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Krmno bilje predstavlja grupu različitih biljnih vrsta iz familija Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, za koje je zajedničko formiranje bujne vegetativne mase koja se koristi u ishrani stoke (Karagić i sar., 2019). U poslednje tri godine, površine pod krmnim biljem u Srbiji iznosile su između 223.000 i 235.000 ha. Tokom 2020. godine krmno bilje je u ukupnoj površini zasejanih oranica i bašta zauzimalo 9,0%, tokom 2021. godine 8,7%, a 2022. godine 8,6% (Republika Srbija, 2023). Biljna masa krmnih biljaka se u ishrani stoke koristi kao kabasta ili koncentrovana hrana, kao proteinska ili ugljeno-hidratna komponenta. Krmne biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao pašnjaci i livade ili kao oranične kulture, usevi koji se uzgajaju za konzervisanu ili svežu hranu (Fuglie et al., 2021). U Srbiji je dominantniji način iskorišćavanja proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane, zelena krma, seno, senaža ili silaža, dok se proteinski grašak koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Upotrebom konzervisane kabaste hrane zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta postiže se ušteda u proizvodnji na račun manje potrošnje skupih koncentrata (Karagić i sar., 2016). Većina krmnih biljaka može se gajiti i kao združeni usev sa drugim biljnim vrstama i na taj način osigurava se proizvodnja veće količine izbalansirane stočne hrane u pogledu hranljive vrednosti. Gajenje krmnog bilja ima niz prednosti, osim direktne koristi koja se ogleda u proizvodnji stočne hrane, uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u plodored smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije (Katanski i sar., 2022). Za postizanje visokih prinosa zelene krme zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta neophodna je pravovremena primena svih neophodnih agrotehničkih mera. Mamlić i sar. (2023) su na osnovu rezultata višegodišnjih istraživanja na biljkama iz familije leguminoza zaključili da pravovremena i pravilna primena preporučenih agrotehničkih mera, pre svega obrada zemljišta i upotreba đubr

Traditional farming practices, focussing on cultivating single crops have detrimental effects such as high input of agrochemicals, soil erosion, and the development of pesticide-resistant pests. Furthermore, the use and production of nitrogen fertilisers in such systems can lead to the release of CO, contributing to climate change. Hence, agroecosystems that combine robust crop yields with reduced resource inputs are needed and there is a rising interest in cereal-legume intercropping. However, challenges remain, including the difficulty of managing the variable proportions of each species in the harvested mixture and the limited understanding of how individual crops perform within intercropping systems. The aim of this study was to estimate how intercropping of hull-less barley and oat with pea contribute to better crop performance under climatic conditions of Serbia. The trials were conducted at Rimski Šančevi (Vojvodina, North province of Serbia) using a RCBD design with four replicates. Sowing densities were 30% (hull-ess barley or oats):70% (pea). On average, the yield of hull-less barley (Golijat) and oats (Dunav) in 2022 and 2023 was notably higher in pure stands compared to intercropping practices.

Oplemeljivanje lucerke u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu započeto je posle Drugog svetskog rata, korišćenjem autohtonih populacija, primenom masovne selekcije, kao najstarije metode. Osnovu uspešnog oplemenjivanja lucerke čini bogata genetska kolekcija, koja je prikupljana, ne samo od autohtonih populacija iz zemlje, već i razmenom materijala sa domaćim i svetskim naučno-istraživačkim institucijama i gen bankama, kao i kroz učešće istraživača u međunarodnim projektima. Oplemenjivanje lucerke u Institutu traje neprekidno više od šest decenija, kroz nekoliko ciklusa, primenom različitih oplemenjivačkih metoda, što je rezultiralo sa 22 sorte priznate u Srbiji i 9 sorti registrovanih u inostranstvu (EU, Belorusija, Ukrajina, Turska, Maroko). Iz globalne perspektive, kraj 20. i početak 21. veka obeležilo je uvođenje novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke - semihibridno oplemenjivanje, kao jedan od načina da se poveća prinos krme lucerke, a farmeri u narednim godinama mogu očekivati nove, visokoprinosne i visokokvalitetne sorte lucerke. Savremene metoda biotehnologije –molekularni markeri, koji su značajni sa aspekta povećanja efikasnosti oplemenjivanja lucerke, takođe se intenzivno primenjuju u oplemenjivačkom radu. Poslednjih godina, Institut se intenzivnije bavi oplemenjivačkim strategijama vezanim za uvođenje genetičke osnove otpornosti na kisela zemljišta/Al tolerantnost korišćenjem populacija diploidne lucerke (M. lessingii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kar.), što predstavlja prvi pokušaj povećanja tolerantnosti lucerke na kisela zemljišta. U oplemenjivanju lucerke istraživanja su usmerena ka stvaranju sorti visoke produkcije nadzemne biomase, kao i proučavanje dugovečnosti – trajnosti sorti. Ispitivanje kvaliteta, posebno hranljive vrednosti i svarljivosti krme, kao i povećanje nivoa otpornosti na ekonomski značajne bolesti i poleganje lucerke, jedan su od pravaca rada na oplemenjivanju lucerke u Institutu., Breeding of alfalfa at the Institute of Field and Vegetables in Novi Sad began after the World War II, using autochthonous populations, and mass selection, as the oldest breeding method. The basis of successful alfalfa breeding is a rich genetic collection, which was collected not only from indigenous populations, but also by the exchange of genotypes with domestic and foreign research institutions and gene banks, as well as through the participation of researchers in international projects. Alfalfa breeding at the Institute has been going on continuously for more than six decades, through several cycles, using different breeding methods, which resulted in the development of 22 alfalfa cultivars in scribed in Serbia and 9 cultivars released abroad (EU, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey, Morocco). From a global perspective, the end of the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st century was marked by the introduction of a new concept of alfalfa breeding - semi-hybrid breeding, as one of the ways to increase the alfalfa biomass yield, and feed producers can expect the release of new, high- yielding and high-quality cultivars in the coming years. Modern methods of biotechnology - molecular markers, which are significant from the aspect of increasing the efficiency of alfalfa breeding, are also intensively applied in breeding work. In recent years, the Institute has been more intensively dealing with breeding strategies related to the introduction of the genetic basis of acid soil resistance/Al tolerance using diploid alfalfa (M. caerulea) populations, which represents the first attempt to increase alfalfa tolerance to acid soils. In alfalfa breeding, research is directed towards the creation of cultivars with high production of biomass, as well as the study of the durability of the varieties. Testing the quality, especially the nutritional value and digestibility of forage, as well as increasing the level of resistance to economically significant diseases and alfalfa lodging, are o

