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Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-02T02:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 are.15490.pdf: 442798 bytes, checksum: 1721078396779e4a49464be472446330 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

This study evaluated the genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Thirty-seven isolates from five municipalities (8 herds) were genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested using the disk diffusion method. High resistance rates for penicillin [75.68% (28/37)], ampicillin [70.27% (26/37)], and tetracycline [70.27% (26/37)] were detected. Multidrug resistance was observed in seven [18.92% (7/37)] isolates, and two were suggestive of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the 37 isolates, 33 novel sequence types (ST) and two known STs (ST126 and ST746) were identified in MLST. The clonal complexes more frequently observed were: CC97 [78.38%; (29/37)], CC1 [8.11%; (3/37)] and CC5 [5.40%; (2/37)]. Minimum?spanning tree (MST) analysis according to data from municipalities, herds, and resistance patterns for all isolates did not show any clustering pattern. However, the MST comparing all Brazilian S. aureus isolates deposited in the PubMLST database and from this study depicted an association between the genotype and strain origin (clinical sample). Isolates from this study that belong to CC97 were close to database isolates from milk and dairy products, while those that belong to CC1 and CC5 were close to database isolates from human sources and the environment of dairy farms or industries. In conclusion, our results showed a high rate of resistance to penicillins and tetracyclines and great genetic diversity among the S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis genotyped in the present study. RESUMO - Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética e a suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de vacas leiteiras em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trinta e sete cepas provenientes de cinco municípios (oito rebanhos) foram genotipadas usando a técnica multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) e a suscetibilidade a 12 antimicrobianos foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em disco. Foram detectadas altas taxas de resistência para penicilina [75,68% (28/37)], ampicilina [70,27% (26/37)] e tetraciclina [70,27% (26/37)] entre os isolados. A multirresistência foi observada em sete [18,92% (7/37)] isolados e dois foram classificados como sugestivos de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA). Entre os 37 isolados, 33 novos sequence types (ST) e dois STs conhecidos (ST126 e ST746) foram identificados pelo MLST. Os complexos clonais mais frequentemente observados foram: CC97 [78,38%; (29/37)], CC1 [8,11%; (3/37)] e CC5 [5,40%; (2/37)]. Foi construída uma minimum?spanning tree (MSTs) com todos isolados estudados e esta não mostrou padrão de agrupamento quando comparada com dados epidemiológicos como municípios e rebanho, do qual foi isolado, e perfis de resistência a antimicrobianos. Uma segunda MST foi construída comparando os isolados deste estudo e todas as cepas de S. aureus depositadas no banco de dados PubMLST provenientes do Brasil, que mostrou associação entre o genótipo, STs e a origem da cepa. Foi possível observar entre os isolados do estudo que, aqueles que pertenciam ao CC97, eram geneticamente mais próximos das cepas depositadas no PubMLST isoladas de leite e de produtos lácteos, enquanto aqueles que pertenciam aos CC1 e CC5 estavam mais próximos a cepas isoladas de humanos ou do ambiente de fazendas e indústrias de laticínios. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram um alto índice de resistência às penicilinas e tetraciclinas e grande diversidade genética entre as cepas de S. aureus isoladas de casos de mastite bovina. Made available in DSpace on 2022-07-21T11:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Genetic-diversity-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-Staphylococcus-aureus.pdf: 1189969 bytes, checksum: 7d02b2551a4c2c2287f83cc00c8d4562 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2023

