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1. The Ethics of Meritocratic Competition

Author

Dold, Malte, Gewecke, Andrew, Mathis, Klaus, Series Editor, Chiassoni, Pierluigi, Editorial Board Member, Cserne, Péter, Editorial Board Member, Deffains, Bruno, Editorial Board Member, Eger, Thomas, Editorial Board Member, Golecki, Mariusz J., Editorial Board Member, Heinemann, Andreas, Editorial Board Member, Lanneau, Régis, Editorial Board Member, Portuese, Aurélien, Editorial Board Member, Purnhagen, Kai, Editorial Board Member, Reisch, Lucia A., Editorial Board Member, Sibony, Anne-Lise, Editorial Board Member, Stavang, Endre, Editorial Board Member, and Tor, Avishalom, editor

Published
2024
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9. Taking psychology seriously: a self-determination theory perspective on Robert Sugden’s opportunity criterion.

Author

Dold, Malte, van Emmerick, Elias, and Fabian, Mark

Subjects
*SELF-determination theory, *AUTONOMY (Psychology), *NORMATIVE economics, *PSYCHOLOGY, *AGENT (Philosophy)
Abstract

Robert Sugden (2018. The Community of Advantage: A Behavioural Economist’s Defence of the Market. Oxford University Press) offers an alternative account for normative economics grounded in the view that it is in each individual’s interest to have more opportunity rather than less, irrespective of whether their decisions reveal well-ordered preferences. Our paper characterizes Sugden’s proposal as a step in the right direction, but as insufficient. His opportunity criterion does not go far enough in taking insights from psychology seriously. Sugden defends an idea of agency understood as a person’s subjective sense of being in control of her actions. To realize this sense of being in control, we argue that a focus on opportunity-only is problematic; people also need agentic capabilities. We use self-determination theory (SDT) to develop a subjective account of agency that is grounded in psychological science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Competition and moral behavior:A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs

