification schemes, as well as, the tendency of the species to certain climatic condition or ecological niche are provided. Challenges on the reliable identification of this group of nematodes in Iran are discussed and finally, suggestions were proposed for future studies.

Neodolichodorus hainanensis n.sp. is described from China, extracted from soil around turf in a golf course. N. hainanensisn.sp. is characterized by having a conspicuous offset cephalic region with 6–7 striae, divided into 4 lobes; stylet a little shorter(82–100 µm) than most species in this genus; lateral field with four incisures, areolated, with outer lateral field regularlycrossed by every second external stria at most of body length, and inner lateral field partly or wholly irregularly crossed byextending external striae; subconoid tail with rounded terminus; gubernaculum and spicule slightly protruding from cloaca, middle bursa lobe small with a bifid extremity in ventral view.

Neodolichodorus Andrássy, 1976 currently encompasses eleven species of plant ectoparasites, including pathogenic species such as N. australis Hodda & Nambiar, 2005 associated with damage to carrot (Hodda and Nambiar 2005). The genus has not to date been reported in China. In 2008, during a survey of marine nematodes in Futian Mangrove Reserve of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, specimens of a bisexual population of Neodolichodorus were isolated from soil in the rhizosphere of Kandelia candel. Detailed studies of the nematode revealed that it differed from all other nominal species in the genus and it is herein described as a new species.

Une nouvelle espece de Dolichodorus Cobb, 1914 extraite d'un sol sature d'eau a Cordoba, Argentine, est decrite. D. aquaticus n. sp. comporte mâles et femelles. Il se caracterise par une queue conique se retrecissant brusquement entre un tiers et sa mi-longueur. Proche de D. minor Loof & Sharma, 1975 par la forme de la queue, il se differencie par ses mensurations, par la forme de la region labiale et par la disposition des lignes des champs lateraux dans la region caudale. Proche de D. kishansinghi Jairajpuri & Rahmani, 1979; D. longicaudatus Doucet, 1981; D. marylandicus Lewis & Golden, 1981 et D. grandaspicatus Robbins, 1982 par la longueur du stylet et la forme de la region labiale, il se differencie par la forme de la queue et par la longueur des spicules.

Antarctenchus hooperi n.g., n.sp. is described and figured from various Antarctic mosses. Males and females have attenuated tails and superficially resemble Tylenchus Bastian, 1865, but the possession of the relatively well developed cephalic sclerotisation and the nearly parallel spear protractor muscles prevents the inclusion of this species in Tylenchidae. It does however possess the characters of Dolichodoridae and has a number of features in common with Brachydorus de Guiran & Germani, 1968; but it differs from this and all other genera in Dolichodoridae by the combined possession of an adanal bursa in the male and sub-equatorial vulva with didelphic ovaries in the female. Antarctenchinae n. subfam. is therefore proposed to accommodate A. hooperi.

