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A central bank is asked with managing public liquidity to keep inflation low and stable and to stimulate an economy’s business cycle. In Japan, monetary policy has been implemented by the Bank of Japan (BoJ) with the aim of maintaining price stability. However, there have been disruptive effects due to the past implementation of monetary policy in response to shocks related to financial crises and bursting economic bubbles. In this paper, we introduce some economic thoughts and philosophies regarding monetary policy such as monetarist concepts to evaluate the effects of political implementations by the BoJ. We also summarize historical approaches and the BoJ’s monetary policy philosophy. Based on a report by the BoJ (2002), the effects of policy implementations from 1994 to 2019 are analyzed empirically to determine the relationship between the monetary base and real economic indicators.

In this paper we empirically analyze relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Domestic Labor Productivity in 6 Japanese industries. We set a hypothesis and verify whether FDI activities may affect positively on the labor productivity of an industry in their home country. At first, we observe statistically time series data of FDI domestic investment and labor productivity in the home country. We consider a mechanism how FDI may affect on the domestic labor productivity, based on related previous research papers as Feldstein (1995), Desai et al. (2005) and others as well. To estimate our simple statistical model, we employ panel data from 1985 to 2004. In conclusion, we could find statistically relevant results for the relationship between FDI and domestic labor productivity.

This study verifies possibilities and problems about the promotion of female labor participation in Japan. In this paper we employ the approaches of Becker (1985), which discuss the enormously increase of the labor force participation of married women in Western countries until 1980's. Becker introduces the mechanism of the female labor participation from two aspects, "human capital" and "the division of labor." Also, Becker explains "allocation of effort" between house hold's production and labor market as a barrier of the labor participation for married women. In this paper, we summarize Becker's mechanism and accordingly verify to what extent the promotion of the Japanese female labor participation with statistic data last decades.

This research discusses the market integration of ASEAN countries under ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), in particular focusing on the integration of labor market and its effects. How would the new labor market affect corporate human resource management strategies. It develops the debate on the economic integration through combined angles of Economics and business management. Given the background of the economic integration theory as well as the past experiences within EU, we further examine the case of ASEAN through more micro level perspectives covering Japanese firms which are actually going to be affected by the integration. On the assumption that ASEAN economic integration encourages corporate reforms to adjust to the new labor market, we could predict that firms within the ASEAN start transformations of the existing structures of human resource management (HRM) systems. The interview data from four Japanese firms in Thailand and Singapore was gained in February 2015 before the integration starts in December 2015. This paper aims to show to what extent their HRM strategies have been ready to be transformed.

Alpha-fetoprotein- (AFP-) producing gastric cancer (AFPGC) is characterized by a high incidence of liver and lymph node metastases and poor prognosis. Although several case reports have described successful multidisciplinary treatment, there are currently no standard therapies for AFPGC. A 57-year-old man presented with upper abdominal pain. His serum AFP level was extremely high (588.9 ng/mL). Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple liver metastases with several lesions at an imminent risk of rupture. Five days after admission to our hospital, one lesion ruptured. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the ruptured tumor was performed, and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin (CDDP) to the other liver metastases was administered. The patient’s AFP levels decreased to 297.1 ng/mL. Gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed Borrmann type 2 lesion in the pyloric portion. Pathological examination indicated hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach and metastatic liver. The final diagnosis was AFPGC and multiple liver metastases. The patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with capecitabine/CDDP (cape/CDDP) for three months. His AFP level increased extremely, and CT revealed progression of the liver metastases. TACE was performed, and HAIC (5FU/CDDP) was administered to the progressive lesion of the liver. Originating from the gastric lesion, a distal gastrectomy and D2 + α lymph node resection were performed. One month after the operation, the patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with paclitaxel/ramucirumab (PTX/RAM). After eight cycles of chemotherapy, his AFP level had declined, and CT showed a complete response. After three months of drug withdrawal, the patient has undergone maintenance treatment with RAM. It has been two years since the recurrence. Our experience suggests that HAIC with 5-FU/CDDP and systemic chemotherapy with a regimen including RAM may be an effective treatment for AFPGC.