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ovine brucellosis in the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe. A seroepidemiological survey was carried out in 121 properties under 23 municipalities between 2011 and 2012. The 1,034 serological samples collected from the sheep were subjected to the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test using kits produced by the Paraná Institute of Technology (TECPAR). Anti-Brucella ovis antibodies were observed in 5.37% (70/1,304) of the animals evaluated, and the difference in the incidence of brucellosis between the adults and young animals of both sexes, and between the males and females was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The prevalence of brucellosis in Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and was Sergipe 7.66% (36/470), 5.40% (13/241) and 3.54% (21/593), respectively. Of the municipalities visited, 91.30% (21/23) harbored herds with positive serology, and 42.15% (51/121) of the properties had at least one seropositive animal. The lack of training among the workers (p ≤ 0.05) (odds ratio = 3.68; 95% CI = 1.08-12.60; p = 0.038) was identified as a risk factor. The results obtained in this study indicate that the sheep from Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe are infected by B. ovis, thus necessitating the adoption of proper sanitary measures for preventing the spread of the disease in the herds. [Caracterização epidemiológica e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Brucella ovis em ovinos dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe]. Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência da Brucelose Ovina nos Estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe. Foi realizado o levantamento soroepidemiológico em 121 propriedades de 23 municípios durante os anos de 2011 e 2012. As 1.034 amostras sorológicas de ovinos foram submetidas à técnica de Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA), utilizando o kit produzido pelo Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (TECPAR). Anticorpos anti-Brucella ovis foram observados em 5,37% (70/1.304) dos animais testados, havendo diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) para adultos e jovens de ambos os sexos, e entre machos e fêmeas. A prevalência encontrada no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe foi de 7,66% (36/470), 5,40% (13/241) e 3,54% (21/593), respectivamente. Dos municípios visitados, 91,30% (21/23) eram compostos por rebanhos com sorologia positiva e 42,15% (51/121) das propriedades possuíam pelo menos um animal soropositivo. A falta de capacitação de trabalhadores (p ≤ 0,05) (odds ratio = 3,68; IC 95% = 1,08-12,60; p = 0, 038) foi identificada como fator de risco. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a infecção por B. ovis encontra-se presente nos ovinos dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe, sendo necessária a adoção de medidas sanitárias para evitar a propagação da doença nos rebanhos. Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-19T04:39:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Art-12.pdf: 338704 bytes, checksum: 35ff880bb0934c5c66ed14faef33b4a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Staphylococcus is one of the most frequent etiological agents of bovine mastitis, causing economic losses to milk farming. This study aimed to describe the milk production and management practices in 15 herds located in three microregions of the State of Rondônia and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profile of 97 isolates of the genus Staphylococcus from these herds. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using the agar diffusion method. Twenty-nine S. aureus isolates were selected to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the farms studied, the breeding system was semi-intensive, with the Girolando breed being predominant. Milking was performed predominantly using a mechanical milking system (86.7%), twice a day (66.7%), in the presence of the calf (53.8%). The average number of lactating cows in the farms was 24, with an average milk production of 204.9 L d-1 and a milk productivity of 10.2 L animal-1 d-1. The use of antimicrobials for the treatment and prevention of bovine mastitis was reported for all properties, and therapy for dry cows was adopted in 80% of the herds. The percent susceptibility to antimicrobials ranged from 85.5% to 100% for S. aureus, 22.2% to 88.9% for coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), and 69.2% to 100% for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), with the highest resistance frequencies for penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline. Among the S. aureus isolates, 100% susceptibility to oxacillin, cefalexin, and gentamicin was observed, and among the CNS isolates, 100% susceptibility to gentamicin was observed. None of the antimicrobials tested showed 100% in vitro effectiveness for CPS. CPS and CNS presented lower percentages of susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline than the S. aureus isolates. Twelve resistance patterns were detected, six of which were multiresistance patterns. The most prevalent resistance patterns were penicillin and ampicillin (PEN-AMP) and penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline (PEN-AMP-TET). Results of the MIC assay revealed that all 29 S. aureus isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, whereas 25 (86.2%) were susceptible to penicillin. RESUMO - O gênero Staphylococcus destaca-se como um dos agentes etiológicos mais frequentes da mastite bovina, causando prejuízos econômicos à pecuária de leite. Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a produção de leite e práticas de manejo de 15 rebanhos localizados em três microrregiões do Estado de Rondônia, e identificar o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos de 97 isolados do gênero Staphylococcus provenientes destes rebanhos. Os isolados foram submetidos a testes de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, utilizandose a técnica de difusão em ágar. Foram selecionados 29 isolados de Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Nas propriedades estudadas, o sistema de criação era semi-intensivo, com predomínio da raça Girolando. A ordenha era realizada predominantemente em sistema de ordenha mecânica (86,7%), duas vezes ao dia (66,7%) e com a presença do bezerro (53,8%). A média do número de vacas em lactação das propriedades era de 24 animais, com média de produção de leite de 204,9 L d-1 e produtividade de leite de 10,2 L animal-1 d-1. O uso de antimicrobianos para o tratamento e prevenção da mastite bovina foi relatado em todas as propriedades, sendo adotada a terapia da vaca seca em 80% dos rebanhos. A percentagem de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos variou de 85,5 a 100% para S. aureus, 22,2 a 88,9% para Staphylococcus coagulase positivos (SCP) e 69,2 a 100% para Staphylococcus coagulase negativos (SCN), sendo as maiores frequências de resistência para penicilina, ampicilina e tetraciclina. Entre os isolados de S. aureus foi observada 100% de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos oxacilina, cefalexina e gentamicina, e entre os isolados de SCN, 100% de susceptibilidade à gentamicina. Nenhum dos antimicrobianos testados apresentou 100% de efetividade in vitro para SCP. SCP e SCN apresentaram menores percentagens de susceptibilidade à penicilina, ampicilina e tetraciclina do que os isolados de S. aureus. Foram observados 12 padrões de resistência, sendo seis padrões de multirresistência. Os padrões de resistência mais prevalentes foram resistência à penicilina e ampicilina (PEN-AMP) e à penicilina, ampicilina e tetraciclina (PEN-AMP-TET). A determinação da CIM dos 29 isolados de S. aureus mostraram que todos foram susceptíveis à cefalotina, cefoxitina, tetraciclina e eritromicina, e 25 (86,2%) foram susceptíveis à penicilina. Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-03T21:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antimicrobial-resistance.pdf: 228790 bytes, checksum: 6a53e48a68cd5fd21a1f6b4ab4dd8e0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 Short communications.

A linfadenite caseosa (LC) é uma doença infecto-contagiosa causada pela bactéria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Acomete caprinose ovinos e caracteriza-se pela formação de abscesso(s) contendo pus de cor amarelo-esverdeada e consistência tipoqueijo coalho. A doença apresenta-se em duas formas, a superficial e a visceral. Os abscessos localizam-se, inicialmente, nos gânglios superficiais, podendo ser na região da mandíbula, abaixo da orelha, na escápula, no crural e na região mamária. Apresenta-se, também, nos gânglios internos (mediastínicos, torácicos) e em órgãos como os pulmões, o fígado e, em menor escala, o baço, a medula, o cérebro e o sistema reprodutivo&nbsp

Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses. Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the most prevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herds from different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-01T11:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leptospirosis-in-dairy-cattle.pdf: 933544 bytes, checksum: 6efe55c1a36bff2cea7ab926dd7f0b65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