P.A.A. LOOF (1971): FREELIVING AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM SPITZBERGEN, COLLECTED BY MR. H. VAN ROSSEN. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71: 1-86, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8152982, {"references":["ALLEN, M. W. ( 1955). A review of the nematode genus Tylenchorhynchus. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 61 , 129-166.","ANDERSON, R. V. ( 1968). Variation in taxonomie characters of a species of Acrobeloides (Cobb, 1924) Steiner & Buhrer, 1933. Can. J. Zool. 46, 309- 320.","ANDERSON, R. V. (1969). Comparative morphology and descriptions of three new species of Teratocephalus from Canada. Ibid. 47, 829 - 840.","ANDRASSY, I. (1954). Revision der Gattung Tylenchus Bastian. Acta zool. Acad. Sei. Hung. 1, 5 -42.","ANDRASSY, I. (1958). Erd- und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien. Ibid. 4, 1 -88.","ANDRASSY, I. (1968). Fauna Paraguayensis 2. Nematoden aus den Galeriewaldern des Acaray- Flusses. Opusc. zool. Budap. 8 (2), 167 - 315.","BRZESKI, M. W. (1962). Eudorylaimus alleni n.sp. (Nematoda, Dorylaimidae). Ibid. 4 (2 -4), 67-68.","BUTSCHLI, O. (1873). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova Acta Leopold- Car. 36, 1-144.","DITLEVSEN, H. (1927). Free-living nematodes from Greenland, land and freshwater. Medd. Gronl. 23, Suppl, 159-198.","FERRIS, V. R. & FERRIS, J. M. ( 1967). Morphological variant of Tetylenchus joctus (Nemata : Tylenchida) associated with cultivated blueberries in Indiana. Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 34, 30- 32.","GERAERT, E. (1968). The genus Basiria (Nematoda - Tylenchina) . Nematologica 14, 459-481 .","GOODEY, T. ( 1951 ). Soil and freshwater nematodes. London, Methuen, 390 pp.","GRISSE, A, DE ( 1968). Bijdrage tot de morfologie en de systematiek van Criconematidae (Taylor, 1936) Thome, 1949 (Nematoda). Diss., Gent, 141 pp.","GRISSE, A . DE & LOOF, P. A. A. ( 1965). Revision of the genus Criconemoides (Nematoda). Meded. LandbHogesch. Opzoekstns Gent 30, 577 - 603 .","JAIRAJPURI, M. S. & LOOF, P. A. A. (1968). On some species of Enchodelus Thome, 1939 from India (Nematoda : Dorylaimidae). Nematologica 13, 501 - 508.","LOOF, P. A. A. ( 1961 ). The nematode collection of Dr. J. G. de Man I. Beaufortia 8, 169-254.","LOOF, P. A. A. (1964). Free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes from Venezuela. Nematologica 10, 201-300.","MAGGENTI, A. R. (1961 ). Revision of the genus Plectus (Nematoda : Plectidae). Proc. helminth. Soc. Wash. 28, 139 - 166.","MAN, J. G. DE (1884). Die frei in der reinen Erde und im sussen Wasser lebenden Nematoden der niederlandischen Fauna. Leiden, Brill, 206 pp.","MAN, J. G. DE (1921 ). Nouvelles recherches sur les nematodes libres terricoles de la Hollande. Capita zool. 1 (1 ), 1- 62.","MEYL, A. H. (1961). Freilebende Nematoden. Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 1 (5a), 164 pp.","MICOLETZKY, H. (1922). Die freilebenden Erd-Nematoden. Arch. Naturgesch. A 87, 1- 650.","MICOLETZKY, H. (1925). Die freilebenden Susswasser- und Moornematoden Danemarks. K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 8 (10), 55- 310.","MULVEY, R. H. (1969-a). Nematodes of the genus Tylenchorhynchus (Tylenchoidea : Nematoda) from the Canadian high Arctic. Can. J. Zool. 47, 1245-1248.","MULVEY, R. H. (1969-b). Nematodes of the family Neotylenchidae (Tylenchida : Nematoda) from the Canadian high Arctic. Ibid. 47, 1261 - 1268.","RASKI, D. J. & GOLDEN, A. M. (1966). Studies on the genus Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 with descriptions of eleven new species and Bakernema variabile n.sp. (Criconematidae : Nematoda). Nematologica 11, 501 - 565.","ROSSEN, H. VAN & LOOF, P. A. A. (1962). Notities over het voorkomen van enkele aaltjessoorten in Zweden. Versl. Meded. PIZiekt. Dienst 136, 185-192.","SCHNEIDER, W. (1939). Wurmer II: Fadenwurmer oder Nematoden I: Freilebende und pflanzenparasitische Nematoden. Tierwelt Deutschlands 36, 260 pp.","STEINER, G. (1916). Freilebende Nematoden von Nowaja-Semlja. Zool. Anz. 47, 50- 74.","THORNE, G. (1925). The genus Acrobeles von Linstow 1887 (sie). Trans. Amer. mier. Soc. 44, 171-210.","THORNE, G. (1929). Nematodes from the summit of Long's Peak, Colorado. Ibid, 48, 181-195.","THORNE, G. & SwANGER, H. H. ( 1936). A monograph of the nematode genera Dorylaimus Dujardin, Aporcelaimusn.g.,Dorylaimoides n.g. and Pungentus n.g. Capita zool. 6 (A), 1-223 .","WIESER, W. (1956). Free-living marine nematodes III. Axonolaimoidea and Monhysteroidea . Acta Univ. lund. N.F. avd. 2, 52, 115 pp.","Wu, L. Y. (1969-a). Dactylotylenchinae, a new subfamily (Tylenchidae : Nematoda). Can. J. Zool. 47, 909-911 .","Wu, L. Y. ( 1969-b). Five new species of Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda : Tylenchidae) from the Canadian high Arctic. Ibid. 47, 1005-1010."]}