Author

Huber, Christoph, Dreber, Anna, Huber, Jürgen, Johannesson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Weitzel, Utz, Abellán, Miguel, Adayeva, Xeniya, Ay, Fehime Ceren, Barron, Kai, Berry, Zachariah, Bönte, Werner, Brütt, Katharina, Bulutay, Muhammed, Campos-Mercade, Pol, Cardella, Eric, Claassen, Maria Almudena, Cornelissen, Gert, Dawson, Ian G. J., Delnoij, Joyce, Demiral, Elif E., Dimant, Eugen, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor, Dold, Malte, Emery, Cécile, Fiala, Lenka, Fiedler, Susann, Freddi, Eleonora, Fries, Tilman, Gasiorowska, Agata, Glogowsky, Ulrich, M. Gorny, Paul, Gretton, Jeremy David, Grohmann, Antonia, Hafenbrädl, Sebastian, Handgraaf, Michel, Hanoch, Yaniv, Hart, Einav, Hennig, Max, Hudja, Stanton, Hütter, Mandy, Hyndman, Kyle, Ioannidis, Konstantinos, Isler, Ozan, Jeworrek, Sabrina, Jolles, Daniel, Juanchich, Marie, KC, Raghabendra Pratap, Khadjavi, Menusch, Kugler, Tamar, Li, Shuwen, Lucas, Brian, Mak, Vincent, Mechtel, Mario, Merkle, Christoph, Meyers, Ethan Andrew, Mollerstrom, Johanna, Nesterov, Alexander, Neyse, Levent, Nieken, Petra, Nussberger, Anne-Marie, Palumbo, Helena, Peters, Kim, Pirrone, Angelo, Qin, Xiangdong, Rahal, Rima Maria, Rau, Holger, Rincke, Johannes, Ronzani, Piero, Roth, Yefim, Saral, Ali Seyhun, Schmitz, Jan, Schneider, Florian, Schram, Arthur, Schudy, Simeon, Schweitzer, Maurice E., Schwieren, Christiane, Scopelliti, Irene, Sirota, Miroslav, Sonnemans, Joep, Soraperra, Ivan, Spantig, Lisa, Steimanis, Ivo, Steinmetz, Janina, Suetens, Sigrid, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Urbig, Diemo, Vorlaufer, Tobias, Waibel, Joschka, Woods, Daniel, Yakobi, Ofir, Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz, Zeisberger, Stefan, Holzmeister, Felix, Finance, Ethics, Governance and Society, Tinbergen Institute, Spatial Economics, Amsterdam Sustainability Institute, School of Business and Economics, Huber, Christoph [0000-0001-5820-571X], Dreber, Anna [0000-0003-3989-9941], Huber, Jürgen [0000-0003-0073-0321], Johannesson, Magnus [0000-0001-8759-6393], Kirchler, Michael [0000-0002-5416-2545], Weitzel, Utz [0000-0003-0493-9333], Abellán, Miguel [0000-0002-0159-8505], Adayeva, Xeniya [0000-0003-3761-8763], Ay, Fehime Ceren [0000-0003-4444-2268], Barron, Kai [0000-0001-7259-4184], Berry, Zachariah [0000-0002-0827-6437], Brütt, Katharina [0000-0002-3003-0652], Claassen, Maria Almudena [0000-0001-7411-7330], Cornelissen, Gert [0000-0002-0300-4942], Dawson, Ian GJ [0000-0003-0555-9682], Delnoij, Joyce [0000-0002-0627-5318], Dimant, Eugen [0000-0002-5228-6966], Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor [0000-0002-0228-7725], Dold, Malte [0000-0002-1626-9878], Emery, Cécile [0000-0002-7272-1144], Fiala, Lenka [0000-0003-0216-7050], Fiedler, Susann [0000-0001-9337-2142], Freddi, Eleonora [0000-0002-1794-5188], Gasiorowska, Agata [0000-0002-3354-1095], Glogowsky, Ulrich [0000-0002-0781-1119], M Gorny, Paul [0000-0003-3737-2695], Gretton, Jeremy David [0000-0002-2417-4035], Hafenbrädl, Sebastian [0000-0002-5148-766X], Handgraaf, Michel [0000-0003-0809-5393], Hanoch, Yaniv [0000-0001-9453-4588], Hart, Einav [0000-0003-0641-2359], Hütter, Mandy [0000-0002-0952-3831], Hyndman, Kyle [0000-0003-3666-8734], Ioannidis, Konstantinos [0000-0003-2858-4688], Isler, Ozan [0000-0002-4638-2230], Jeworrek, Sabrina [0000-0001-7967-9383], Jolles, Daniel [0000-0003-1277-0793], Juanchich, Marie [0000-0003-0241-9529], Kc, Raghabendra Pratap [0000-0001-5627-5570], Khadjavi, Menusch [0000-0002-8152-3369], Kugler, Tamar [0000-0002-7211-9858], Li, Shuwen [0000-0002-8822-4185], Lucas, Brian [0000-0003-3569-3030], Mak, Vincent [0000-0002-4690-0819], Merkle, Christoph [0000-0002-5141-4639], Meyers, Ethan Andrew [0000-0001-6171-6780], Mollerstrom, Johanna [0000-0002-8097-2058], Nesterov, Alexander [0000-0002-9143-2938], Neyse, Levent [0000-0001-6005-579X], Nieken, Petra [0000-0001-6157-6749], Nussberger, Anne-Marie [0000-0002-1805-9399], Palumbo, Helena [0000-0003-1978-3386], Pirrone, Angelo [0000-0001-5984-7853], Qin, Xiangdong [0000-0002-4471-8730], Rahal, Rima Maria [0000-0002-1404-0471], Ronzani, Piero [0000-0002-8211-6028], Roth, Yefim [0000-0003-2732-0496], Saral, Ali Seyhun [0000-0002-5523-5355], Schmitz, Jan [0000-0002-5410-9322], Schneider, Florian [0000-0002-8406-2756], Schram, Arthur [0000-0002-1767-4998], Schudy, Simeon [0000-0002-4409-0576], Schweitzer, Maurice E [0000-0003-4795-4816], Schwieren, Christiane [0000-0002-5266-3725], Scopelliti, Irene [0000-0001-6712-5332], Sirota, Miroslav [0000-0003-2117-9532], Sonnemans, Joep [0000-0001-7545-7409], Soraperra, Ivan [0000-0002-4596-3885], Spantig, Lisa [0000-0003-0776-3863], Steimanis, Ivo [0000-0002-8550-4675], Steinmetz, Janina [0000-0003-3299-4858], Suetens, Sigrid [0000-0001-6168-6059], Theodoropoulou, Andriana [0000-0003-3100-543X], Vorlaufer, Tobias [0000-0002-1586-5715], Yakobi, Ofir [0000-0002-9253-7483], Yilmaz, Onurcan [0000-0002-6094-7162], Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz [0000-0002-4232-6151], Zeisberger, Stefan [0000-0002-8412-622X], Holzmeister, Felix [0000-0001-9606-0427], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
metascience, experimental design, Postdoc Directie - ENR, BF Psychology, Economics, WASS, moral behavior, Urban Economics, H Social Sciences, ddc:330, ddc:500, Institute for Management Research, competition, generalizability
Abstract