There is a growing need to discover and develop alternative therapies for the treatment of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This study examined the chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of two propolis extracts (EPA and EPB) against seventy-seven isolates of Staphylococcus spp. obtained from subclinical bovine mastitis; three clinical strains of MRSA and two from clinical strains of S. aureus ATCC, identified as S. aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, the total flavonoid content by the Dowd method and the phenolic profile was quantified by HPLC-DAD. The MBC values of the extracts were evaluated by broth microdilution method. The amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds was higher in EPA than EPB. Both extracts revealed the presence of caffeic, coumaric, cinnamic, ferulic and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids, with higher concentrations of coumaric and cinnamic acids. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were susceptible to EPA (90.9%), EPB (83.1%) and oxacillin (80.5%). The oxacillin susceptible isolates were also susceptible to EPA (70.1%) and EPB (80.6%), whereas those oxacillin-resistant strains were also susceptible to EPA (40.0%) and to EPB (26.7%). MBC ranged from 34.3 to 68.7μm/mL for EPA and from 68.7 to 137.5μg/mL for EPB. Both extracts inhibited significantly (100%) the clinical strains of MRSA, S. aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 at the concentration of 68.7μg/mL. It is concluded that both extracts of propolis, whose main constituents are coumaric and cinnamic acids, have high antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms studied, and EPA also against oxacillin-resistant strains. These findings reinforce its potential use for the treatment of bovine mastitis. RESUMO: É cada vez mais oportuna a necessidade de descobrir e desenvolver terapias alternativas para tratamento da mastite causada por Staphylococcus spp. e de infecções bacterianas multirresistentes. Este estudo examinou a composição química e o potencial antimicrobiano de dois extratos etanólicos de própolis (EPA e EPB) contra setenta e sete isolados de Staphylococcus spp. obtidos a partir de mastite bovina subclínica; três estirpes clínicas de MRSA e duas de linhagens clínicas de S. aureus ATCC, identificadas como, S. aureus ATCC 6538 e S. aureus ATCC 25923, ambas metacilina resistentes. O teor total de fenólicos foi determinado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau, o teor de flavonoides totais pelo método Dowd e o perfil fenólico foi quantificado por HPLC-DAD. CBM dos extratos foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. A quantidade total de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides foi maior no EPA do que no EPB. Ambos os extratos revelaram a presença dos ácidos cafeico, cumárico, cinâmico, ferúlico e 3,4-di-hidroxibenzóico, com maiores concentrações de ácidos cumárico e cinâmico. Os isolados de Staphylococcus spp. foram sensíveis a EPA (90,9%), EPB (83,1%) e oxacilina (80,5%). Os isolados suscetíveis à oxacilina também foram suscetíveis ao EPA (70,1%) e ao EPB (80,6%), enquanto os do resistente à oxacilina foram suscetíveis ao EPA (40,0%) e ao EPB (26,7%). MBC variou de 34,3 a 68,7μm/mL para EPA e de 68,7 a 137,5μg/mL para EPB. Ambos os extratos inibiram significativamente (100%) as linhagens clínicas de MRSA, S. aureus ATCC 6538 e S. aureus ATCC 25923 na concentração de 68,7μg/mL. Conclui-se que os extratos etanólicos da própolis, cujos principais constituintes são os ácidos cumário e cinâmico, possuem atividade antimicrobiana contra os micro-organismos estudados, e o EPA também contra as cepas resistentes à oxacilina. Estes achados reforçam seu potencial uso para o tratamento da mastite bovina.

Bovine anaplasmosis causes considerable economic losses in dairy cattle production systems worldwide, ranging from $300 million to $900 million annually. It is commonly detected through rectal temperature, blood smear microscopy, and packed cell volume (PCV). Such methodologies are laborious, costly, and difficult to systematically implement in large-scale operations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) rumination and activity data collected by Hr-Tag sensors (SCR Engineers Ltd.) in heifer calves exposed to anaplasmosis; and (2) the predictive ability of recurrent neural networks in early identification of anaplasmosis. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the effect of time series length before disease diagnosis (5, 7, 10, or 12 consecutive days) on the predictive performance of recurrent neural networks, and how early anaplasmosis disease can be detected in dairy calves (5, 3, and 1 d in advance). Twenty-three heifer calves aged 119 ± 15 (mean ± SD) d and weighing 148 ± 20 kg of body weight were challenged with 2 × 107 erythrocytes infected with UFMG1 strain (GenBank no. EU676176) isolated from Anaplasma marginale. After inoculation, animals were monitored daily by assessing PCV. The lowest PCV value (14 ± 1.8%) and the finding of rickettsia on blood smears were used as a criterion to classify an animal as sick (d 0). Rumination and activity data were collected continuously and automatically at 2-h intervals, using SCR Heatime Hr-Tag collars. Two time series were built including last sequence of ?5, ?7, ?10, or ?12 d preceding d 0 or a sequence of 5, 7, 10, or 12 d randomly selected in a window from ?50 to ?15 d before d 0 to ensure a sequence of days in which PCV was considered normal (32 ± 2.4%). Long shortterm memory was used as a predictive approach, and a leave-one-animal-out cross-validation (LOAOCV) was used to assess prediction quality. Anaplasmosis disease reduced 34 and 11% of rumination and activity, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of long short-term memory in detecting anaplasmosis ranged from 87 to 98%, 83 to 100%, and 83 to 100%, respectively, using rumination data. For activity data, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity varied from 70 to 98%, 61 to 100%, and 74 to 100%, respectively. Predictive performance did not improve when combining rumination and activity. The use of longer time-series did not improve the performance of models to predict anaplasmosis. The accuracy and sensitivity in predicting anaplasmosis up to 3 d before clinical diagnosis (d 0) were greater than 80%, confirming the possibility for early identification of Anaplasmosis disease. These findings indicate the great potential of wearable sensors in early identification of anaplasmosis diseases. This could positively affect the profitability of dairy farmers and animal welfare. Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-15T14:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Using-rumination.pdf: 2542142 bytes, checksum: 9f294bea213b8d57d601b81d65549127 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

A leptospirose bovina é uma doença infecciosa, causada por bactérias do gênero leptospira, podendo ser encontrada em todo o território nacional. Na atividade pecuária, além da adoção de novas tecnologias, é importante implementar um calendário sanitário e o controle de doenças na esfera reprodutiva para garantir sanidade aos rebanhos bovinos. Existe tratamento para a leptospirose bovina, mas o criador deve adotar os cuidados necessários e buscar ajuda com profissional capacitado, que, a partir das variantes sorológicas identificadas nos rebanhos, indicará as medidas de controle e o tratamento adequado. Disponível em: https://jornalopiniao.net/leptospirose-bovina-cuidados-preventivos-evitam-prejuizo-e-garantem-saude-do-rebanho/#

Background Few tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in low-income countries have access to culture facilities in their primary care diagnostic centres and this scenario may have worsened with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Thus the aim was to develop and evaluate a simpler TB test that allows seeding on Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) medium of several swab-embedded samples decontaminated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Methods A cotton swab containing each sample was decontaminated in NaOH before being dipped into a slightly acidic solution to neutralize the pH in order to allow the culture to develop on LJ medium. Samples (n=543) from suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB were analysed in two phases: standardization (n=167) and evaluation of the study method (n=376). Results The study method showed sensitivity >95% and specificity >93% using Ogawa–Kudoh (OK) and modified Petroff (MP) as standards and was comparable to MP-LJ (p>0.05) and slightly superior to OK (p=0.03) for sputum culture and more comprehensive than the latter for other pulmonary specimens. Conclusions This article reports a more comprehensive, simpler and less costly method for diagnosing TB in the laboratory with fewer economic resources and biosafety equipment. Thus a patent application was filed (BR1020190103841).