日本で初めてリンネの植物命名法を紹介し、日本で最初の理学博士となった伊藤圭介（1803～1901）は、近代日本を代表する植物学者である。江戸幕府が創設した蕃書調所（のち洋書調所、開成所と改称）の物産方（また物産局ともいう）で天産物研究の規範を構築し、明治政府下では多くの著書や論文を著わした伊藤圭介。同人の学を最も継承した人物が、門人の田中芳男（1838～1916）であることに疑念をはさむ者は少なかろう。田中は、伊藤圭介が幕府蕃書調所物産方に在勤した時代に描いた構想を実現し発展させていき、明治・大正期に天産物研究を牽引していくことになったと考えられる。 「物産の培養」、「国内の物産調査」、「物産会の開催」、「蝦夷地および小笠原の物産研究」などといった圭介が描いた天産物の研究構想を実現していくなかで、新たな日本を構築するために田中芳男が果たした役割は大きい。むろん田中のみならず、賛同した人物が行った活動により大きな展開を見せた可能性は少なくない。河原田盛美（1842～1914）もそのような人物の一人で、明治七（1874）年に田中と内務省で接点をもちはじめたのか、後に二人は共同研究を行うようになっているから、圭介の天産物研究の構想を引き継いだと思われるのである。はたして、河原田盛美に影響を与えたと考えられる田中芳男は、どのような天産物研究構想をもっていたのか。いかにして師の伊藤圭介から、田中は構想を引き継ぎ実現していったのか。 本稿では、幕政期に蕃書調所物産方で伊藤圭介が主体となりどのような天産物に関する研究を行っていたのかについて、筆者の旧稿をもとに確認した。また伊藤圭介が物産方を去り田中芳男が中心となり活動した時期に、江戸幕府がパリ万博（1867 年）に参加するなかで圭介が成し遂げられなかった「物産調査」に関わる構想を芳男が実現していく過程を考察した。さらに、田中がパリ万博に出張するなかで、国際社会の中で日本を見つけ直すことができるような目を養ってきたと位置づけた。, Book

Ceftriaxone (CTRX) is known to cause reversible biliary stones/sludge, which is called biliary pseudolithiasis. We report two rare cases of biliary obstruction by pseudolithiasis shortly after completing CTRX treatment. Stones and sludge, which had not been detected before CTRX administration, appeared in the gallbladder and common bile duct and led to biliary obstruction and acute cholangitis. The obstructions were successfully treated with endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage and endoscopic sphincterotomy. CTRX-induced biliary pseudolithiasis has been reported mainly in children and adolescents but is also seen in adults with similar incidence rate. Although CTRX-induced biliary pseudolithiasis is usually asymptomatic and disappears spontaneously after discontinuing the drug, some patients develop biliary obstruction. Endoscopic managements should be considered in such cases.

This study analyzes spillover effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Vietnamese manufacturing productivity growth during 2000-2006. Focusing on different features of industries, we divide the sample into three groups (light, petro-chemical, and heavy industries) and perform a regression analysis. From the three groups we find the effect only in the light-industry group which is positively significant. Other two groups show not significant results. These results suggest that low technology industries benefit rapidly from spillover effects and higher technology industries need longer period to confirm the effects. In order to understand FDI effects, we should keep in mind that the technological level of invested industries acts as a factor of their absorptive capacity.

In this study, we focus on labor market unification in European border region. We employ Oberrhein region for case study object. Oberrhein region is one of the selected regions to facilitate cross border labor mobility by European Commission. Based on macroeconomic data from statistics of European Employment Service and Eurostat, we clarify the current situation of trans-boudary labor mobility and different economic features of four component regions in Oberrhein. We take two different economic perspectives to explore mechanisms in the unified labor market, as labor productivity perspective and labor market indicators' perspective. From the labor productivity perspective, we indicate the regional differences in sectoral labor productivity. And from the labor market perspective, we show the differences in employment rate among regions. On the ground of these macroeconomic characteristics, we imply the potential of labor mobility in this region. The current situation of cross border commuting in Oberrhein has indicated the increasing number of daily commuters since 1990's. When we focus on bilateral labor flows and structure of commuters by industrial sectors, we presume that differences in employment rate and labor productivity might be important elements to induce labor mobility at the border region.