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(23), e2215572120 (2023). doi:10.1073/pnas.2215572120, Published by National Acad. of Sciences, Washington, DC

Published
2023

24. Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs

Author

Huber, Christoph, primary, Dreber, Anna, additional, Huber, Jürgen, additional, Johannesson, Magnus, additional, Kirchler, Michael, additional, Weitzel, Utz, additional, Abellán, Miguel, additional, Adayeva, Xeniya, additional, Ay, Fehime Ceren, additional, Barron, Kai, additional, Berry, Zachariah, additional, Bönte, Werner, additional, Brütt, Katharina, additional, Bulutay, Muhammed, additional, Campos-Mercade, Pol, additional, Cardella, Eric, additional, Claassen, Maria Almudena, additional, Cornelissen, Gert, additional, Dawson, Ian G. J., additional, Delnoij, Joyce, additional, Demiral, Elif E., additional, Dimant, Eugen, additional, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor, additional, Dold, Malte, additional, Emery, Cécile, additional, Fiala, Lenka, additional, Fiedler, Susann, additional, Freddi, Eleonora, additional, Fries, Tilman, additional, Gasiorowska, Agata, additional, Glogowsky, Ulrich, additional, M. Gorny, Paul, additional, Gretton, Jeremy David, additional, Grohmann, Antonia, additional, Hafenbrädl, Sebastian, additional, Handgraaf, Michel, additional, Hanoch, Yaniv, additional, Hart, Einav, additional, Hennig, Max, additional, Hudja, Stanton, additional, Hütter, Mandy, additional, Hyndman, Kyle, additional, Ioannidis, Konstantinos, additional, Isler, Ozan, additional, Jeworrek, Sabrina, additional, Jolles, Daniel, additional, Juanchich, Marie, additional, KC, Raghabendra Pratap, additional, Khadjavi, Menusch, additional, Kugler, Tamar, additional, Li, Shuwen, additional, Lucas, Brian, additional, Mak, Vincent, additional, Mechtel, Mario, additional, Merkle, Christoph, additional, Meyers, Ethan Andrew, additional, Mollerstrom, Johanna, additional, Nesterov, Alexander, additional, Neyse, Levent, additional, Nieken, Petra, additional, Nussberger, Anne-Marie, additional, Palumbo, Helena, additional, Peters, Kim, additional, Pirrone, Angelo, additional, Qin, Xiangdong, additional, Rahal, Rima Maria, additional, Rau, Holger, additional, Rincke, Johannes, additional, Ronzani, Piero, additional, Roth, Yefim, additional, Saral, Ali Seyhun, additional, Schmitz, Jan, additional, Schneider, Florian, additional, Schram, Arthur, additional, Schudy, Simeon, additional, Schweitzer, Maurice E., additional, Schwieren, Christiane, additional, Scopelliti, Irene, additional, Sirota, Miroslav, additional, Sonnemans, Joep, additional, Soraperra, Ivan, additional, Spantig, Lisa, additional, Steimanis, Ivo, additional, Steinmetz, Janina, additional, Suetens, Sigrid, additional, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, additional, Urbig, Diemo, additional, Vorlaufer, Tobias, additional, Waibel, Joschka, additional, Woods, Daniel, additional, Yakobi, Ofir, additional, Yilmaz, Onurcan, additional, Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz, additional, Zeisberger, Stefan, additional, and Holzmeister, Felix, additional

Published
2023
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27. Stability of the liberal order, moral learning, and constitutional choice: an unresolved tension in James Buchanan's political economy.