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-09 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Background: Considering the importance of leptospirosis in sheep farming and public health and the significance of identifying which serogroups circulate in sheep within each region, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of the most frequent serogroups causing infection by Leptospira sp. in ovine herds in the Northeast region of Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples were collected from 4197 sheep from 229 herds in 7 Northeastern States. Sera were analyzed via microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The frequency of seroreactive sheep for Leptospira sp. was 14.06%. The states of Alagoas, Ceara, Paraiba, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, located in the Caatinga biome, had the highest frequencies of serologically reactive sheep, and Maranhao, in the Cerrado biome, had the lowest frequency. The most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (19.49%), Australis (15.76%) and Serjoe (14.41%). In the states of Ceara, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, 100% of their municipalities had at least one seroreactive animal. The highest frequencies of seropositive animals were found in the municipalities of Uniao (50%), Passagem (49.06%), Caninde (48.89%), Igaci (28.95%), Gararu (31.2%), Pirapemas (17.5%), and Angicos (16%) located in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceara, Alagoas, Sergipe, Maranhao and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively. Discussion: The animal-level prevalence (14.06%) obtained in the present study is significant, especially considering the rustic nature of the species and the adverse conditions of the region for the infectious agent. In semi-arid conditions, it has been suggested that perhaps sheep do not seroconvert detectable titers on MAT with a cut-off point of 1:100. It is important to highlight that the ovine population in the Northeast region of Brazil is composed of mixed animals, which have been considered more resistant to infection by Leptospira spp. Also, environmental factors hostile to the survival of the infectious agent in the studied region should be taken into consideration, since they may have influenced the seropositive animal-level prevalence. A noteworthy variation was observed in agglutinin titers, which ranged from 100 to 1,600, where 80.2% of the positive samples had titers

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência atual da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) em cães domiciliados, os fatores associados à soropositividade, espécies circulantes de Leishmania e análise espacial em seis municípios das mesorregiões do Sertão e São Francisco, localizados no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-16T18:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deteccao-e-caracterizacao-molecular-2021.pdf: 1267049 bytes, checksum: db281079182c4f4a3e64e4ffc7ba3fdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Background: Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses cause caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology has great importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the western blot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV. Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used pref- erably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulins against SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this technique can detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA. SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Ad-ditionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28) occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of the persistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological test has a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It should be noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escape mechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence, and the process of compartmentalization, which make immunodiagnosis more difficult. In addition, positive animals tend to present unstable levels of antibodies over weeks, months, and even years. In this context, WB, with early antibody detection, has been proven to be a refined and more accurate technique than other immunodiagnostic tests for SRLV. WB allows the simultaneous resolution of several immunogenic antigens present in a sample, and this feature provides it with greater reliability, differentiates it from other immunological methods, and accredits it as a test of wide applicability. Epidemiological and immunological dynamics studies often use WB in the immunodynamic diagnosis of SRLV. Serum, blood plasma, and seminal plasma are typical biological materials used in the serological diagnosis of SRLV with WB, expanding its potential as an immunodiagnosis method. Conclusion: WB is the most accurate serological technique for SRLV. It is more capable of accurate diagnosis because the genetic diversity that characterizes such lentiviruses and their various immune system escape mechanisms routinely hinder traditional diagnosis. Additionally, this test has been used widely in studies of SRLV for various purposes, but mainly in studies of epidemiological and immunological dynamics, using serum, blood plasma, or seminal plasma. However, independently of the biological sample tested, WB maintains high sensitivity and precision in immunodiagnosis, making it a refined and valid technique for SRLV control programs. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-10T12:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc-2021-Art-91.pdf: 305516 bytes, checksum: 265eb09e92e1f6b2778f35d66283a63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que acomete vertebrados homeotérmicos, incluindo o ser humano e animais de produção. É causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) e pode ser transmitida pela ingestão de cistos teciduais, presente na carne crua ou mal-cozida, pela ingestão de oocistos esporulados, presentes na água e alimentos contaminados, ou até mesmo ingestão de taquizoítos presentes no leite. Dentre estes, a contaminação ambiental com oocistos esporulados apresenta-se como um importante fator de risco para a infecção toxoplásmica em animais herbívoros, como equinos e ovinos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de anticorpos para T. gondii em equinos e ovinos criados na Fazenda Experimental Nhumirim, propriedade da Embrapa Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, em amostras de soro de 101 equinos e 99 ovinos coletadas entre março de 2011 e maio de 2015. Os soros foram submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), sendo consideradas positivas a partir da diluição 1:64. Anticorpos para T. gondii foram detectados em 15,2% (15/99) dos ovinos e 9,9% (10/101) dos equinos. A ocorrência observada aponta contaminação ambiental da propriedade, onde, possivelmente, felídeos silvestres estariam atuando como dispersores do parasita. A exposição dos animais estudados ao parasita deve ser considerada ao avaliar resultados dos estudos de desempenho nos quais estes animais são utilizados, em especial os ovinos, devido à sua alta sensibilidade à infecção toxoplásmica. O presente estudo corrobora outros estudos sobre o risco de infecção de animais domésticos e a presença de T. gondii no ambiente do Pantanal brasileiro. Diante das dificuldades de se aplicarem medidas de prevenção e controle nos sistemas produtivos agropecuários praticados, sugere-se aplicá-las com foco na saúde humana. Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-05T15:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ocorrenciadeanticorposparatoxoplasmose.pdf: 328380 bytes, checksum: f8fbb3b8b6479cd547dadefe74064c7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a globally distributed disease caused by a lentivirus. EIA is a notifiable disease that should be reported to the Official Veterinary Service (SVO). Outbreaks are controlled by sacrificing the EIA-positive animals. The study analysed the prevalence of EIA in 165 Equidae seized on public roads in the municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2015 to 2018. After the seizure and identification of the Equidae, blood was collected to diagnose EIA. A prevalence of 11.8% was observed among the Equidae seized, and the main risk factor was the region of seizure. A kernel-smoothed map showed areas with the highest density of EIA-positive Equidae in the centre and to the east of the study area. In this region, the chance of seizing an equine positive for EIA was greater (OR=3.6) relative to the remaining region. The implementation and maintenance of Equidae seizures and subsequent diagnostic testing for EIA in the municipality of Petrópolis were shown to have great importance for the control and prevention of the disease. Indicating the place of seizure on the identification cards of the animals enabled delineation of the locations in the municipality of Petrópolis, that had a higher risk of EIA-positive animals. RESUMO: A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença globalmente distribuída causada por um lentivírus. AIE é uma doença de notificação obrigatória que deve ser relatada ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), e os surtos são controlados pelo sacrifício dos animais positivos para AIE. O presente estudo analisou a prevalência de AIE em 165 equídeos apreendidos em vias públicas no município de Petrópolis, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2015 a 2018. Após a apreensão e identificação dos equídeos seu sangue foi coletado para diagnosticar a AIE. Observou-se uma prevalência real de 11,8% entre os equídeos apreendidos, sendo que o principal fator de risco identificado foi a região de apreensão. O Mapa de Kernel mostrou que as áreas com maior densidade de equídeos positivos estavam no centro e leste da área de estudo. Nesta região, houve maior chance (OR = 3,6) de apreender um animal positivo para AIE em relação ao da outra região, composto pelos 34 locais restantes. A implementação e manutenção de apreensão de equídeos e posterior teste de diagnóstico para AIE no município de Petrópolis, RJ, mostrou-se de grande importância para o controle e prevenção da doença. A indicação do local da apreensão nos cartões de identificação dos animais possibilitou um delineamento dos locais no município de Petrópolis, RJ, que apresentavam maior risco de animais positivos para AIE.