Tylenchorhynchus magnicauda (Thorne, 1935) Filipjev, 1936 (Fig. 10). Dimensions of nine females: L = 0.68-0.92 mm; a = 25-30; b =4.0-4.7; c = 15-18; V = 19" 27 57- 6 1 21 - 28; spear = 25- 28 \i. These specimens differ in some minor details from the original description. The excretory pore lies more anterior, viz. opposite the posterior part of the isthmus. The phasmids lie also more anterior, 43 % (38 -55) of tail length from the anus. Contrary to Allen's (1955) illustration the cuticle of the terminus is strongly thickened. Tail 2. 1-2.8 anal body widths long, with 34-42 annules. Median bulb located at 46-48 % of neck length from head end. Terminal bulb very long, slightly overlapping. The large dorsal gland nucleus lies close to the base of the bulb. Vulva a transverse slit 11 (JL long. Male not found, female gonads without sperm. Body straight in death. This species is strongly reminiscent of the genus Pratylenchoides through shape of lip region, stout spear with very heavy basal knobs, posterior position of vulva, and cylindroid tail with broadly rounded, annulated terminus. So far it has been known only from the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Samples 18, 26, 56 and 66., Published as part of P. A. A. LOOF, 1971, FREELIVING AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM SPITZBERGEN, COLLECTED BY MR. H. VAN ROSSEN, pp. 1-86 in Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71 on page 41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8152982

Tylenchorhynchus arcticus Mulvey, 1969 (Fig. 11). Dimensions: Females (n = 14): L = 0.99 -1. 25 mm; a = 31- 38; b = 5.9 - 7.6; c = 13 -21; V = 21- 3548- 5522" 33; spear = 34-37 JA. Males (n = 11): L = 0.88 -1. 22 mm; a = 35-45; b = 5.7- 7.9; c = 14-16; T = 42-49; spear = 32-35 JA. Body nearly straight in death, only male tail curved slightly to ventral side. Cuticle with peculiar punctation which may be a fixation artefact; composed of two well-demarcated layers. Annulation very fine (1 JA, on tail occasionally even less) but distinct. Lateral field with six longitudinal lines, the inner ones originating about level of base of oesophagus. The lateral field is very indistinct owing to the punctation. Deirids not visible. No longitudinal striation outside the lateral field. Lip region offset, knob-shaped, with six to seven annules; offset by a deep constriction. Perioral disc slightly raised, not refractive. Internal sclerotization of lips moderately developed, cheilorhabdions more distinct than in many other species of this genus. Spear very thin, with basal knobs directed posteriad. Orifice of dorsal oesophageal gland about 3 JA behind base of spear. Median bulb large, broadly oval, in the male slightly narrower; measuring 17-20 x 12-16 jj. in the female, 16-20 x 10-12 \x in the male. Valves central, distinct, located at 51- 55 % of oesophagus length from head end. Isthmus very long and thin. Terminal bulb large, saccate, slightly overlapping the mid-intestine. The nerve ring surrounds the middle of the isthmus. Hemizonid located slightly anterior to the end of the isthmus; the excretory pore lies 5-10 annules behind the hemizonid. Female. Vulva transverse. Gonads with round spermathecas filled with sperm. No eggs. Tail conoid with round, almost smooth terminus, its length equal to 2.3 -3.3 anal body widths; with 54 - 74 annules. Phasmids located at 33-48 % of tail length. Male. Testis outstretched. Spicules tylenchoid, 26-29 jx long. Gubernaculum curved, 9 [x long. Bursa with crenate edge, enveloping tail. Just before the terminus the tail is constricted distinctly on the ventral side, slightly so on the dorsal side, thus resembling the tail of Pratylenchoides; its length equal to 3.5 -4.7 anal body widths. Samples 3, 11, 18, 25, 40, 48, 52, 64 and 66. These specimens differ from the Canadian type specimens by the much strong­ er constriction of the male tail and by the higher number of tail annules in the female, Mulvey's illustration giving 46; however, five paratypes had 60- 70. From Geocenamus this species differs by the absence of a refractive perioral disc., Published as part of P. A. A. LOOF, 1971, FREELIVING AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM SPITZBERGEN, COLLECTED BY MR. H. VAN ROSSEN, pp. 1-86 in Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71 on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8152982