Author

Dold, Malte F. and Petersen, Matías

Subjects
*INSTITUTIONAL environment, *VIRTUE ethics, *SOCIAL structure, *OPEN-ended questions, *SOCIAL context
Abstract

Buchanan mentions at several points in his oeuvre the necessary role for a constitutional attitude. This attitude is both explanatory and evaluative; it explains why citizens value liberty but also highlights one of the necessary conditions for the stability of a free society. We argue that Buchanan's idea of a 'constitutional attitude' is extremely relevant, though underdeveloped. Firstly, it remains an open question what exactly a constitutional attitude means in practice and it is unclear what kind of institutions would foster it. Secondly, we believe that the success of his constitutional political economy project depends on some account of moral learning. Although Buchanan stresses the individual aspect of the process of self-constitution, he doesn't take sufficient account of how the institutional environment and our social relationships structure this process. We discuss to what extent a broadly neo-Aristotelian account of moral learning can provide a more robust foundation for Buchanan's ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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32. Introduction to the INEM 2021 conference special issue

Author

Applied Econometrics, UU LEG Research UUSE Multidisciplinary Economics, Dold, Malte, DesRoches, C. Tyler, Burnazoglu, Merve, Applied Econometrics, UU LEG Research UUSE Multidisciplinary Economics, Dold, Malte, DesRoches, C. Tyler, and Burnazoglu, Merve

Published
2023

33. Competition and moral behavior : A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs

Author

Huber, Christoph, Dreber, Anna, Huber, Jürgen, Johannesson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Weitzel, Utz, Abellán, Miguel, Adayeva, Xeniya, Ay, Fehime Ceren, Barron, Kai, Berry, Zachariah, Bönte, Werner, Brütt, Katharina, Bulutay, Muhammed, Campos-Mercade, Pol, Cardella, Eric, Claassen, Maria Almudena, Cornelissen, Gert, Dawson, Ian G.J., Delnoij, Joyce, Demiral, Elif E., Dimant, Eugen, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor, Dold, Malte, Emery, Cécile, Fiala, Lenka, Fiedler, Susann, Freddi, Eleonora, Fries, Tilman, Gasiorowska, Agata, Glogowsky, Ulrich, Gorny, Paul M., Gretton, Jeremy David, Grohmann, Antonia, Hafenbrädl, Sebastian, Handgraaf, Michel, Hanoch, Yaniv, Hart, Einav, Hennig, Max, Hudja, Stanton, Hütter, Mandy, Hyndman, Kyle, Ioannidis, Konstantinos, Isler, Ozan, Jeworrek, Sabrina, Jolles, Daniel, Juanchich, Marie, Pratap KC, Raghabendra, Khadjavi, Menusch, Kugler, Tamar, Li, Shuwen, Lucas, Brian, Mak, Vincent, Mechtel, Mario, Merkle, Christoph, Meyers, Ethan Andrew, Mollerstrom, Johanna, Nesterov, Alexander, Neyse, Levent, Nieken, Petra, Nussberger, Anne Marie, Palumbo, Helena, Peters, Kim, Pirrone, Angelo, Qin, Xiangdong, Rahal, Rima Maria, Rau, Holger, Rincke, Johannes, Ronzani, Piero, Roth, Yefim, Saral, Ali Seyhun, Schmitz, Jan, Schneider, Florian, Schram, Arthur, Schudy, Simeon, Schweitzer, Maurice E., Schwieren, Christiane, Scopelliti, Irene, Sirota, Miroslav, Sonnemans, Joep, Soraperra, Ivan, Spantig, Lisa, Steimanis, Ivo, Steinmetz, Janina, Suetens, Sigrid, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Urbig, Diemo, Vorlaufer, Tobias, Waibel, Joschka, Woods, Daniel, Yakobi, Ofir, Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz, Zeisberger, Stefan, Holzmeister, Felix, Huber, Christoph, Dreber, Anna, Huber, Jürgen, Johannesson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Weitzel, Utz, Abellán, Miguel, Adayeva, Xeniya, Ay, Fehime Ceren, Barron, Kai, Berry, Zachariah, Bönte, Werner, Brütt, Katharina, Bulutay, Muhammed, Campos-Mercade, Pol, Cardella, Eric, Claassen, Maria Almudena, Cornelissen, Gert, Dawson, Ian G.J., Delnoij, Joyce, Demiral, Elif E., Dimant, Eugen, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor, Dold, Malte, Emery, Cécile, Fiala, Lenka, Fiedler, Susann, Freddi, Eleonora, Fries, Tilman, Gasiorowska, Agata, Glogowsky, Ulrich, Gorny, Paul M., Gretton, Jeremy David, Grohmann, Antonia, Hafenbrädl, Sebastian, Handgraaf, Michel, Hanoch, Yaniv, Hart, Einav, Hennig, Max, Hudja, Stanton, Hütter, Mandy, Hyndman, Kyle, Ioannidis, Konstantinos, Isler, Ozan, Jeworrek, Sabrina, Jolles, Daniel, Juanchich, Marie, Pratap KC, Raghabendra, Khadjavi, Menusch, Kugler, Tamar, Li, Shuwen, Lucas, Brian, Mak, Vincent, Mechtel, Mario, Merkle, Christoph, Meyers, Ethan Andrew, Mollerstrom, Johanna, Nesterov, Alexander, Neyse, Levent, Nieken, Petra, Nussberger, Anne Marie, Palumbo, Helena, Peters, Kim, Pirrone, Angelo, Qin, Xiangdong, Rahal, Rima Maria, Rau, Holger, Rincke, Johannes, Ronzani, Piero, Roth, Yefim, Saral, Ali Seyhun, Schmitz, Jan, Schneider, Florian, Schram, Arthur, Schudy, Simeon, Schweitzer, Maurice E., Schwieren, Christiane, Scopelliti, Irene, Sirota, Miroslav, Sonnemans, Joep, Soraperra, Ivan, Spantig, Lisa, Steimanis, Ivo, Steinmetz, Janina, Suetens, Sigrid, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Urbig, Diemo, Vorlaufer, Tobias, Waibel, Joschka, Woods, Daniel, Yakobi, Ofir, Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zaleskiewicz, Tomasz, Zeisberger, Stefan, and Holzmeister, Felix