The production performance of a livestock herd can be compromised by various diseases. In sheep, maedi-visna (MV) infections, which have a chronic nature, are caused by a virus (maedi-visna virus (MVV)) belonging to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. The infection can cause significant economic losses and has considerable health impacts on sheep breeding in production systems. Due to the importance of this disease in sheep flocks, the objective was to conduct a serosurvey of MVV in the states of Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB), and Sergipe (SE). A total of, 3332 serum samples were collected in the four states, 1011 in CE, 931 in RN, 459 in PB, and 931 in SE, with the number of samples proportional to the actual herd size of each state. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test (AGID). Reproducers were revaluated using western blotting (WB). In addition to this serological survey, we administered an investigative questionnaire to identify possible risk factors that facilitate the introduction and spread of diseases (location, category, sex, breed type, creation system, production, herd size, and association with goats). After analysis of the sera using the AGID test, there was zero prevalence. Revaluating breeders by WB revealed a 5.5% prevalence of MV in the four states studied, with prevalences for the states of CE, RN, Paraiba, and SE of 2.3% (2/88), 10.4% (8/77), 3.6% (1/28), and 4.7% (2/42), respectively, corresponding to 13 breeders containing antibodies to the virus. These findings emphasized that the choice of diagnostic tests is extremely important for the early detection of seropositive animals and thus the prevention of the spread of the virus among herds in the region. [Estudo soroepidemiológico da maedi-visna em ovinos nos estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe]. Resumo: O desempenho produtivo de um rebanho pode ser comprometido por diversas enfermidades. Em relação aos ovinos, à ocorrência da Maedi - Visna (MV) doença infecciosa, de caráter crônico, causada por um vírus (Maedi-Visna Vírus - MVV) pertencente ao gênero Lentivirus da família Retroviridae. A infecção pode causar importantes perdas econômicas e elevados impactos sanitários nos sistemas de produção da ovinocultura. Em virtude da importância desta enfermidade nos rebanhos ovinos, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento soroepidemiológico do vírus da Maedi - Visna (MVV) nos estados do Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB) e Sergipe (SE). Para tanto, foram coletadas 3332 amostras de sangue nos quatro estados, sendo 1011 do CE, 931 do RN, 459 da PB e 931 de SE, sendo este número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada estado. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando o teste de microimunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Os reprodutores foram reavaliados pela técnica de Western Blot (WB). Associado a esse levantamento sorológico foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar possíveis fatores de risco que podem facilitar a introdução e disseminação de enfermidades (localização, categoria, sexo, tipo racial, sistema de criação, produção, tamanho de rebanho e associação com caprinos). Após análise dos soros pelo teste de IDGA foi verificada uma soroprevalência nula nos rebanhos estudados. Os reprodutores reavaliados pelo WB apresentaram uma prevalência geral de 5,5% da MV nos quatro estados estudados, sendo que os estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe apresentaram, 2,3% (2/88), 10,4% (8/77), 3,6% (1/28) e 4,7% (2/42) respectivamente, correspondendo a 13 reprodutores que apresentaram presença de anticorpos. Diante desses resultados, ressalta-se que a escolha dos testes diagnósticos é de extrema importância para que haja uma detecção precoce de animais soropositivos, e assim evitar a disseminação do vírus nos rebanhos da região. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T00:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Seroepidemiological.pdf: 312914 bytes, checksum: d6f6707fe9acafbcfa45385a89af2191 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-25

Goat farming in the northeastern regions of Brazil plays an important role in the socio-economic functions of the country. However, high rates of morbidity and mortality occur in the animals, caused primarily by infectious diseases like caseous lymphadenitis, which is widespread in goat herds; this causes serious economic losses to the farming business. Although events such as animal fairs are common in the region, wherein most of the goats and sheep are sold, the risk of disease transmission remains, since the health condition of the animal is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibodies present in the goats sold at the animal fair of Tabira - PE, Northeastern semi-arid. Serum samples from 233 goats were collected from the period of November 2014 to June 2015. The diagnosis of infection by C. pseudotuberculosis was made using the indirect ELISA technique. The number of goats seropositive for C. pseudotuberculosis was identified as 87 (37.34%; 95% CI = 31.38 - 43.71%). Of the nine flocks evaluated, five (55.55%) were positive. Thus, it is suggested that infection by C. pseudotuberculosis is widespread in the goats sold at the animal fairs in the semi-arid Northeastern, reinforcing the need for disease diagnosis in goat herds in the region for the possible implementation of disease control programs. [Soroprevalência da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos comercializados em feira de animais no Semiárido nordestino]. Resumo: A caprinocultura se destaca na região Nordeste do Brasil por desempenhar importante função socioeconômica. Contudo altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade ocorrem nas propriedades causadas principalmente por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a linfadenite caseosa, que se encontra amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Eventos do tipo feira de animais são comuns na região, onde é comercializada grande parte da produção de caprinos e ovinos, porém existe um risco de transmissão de doenças nesses locais quando a condição sanitária dos animais é desconhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti -Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em caprinos comercializados na feira de animais do município de Tabira-PE, Semiárido nordestino. Foram coletadas amostras de soro de 233 caprinos no período de novembro de 2014 a junho de 2015. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Foram identificados 87 (37,34%; IC 95% = 31,38 - 43,71%) caprinos soropositivos para C. pseudotuberculosis. Dos nove rebanhos avaliados, cinco (55,55%) resultaram positivos. Sugere-se que a infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis encontra-se disseminada nos caprinos comercializados em feiras de animais do Semiárido nordestino, reforçando a necessidade do diagnóstico da enfermidade em rebanhos caprinos da região para possível implementação de programas de controle da doença. Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T00:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Seroprevalence.pdf: 287940 bytes, checksum: 449ccb0e181867bf36f001ba043f6b35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-15