Tylenchorhynchus microdorus Geraert, 1966. Dimensions: Females (n = 25): L = 0.62 mm (0. 58 -0.71); a = 24 (22 -26); b = 5.0 (4.5- 5.7); c = 12.3 (10.6-14.8); V = 56 (54-59); d = 34 (27-38); G 2 = 30 (25- 36); spear = 13 jx (12-15). Males (n = 25): L = 0.61 mm (0.52-0.73); a = 27(23-31);b = 5.1 (4.3 -5.7); c = 10.7 (9. 5 -11.4); T = 55 (47 -62); spear = 14 jx (12-15); spicules = 23 u. (21- 26). This species strongly resembles T.nanus Allen, 1955. It is, on the average, longer and less slender, the spear in the male is distinctly longer, and the phasmids lie more posterior, in the Spitzbergen females at 49 % (41-60) of tail length. Moreover the tail is relatively shorter; in the Spitzbergen females it measures 2.8 (2.5-3.5) anal body widths, in the males 3.6 (2.9 -4.8). The lateral field shows the punctation described as differentiating character by Geraert, but it should be noted that occasionally this may be found in isolated specimens of other nematode species as well. It is difficult to say whether in the Spitzbergen females the tail tip is striated or not; at any rate it is not so conspicuously smooth as in T. brevidens, but distinct annules were not visible either. The median bulb lies just anterior to the middle of the oesophagus (47 (43 -49)%). This species seems further to differ from T. nanus by the lower lip region with less than seven annules; in fact, the lip region is conspicuously low, more so than in T. nanus judging after Allen's illustration. Samples 30 (one specimen), 53 and 54 (dominant in both). In sample 17 one female was found agreeing generally with T. microdorus, but with a spear length of 17 [x, which might suggest that it belongs to T.nothus Allen, 1955. Dimensions: L = 0.69 mm; a = 28; b = 5.7; c = 13; V = 27 5229; median bulb at 48 % of neck length; T /ABW = 3.2. The only difference is the anterior position of the phasmids (35 % of tail length) which is different from both nothus and microdorus., Published as part of P. A. A. LOOF, 1971, FREELIVING AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM SPITZBERGEN, COLLECTED BY MR. H. VAN ROSSEN, pp. 1-86 in Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8152982

Tylenchorhynchus leptus Allen, 1955. Dimensions of 30 females: L = 0.79 mm (0.64-0.91); a = 28 (25 - 31); b = 5.5 (5.0- 6.2); c = 11.6 (10.4-12.8); V = 54 (51- 58); G ^ = 27 (24- 31); G 2 = 26 (23- 30); spear = 26 jx (24-28). These specimens agree well in length with the types from Colorado, but they are smaller and especially stouter than those described from Sweden by van Rossen & Loof (1962); in accordance with this the tail measures only 3.5 (3.2-3.9) anal body widths against 4- 5 in the Swedish specimens. The empty spermatheca is conspicuous here too. In most specimens the ovaries have a small digitiform process at the blind ends. The median bulb lies at 55 % (52-58) of neck length from head end; the phasmids lie at 36 % (24-46) of tail length from the anus. This species is common and widespread on Spitzbergen. Found in samples 1, 3, 4, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 55 and 56. It is widely distributed in Europe: apart from Sweden and Spitzbergen it has been found in Switzerland (Brienz, Furkastrasse, Dischmatal, Airolo), Austria (Lechtal, Gneis) and Italy (Dolomites)., Published as part of P. A. A. LOOF, 1971, FREELIVING AND PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM SPITZBERGEN, COLLECTED BY MR. H. VAN ROSSEN, pp. 1-86 in Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8152982

Awl nematodes were first described in 1914 from specimens collected at Silver Springs, Florida, and Douglas Lake, Michigan. Species of Dolichodorus are found worldwide, but two species, D. heterocephalus and D. miradvulvus, are the most common in Florida. Usually, awl nematodes are found in moist to wet soil, low areas of fields, and near irrigation ditches and other bodies of fresh water. Because these nematodes prefer moist to wet soils they rarely occur in agricultural fields and are not as well studied as many other plant-parasitic nematodes. This document is EENY-241, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: September 2001. EENY241/IN397: Awl Nematodes, Dolichodorus spp. Cobb, 1914 (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Tylenchina: Dolichodoridae: Dolichodorinae) (ufl.edu)