Abstract

Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity-variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity-estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs-indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis.

Published
2023

34. Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs

Author

Huber, Christoph; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-571X, Dreber, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-9941, Huber, Jürgen; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-0321, Johannesson, Magnus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8759-6393, Kirchler, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-2545, Weitzel, Utz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0493-9333, Abellán, Miguel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-8505, Adayeva, Xeniya; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-8763, Ay, Fehime Ceren; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-2268, Barron, Kai; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-4184, Berry, Zachariah; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-6437, Bönte, Werner, Brütt, Katharina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-0652, Bulutay, Muhammed, Campos-Mercade, Pol, Cardella, Eric, Claassen, Maria Almudena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-7330, Cornelissen, Gert; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-4942, Dawson, Ian G J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-9682, Delnoij, Joyce; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0627-5318, Demiral, Elif E, Dimant, Eugen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-6966, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-7725, Dold, Malte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-9878, Emery, Cécile; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7272-1144, Fiala, Lenka; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-7050, Fiedler, Susann; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-2142, Freddi, Eleonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-5188, Fries, Tilman, Zeisberger, Stefan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-622X, Huber, Christoph; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-571X, Dreber, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-9941, Huber, Jürgen; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-0321, Johannesson, Magnus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8759-6393, Kirchler, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-2545, Weitzel, Utz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0493-9333, Abellán, Miguel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-8505, Adayeva, Xeniya; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-8763, Ay, Fehime Ceren; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-2268, Barron, Kai; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-4184, Berry, Zachariah; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-6437, Bönte, Werner, Brütt, Katharina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-0652, Bulutay, Muhammed, Campos-Mercade, Pol, Cardella, Eric, Claassen, Maria Almudena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-7330, Cornelissen, Gert; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-4942, Dawson, Ian G J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0555-9682, Delnoij, Joyce; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0627-5318, Demiral, Elif E, Dimant, Eugen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-6966, Doerflinger, Johannes Theodor; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-7725, Dold, Malte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1626-9878, Emery, Cécile; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7272-1144, Fiala, Lenka; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-7050, Fiedler, Susann; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-2142, Freddi, Eleonora; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1794-5188, Fries, Tilman, and Zeisberger, Stefan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-622X

Abstract

Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity—variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity—estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs—indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis.

Published
2023

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