Ciliates of the family Trichodinidae are protozoan parasites of importance for fish farming in South America, given that at high infestation levels, they cause significant mortality among farmed fish. Although data on economic losses due to parasitosis are not available for South America, mortality outbreaks correlated to trichodinids are very common in the tilapia production chain, especially in Brazil, the largest aquaculture chain in the country. In Brazil in the past, trichodinids were considered only as Trichodina sp. Today, they have been better studied and identified taxonomically in wild and farmed fish. However, in other countries in South America, trichodinids continue to be described only as Trichodina sp. This review presents the history of occurrences of trichodinids in fish of interest in South America, highlighting 15 new species that have been described in three genera in Brazil, along with information on parasite-host-environment relationships, diagnostic methods and treatments. The occurrence of parasitic ciliates must be correlated with farming conditions such as stress factors, water quality, seasonality, age and host immunity to elucidate the critical points of each production system. Furthermore, for tropical fish, studies on treatment against trichodinid species are needed to provide support for approval of antiparasitic medications for use in fish farming. However, it is recommended that the production sector use intensive production systems that are more sustainable, with biosafety protocols, to increase production and productivity. Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T00:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPASA2018rfbfv.28.pdf: 681940 bytes, checksum: 6e43ee61af8ad72a94c6c9ba91bf434f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-14

Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo (2014/13532-3). S?o Paulo State University. Institute for Biotechnology. Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Federal University. Agrarian Sciences Institute. Una?, MG, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil S?o Paulo State University. Institute for Biotechnology. Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Virology Laboratory. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Mato Grosso Federal University. Virology and Rickettsiosis Laboratory. Cuiab?, GO, Brazil. Mato Grosso Federal University. Virology and Rickettsiosis Laboratory. Cuiab?, GO, Brazil. EMBRAPA Pantanal. Corumb?, MT, Brazil. S?o Paulo State University. Institute for Biotechnology. Botucatu, SP, Brazil. S?o Paulo State University. Institute for Biotechnology. Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a persistent lentivirus that causes equine infectious anemia (EIA). In Brazil, EIAV is endemic in the Pantanal region, and euthanasia is not mandatory in this area. All of the complete genomic sequences from field viruses are from North America, Asia, and Europe, and only proviral genomic sequences are available. Sequences from Brazilian EIAV are currently available only for gag and LTR regions. Thus, the present study aimed for the first time to sequence the entire EIAV genomic RNA in naturally infected horses from an endemic area in Brazil. RNA in plasma from naturally infected horses was used for next-generation sequencing (NGS), and gaps were filled using Sanger sequencing methodology. Complete viral genomes of EIAV from two horses were obtained and annotated (Access Number: MN560970 and MN560971). Putative genes were analyzed and compared with previously described genes, showing conservation in gag and pol genes and high variations in LTR and env sequences. Amino acid changes were identified in the p26 protein, one of the most common targets used for diagnosis, and p26 molecular modelling showed surface amino acid alterations in some epitopes. Brazilian genome sequences presented 88.6% nucleotide identity with one another and 75.8 to 77.3% with main field strains, such as EIAV Liaoning, Wyoming, Ireland, and Italy isolates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that this Brazilian strain comprises a separate monophyletic group. These results may help to better characterize EIAV and to overcome the challenges of diagnosing and controlling EIA in endemic regions