Prinos i morfološke osobine mahunarki zavise od sorte, plodnosti zemljišta, agrotehničkih mera, kao i od vremenskih uslova u pojedinim godinama. Gajenjem mahunarki smanjuje se upotreba skupih mineralnih đubriva i smanjuje se zagađenje životne sredine. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se sumiraju dugogodišnja istraživanja o mogućnosti povećanja prinosa mahunarki., Yield and morphological traits of legume depend on the variety, cultivation practice as well as the weather conditions in certain years. The cultivation of legumes reduces the use of expensive mineral fertilizers and reduces environmental pollution. The aim of this research is to summarize many years of research on the possibility of increasing the yield of legumes.

Ovo je sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) Nera priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske., This is a registered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar Nera released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Srpska.

Protein pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a protein-rich legume (up to 33% of seed protein). Using pea in the human and animal diet provides one of the best solutions for the long-term lack of plant-based protein. Although soybean is one of the primary plant protein sources, the advantage of growing pea is their wider geographical area and colder climates adaptability. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different agroecological conditions in 64 protein pea cultivars on seed protein content and agronomical traits related to seed yield. A two-year trial on two European sites (Serbia and Belgium) was done using an augmented block design. The average temperatures and total precipitation amount during the vegetative period (March-August) in Serbia trials were 18.4 °C and 381.4 mm for 2019 and 18.1°C and 488.9 mm for 2020, and in Belgium trials 14.9 °C and 268.9 mm for 2019 and 14.7°C and 184.6 mm for 2020. Agronomical traits (flowering duration FD, plant seed yield PSY, thousand seed weight TSW, and seed per pod SPP) were determined using ten plant samples, while seed protein content (SPC) was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy (Table 1). Statistically significant differences between localities were determined by T-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined between traits. Multivariate analysis was performed based on the examination of mean values of traits for both localities, in order to investigate the population structure of 64 pea genotypes differing in color and seed type. Significant positive correlation was observed between TSW and PSY (0.60), and between SPP and SPC (0.25). A significant negative correlation was determined between SPC and TSW (-0.66) and between SPC and PSY (-0.41). The results of multivariate analysis based on seed color show the separation of pigmented seeds from mixed non-pigmented seeds by the first axis (35.9%) and yellow non-pigmented seeds by the second axis (17.9%), with no clear grouping in rel

Seme lucerke ima veliki privredni i ekonomski značaj od davnina, jer se smatra da je lucerka prva gajena krmna biljka. Danas je veoma raširena i gaji se u više od 80 zemalja na svim kontinentima od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa (Katić i sar., 2000). Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je po površinama najzastupljenija krmna kultura kako u svetu, tako i kod nas, pre svega zbog hemijskog sastava njene biljne mase. Sadržaj proteina u suvoj materiji lucerke varira između 18 i 25%, u zavisnosti od faze razvoja biljaka, otkosa, sorte i načina iskorišćavanja. Sadržaj mineralnih materija je 9,87%, dok se i sadržaj kalcijuma kreće od 1,4 do 1,9%. Sadržaj masnih materija je nizak, u proseku 1,78% (Katić et al., 2004)., Alfalfa seeds have been of great economic and economic importance since ancient times, because it is considered that alfalfa was the first cultivated fodder plant. Today it is very widespread and is cultivated in more than 80 countries on all continents from the temperate to the tropical zone (Katić et al., 2000). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most represented forage crop both in the world and in our country, primarily due to the chemical composition of its plant mass. The protein content in the dry matter of alfalfa varies between 18 and 25%, depending on the stage of plant development, cutting, variety and method of utilization. The mineral content is 9.87%, while the calcium content ranges from 1.4 to 1.9%. The content of fatty substances is low, on average 1.78% (Katić et al., 2004).