本稿では，増加を続ける留学生と国際化を進める日本企業の間に存在する留学生採用のミスマッチを把握するために，愛知県が実施した調査を基に，留学生の労働市場について分析を行ったものである。特に，「企業側から見た留学生」，「日本人学生と留学生の就職活動」，「就職活動の前・後の留学生」という３つの視点から留学生労働市場の特徴を明示した。今回の調査から，国際的に優秀な人材の活用を日本国内の企業に促すことを政策的に進めるには，各大学や地域の特性に基づいた留学生専用の就職支援を行う必要性があることが明らかになった。大学等でも留学生の就職支援対策に追われている中，愛知県地域振興部国際課が行っている「留学生インターンシップ事業」や「留学生就職フェア」等は，非常に大きな支援となっている。ただし，今後さらに拡大する留学生数を考えると，大学等と連携した地域としての支援体制構築が必要だと考えられる。

本稿では，名古屋大学経済学研究科留学生専門教育教員が中心となって，2008年10月から12月まで実施した企業向けの「留学生採用に関するアンケート」調査を集計し，その結果を考察したものである。本調査を行った理由は，日本政府による「留学生30万人計画」や「高度外国人材」を踏まえ，大学としても留学生の就職支援に今まで以上の力を注ぐ必要があると考えたことに依拠する。今後，留学生のための就職支援を強化し，さらには将来的に大規模な留学生労働市場の調査を行う準備段階として，今回はサンプルケースとして小規模な企業アンケートを行った。調査の結果から，多くの企業にとっては留学生の採用は重要な課題ではなく，政府の政策と企業の戦略の間で「留学生の雇用・活用」に対する意識のズレが存在することが明白になった。同時に，一部の業界・企業ではあるが，積極的に留学生の採用や活用を計画し，具体的な取り組みを始めていることも分かってきた。

The trend of the FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) is maintaining upwardly along with economic globalization. This paper analyzes effects of the FDI from one developed country to one developing country. According to Javorcik(2004), the FDI towards developing countries brings about technological spillover effects, through which an increase of the technological standard and the productivity enhancement are derived in the developing countries. This paper focuses on cases of Vietnam, which government has been actively attracting the FDI from developed countries via DOIMOI policy since 1986. We analyze those effects through Japanese enterprises' FDI on Vietnamese motorcycle and automobile industries by using statistical data and analyzing Japanese enterprises'entry and development patterns. We found that the developing pattern of motorcycle industry and its supporting industries is different from that of the automobile industry. This is caused by the following three factors: market scale, technological level and industrial policy. These factors put more possibilities on the motorcycle industry to get effects on the growth from the FDI. Our political implication is that on making policies a developing country should take into account its domestic market scale as well as the industrial technology level.

Today, multi-countries Economic-Coordination and –Integration are one of the most important economic issues in the globalizing economy. The European Union is the world leading region in respect to this field. The process of European Economic integration has been reached on the last stage of this process, with establishing the Monetary Union “Euro”. It is also considered to establish such an economic partnership in many other regions. East Asian countries are one of them, but they just started to seek the way to achieve “East Asian Economic Community”. In this paper it is discussed about a coverall international economic coordination in East Asia, especially the playing roll of the financial market in the Economic Integration Process. In the classic theory of Economic Integration Process by Balassa (1961) the goods market plays a most important roll and the financial market has only limited effects. In the reality, we learned from European Experiences, the financial market affects a large area of the Economic Integration and also can be the most carefully treated market in the Process.

流木に起因する災害はこれまで多くの事例があるにもかかわらず、その一連の動態、すなわち発生･流下･堆積の機構はほとんど未解明である。国土総面積37万k㎡のうち約3/4が山地で覆われている日本では、戦後の人口増加 ..., 1999

26歳男性, 3年間の不妊にて来院.精液中に精子を認めず, 血中テストステロン, LH, FSHは正常範囲, 理学的所見では, 15歳時のムンプス精巣炎によると思われる左精巣の萎縮を認めるほか異常なし.精管造影で, 左側は正常であるが右側精管は鼠径部で完全閉塞, 精巣生検では右側精巣の精子形成能はほぼ正常であったが左側は廃絶.この特異な精路通過障害の整復を目的として, 右側正常精巣の閉塞前の中枢側精管と対側正常精管末梢側とを, 陰嚢隔壁を通し, 顕微鏡下にtransvaso-vasostomyを施行した.術後1ヵ月目に精子の出現をみ, 6ヵ月目に妊娠成立, 満期安産にて正常女児を出産した.このような特異な精路通過障害の整復には, 可能な限り生来の精路を用いる手術法がとられるべきで, その際には顕微鏡下での手術が成績向上のために必要と考えられる., We report a case of an infertile man treated successfully with microsurgical transvaso-vasostomy. The patient had a normal testicle with an obstructed vas deferens on one side and an atrophied testicle with a normal vas on the other side. We anastomosed the proximal vas from the functioning testicle to the opposite intact vas through the median scrotal raphe. As a result, the patient fathered a child 16 months after operation.