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-30 The supply of food derived from aquaculture has increased significantly in recent years. The aim of this industrial sector is to produce sustainable products to meet the needs of consumers, providing food security and nutritional benefits. The development of aquaculture has faced challenges including disease outbreaks that can cause substantial economic losses. These diseases can be controlled using chemicals such as antibiotics. However, the indiscriminate use of these substances can have major negative impacts on human health and the environment with the additional risk of the emergence of resistant organisms. The present manuscript describes the use of phytotherapy in association with nanotechnology in order to obtain a more effective and less harmful system for the control of bacterial diseases in fish. Zein nanoparticles associated with eugenol and garlic essential oil were prepared through antisolvent precipitation and characterized. Zein nanoparticles are promising carrier systems as zein proteins are biodegradable and biocompatible and, in this way, good candidates for encapsulation of active ingredients. The system presented good physicochemical properties with an average particle diameter of approximately 150 nm, a polydispersity index lower than 0.2, and a zeta potential of approximately 30 mV. High encapsulation efficiency was obtained for the active compounds with values higher than 90%, and the compounds were protected against degradation during storage (90 days). The nanoparticle formulations containing the botanical compounds also showed less toxicity in the tests performed with a biomarker (Artemia salina). In addition, the systems showed bactericidal activity against the important fish pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus iniae in vitro. The present study opens new perspectives for the use of botanical compounds in combination with nanotechnology to treat fish diseases caused by bacteria, contributing to a more sustainable fish chain production. Institute of Science and Technology Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology São Paulo State University (UNESP) Federal University of ABC Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials (LABiToN) University of Sorocaba Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety Embrapa Environment Institute of Science and Technology Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, results in economic loss in goat farming. Its prevalence in Brazilian herds varies from 5 to 50%, generating expenses with treatment, loss in production, carcass and organ condemnation, and reduced price of the hide. This study aimed to describe the distribution of lesions and quantify the loss associated with CLA in goat breeding due to condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in a semiarid region. The study was conducted at the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Patos, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, where goats from this intermediate geographical region are slaughtered. In 2017, 3,662 animals were slaughtered, an average of 305 per month. During the study period, from March to August 2017, 304 goats of both sexes and different ages of undefined breed were assessed. In the ante-mortem examination, inspection and palpation of the superficial lymph nodes was done; in the post-mortem examination, organ and viscera were assessed. The caseous material collected was sent for microbiological analysis. Of the 304 individuals, 227 [74.67% (95% CI: 69.50-79.23)] did not have any lesions, while 77 [25.33% (95% CI: 20.77-30.50)] showed abscesses suggestive of CLA, which was confirmed in 65 goats [84.41% (95% CI: 76.30-92.50)]. Sex (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.002) were associated with infection. While the sex of the animals affected carcass and viscera weights and carcass yield, their age affected live weight, carcass, organ, and viscera weights; conversely, the incidence of CLA did not affect these variables. The average price in Real (R$) of a kilogram (kg) of goat meat cuts and ?offal? was used to calculate the economic loss. Considering the average carcass weight (11,485 kg), organ weight (1,085 kg), and viscera weight (2,013 kg), 4,433.232 kg of meat was produced, resulting in R$ 72,945.43. The condemnations resulted in the loss of 269.894 kg, which is equivalent to R$ 4,540.33. CLA is responsible for a negative impact of 6.09% on production. Implementing control measures for this disease is important to increase the financial return in goat farming. [Avaliação da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos em um abatedouro na região do semiárido brasileiro e estimativas de perdas econômicas por condenação de carcaças]. Resumo: Linfadenite Caseosa (LC) causada pela bactéria patogênica Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosisresulta em perda econômica na caprinocultura. No rebanho brasileiro sua prevalência varia de 5 a 50%, gerando gastos com tratamento, queda de produção, condenação de carcaça e órgãos, e desvalorização da pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a perda associada à LC na caprinocultura de corte por condenação em abatedouro do semiárido, bem como caracterizar a distribuição das lesões. O trabalho foi realizado no Abatedouro Municipal da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, onde ocorre abate de caprinos provenientes desta região geográfica intermediária. No ano de 2017 foram abatidos 3.662 animais, uma média de 305 por mês. Durante o período de estudo, março a agosto do mesmo ano, avaliou-se 304 caprinos sem padrão racial definido, ambos os sexos e idades diversas. No exame ante mortem foram submetidos à inspeção e palpação de linfonodos superficiais; post mortem, órgãos e vísceras. O material caseoso coletado foi submetido à análise microbiológica para diagnóstico. Dos 304 indivíduos, 227 [74,67% (IC 95%: 69,50-79,23)] não apresentaram qualquer lesão, enquanto 77 [25,33% (IC 95%: 20,77-30,50)] evidenciaram abscessos sugestivos de LC, com confirmação em 65 [84,41% (IC 95%: 76,30-92,50)]. Constatou-se associação de sexo (P = 0,044) e idade (P = 0,002) à infecção. Foi verificado efeito do sexo dos animais nas variáveis peso de carcaça, peso de vísceras e rendimento de carcaça, bem como houve efeito da idade nas variáveis peso vivo, peso de carcaça, peso de órgãos e peso de vísceras; no entanto, não houve efeito da ocorrência de LC nessas variáveis. Para cálculo de perda econômica adotou-se o preço médio em Real (R$) do quilograma (kg) dos cortes de carne caprina, e ?miúdos?. Considerando o peso médio de carcaça (11,485 kg), órgãos (1,085 kg) e vísceras (2,013 kg), houve produção de 4.433,232 kg, resultando em R$ 72.945,43. As condenações subtraíram 269,894 kg, equivalente a R$ 4.540,33. Atribui-se à LC um impacto negativo de 6,09% na produção. Implementar medidas de controle para essa doença é importante para que se amplie o retorno financeiro à atividade. Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-15T11:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Art-19.pdf: 340985 bytes, checksum: 4cc3c7c7348b1ddedb32fb6ef89c15f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a lentiviral disease that leads to considerable losses in goat farming. In the acute phase of viral infection, though antiviral antibodies are produced by the host?s immune system, they are not sufficient to be detected by serological tests. Acute infections begin with an incubation period, during which the viral genome replicates and host innate responses are initiated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that play an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of tissue remodeling. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of MMPs and their activity in the blood serum of male goats experimentally infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Five dairy male goats, aged 3-4 years, were intravenously inoculated with CAEV Cork strain (titer: 105-6 TCID50/mL) after being tested negative for CAEV thrice at consecutive intervals of 30 days using western blot analysis and nested-PCR. The study included three stages: S1 or pre-infection stage; S2 or seroconversion stage, corresponding to the occurrence of first seroconversion; and S3 or post-seroconversion stage, corresponding to 23 weeks after seroconversion. Zymography was performed for the samples using gelatin zymography gels (12.5%), which were subjected to electrophoresis at 170V, 1A, and 300W for 50-70 min. The density of MMP-2 was found to be lower at S1 (1456.20 pixels) than that at S2 and S3 (1943.80 and 2104.40 pixels, respectively) (P < 0.05); and the density of MMP-9 was found to be lower at S3 (133.60 pixels) than that at S1 and S2 (359.60 and 370.60 pixels, respectively). The density of proMMP-2 was low at S1 and S3 (130.45 and 145.20 pixels, respectively). On the other hand, the density of proMMP-9 was statistically different between S1 and S3 (89.22 vs. 415.60 pixels). Both proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 were absent at S2. Thus, MMP-2 and MMP-9 exhibited opposite behaviors depending on the stage of infection. As the greatest activity of MMP-2 was detected at stage S3, we suggest that MMP-2 can be used as a biomarker for complementary diagnosis of acute CAEV infection. In addition, the presence of proMMP-13 can be used to indicate active viral infection. [Estudo de metaloproteinases no sangue de caprinos experimentalmente infectados pelo vírus da artrite encefalite caprina]. Resumo: A encefalite por artrite caprina é uma doença lentiviral que leva a perdas consideráveis na criação de caprinos. Na fase aguda da infecção viral, embora os anticorpos antivirais sejam produzidos pelo sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, eles não são suficientes para serem detectados por testes sorológicos. As infecções agudas começam com um período de incubação, durante o qual o genoma viral se replica e as respostas inatas do hospedeiro são iniciadas. As metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) são enzimas que desempenham um papel importante nos processos fisiológicos e patológicos da remodelação tecidual. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão de MMPs e sua atividade no soro sanguíneo de reprodutores caprinos infectados experimentalmente pelo vírus da encefalite por artrite caprina (CAEV). Cinco machos caprinos, com idades entre 3-4 anos, foram inoculadas por via intravenosa com a cepa de CAEV Cork (título: 105-6 TCID50/mL) após serem testados negativamente para CAEV três vezes em intervalos consecutivos de 30 dias usando a análise de western blot e nested-PCR. O estudo incluiu três etapas: estágio S1 ou pré-infecção; S2 ou estágio de soroconversão, correspondente à ocorrência de primeira soroconversão; e S3 ou pós-soroconversão, correspondendo a 23 semanas após a soroconversão. A zimografia foi realizada para as amostras utilizando gel de gelatina (12,5%), que foram submetidos à eletroforese em 170V, 1A e 300W por 50-70 min. Verificou-se que a densidade de MMP-2 era menor em S1 (1456,20 pixels) do que em S2 e S3 (1943,80 e 2104,40 pixels, respectivamente) (P < 0,05); e a densidade de MMP-9 foi menor em S3 (133,60 pixels) do que em S1 e S2 (359,60 e 370,60 pixels, respectivamente). A densidade do proMMP-2 era baixa em S1 e S3 (130,45 e 145,20 pixels, respectivamente). Por outro lado, a densidade do proMMP-9 foi estatisticamente diferente entre S1 e S3 (89,22 vs. 415,60 pixels). ProMMP-2 e proMMP-9 estavam ausentes no S2. Assim, MMP-2 e MMP-9 exibiram comportamentos opostos, dependendo do estágio da infecção. Como a maior atividade da MMP-2 foi detectada no estágio S3, sugerimos que a MMP-2 possa ser usada como biomarcador para o diagnóstico complementar de infecção aguda por CAEV. Além disso, a presença de proMMP-13 pode ser usada para indicar infecção viral ativa. Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-30T09:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Art-41.pdf: 795513 bytes, checksum: c5c55a25d61ebeb980af344e5028b757 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Goat and sheep farming in Brazil relies on an expressive herd, especially in the Northeast region of the country, where small ruminants constitute a relevant economic activity, with milk production being an important source of income in some dry areas of the Northeastern states. However, there are still some sanitary problems in the management of dairy goats, among which mastitis is highlighted, especially that of the subclinical type. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics, exclusively or in combination with vaccines, in the control of sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants. The study was conducted on a rural property located in Santa Maria da Boa Vista-PE. Fifty-three female Saanen dairy goats were allocated into four experimental groups. An antibiotic therapy with a commercial antimicrobial based on cloxacillin was used in group 1. Group 2 received the commercial vaccine indicated for herds with an incidence of Staphylococcus strains and the same antibiotic described for Group 1. Group 3 was evaluated for the exclusive use of vaccination, and Group 4 was the control group. A microbiological examination of the milk was carried out to confirm cases of mastitis. The percentage of udders, infected by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) before and after the antibiotic + vaccine treatment was 42.8 and 7.1%, respectively. It was observed that the cloxacillinbased antibiotic could be used alone or in combination with mastitis vaccines to control staphylococcal mastitis in small ruminants. Vaccination alone was not effective in reducing the number of mastitis cases; therefore, a cross reaction against CNS was not observed. Thus, further studies to determine the potential of vaccines to control sub-clinical mastitis in small ruminants are necessary. Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-22T04:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Efficacy-of-three-methods-used-to-control-2020.pdf: 297513 bytes, checksum: 7c2e6305c4089fa5d799ba97d002d55f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Caprine breeding is a largely exploited activity in Brazil, with a herd of over 10 million goats concentrated mostly in the Northeast region, which contains 93.9% of the national herd. However, this region is affected by huge losses due to inappropriate management and illness occurrence, such as leptospirosis, a reproductive disease that causes economic and productive losses. Considering these previous statements, we aimed to determine the most frequent seroprevalence, serogroups and factors associated with the occurrence of leptospirosis in goats from different states and biomes of the Brazilian northeast and properly locate the disease throughout the region through the analysis of epidemiological questionnaires and geographic data. The samples were submitted to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with a cutoff of 50. In addition, geographic data were analysed to create maps with epidemiological descriptions of the disease in the states. The total occurrence of seropositive animals was 19.93% (119/597), 18.92% (35/185) in the state of Alagoas and 20.38% (84/412) in Maranhão. The most common serogroups in these states were Autumnalis (31.09%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (23.81%). Dividing the results, it was possible to observe a greater occurrence of the serogroup Autumnalis (42.86%) Icterohaemorrhagiae (28.57%) in the state of Alagoas, Caatinga biome, plus Autumnalis (26.19%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (23.81%) in the state of Maranhão, Cerrado biome. It was proven that Leptospira sp. is present in both states and biomes analyzed, present in diverse areas as in vegetation and climate, warning preventive care towards the disease. [Levantamento epidemiológico da leptospirose caprina em dois biomas distintos do Nordeste do Brasil]. Resumo: A caprinocultura é uma atividade largamente explorada no Brasil, com efetivo de mais de 10 milhões de caprinos, sendo o Nordeste região de destaque, com 93,9% do rebanho nacional. Porém, ainda é uma região com grandes perdas causadas por manejo inadequado e ocorrência de enfermidades, dentre elas a leptospirose, doença da esfera reprodutiva que causa perdas produtivas e econômicas aos rebanhos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se determinar a soroprevalência, sorogrupos mais frequentes e os fatores associados à ocorrência da leptospirose em caprinos de estados com diferentes biomas no Nordeste brasileiro e geoespacializar a doença na região por meio da análise de questionários epidemiológicos e dados geográficos. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) com ponto de corte 50. Além disso, dados geográficos foram analisados para construção de mapas com caracterização epidemiológica da leptospirose nos estados. A frequência de soropositivos foi de 19,93% (119/597), sendo 18,92% (35/185) no estado de Alagoas e 20,38% (84/412) no Maranhão. Os sorogrupos mais frequentas para os estados foram Autumnalis (31,09%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (25,21%). Segregando os resultados, foi possível observar a maior frequência do sorogrupo Autumnalis (42,86%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (28,57%) no estado de Alagoas, bioma caatinga, e Autumnalis (26,19%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (23,81%) no estado do Maranhão,bioma do cerrado. Constatou-se que a Leptospira sp. está presente nos estados analisados, tanto no bioma Caatinga quanto no Cerrado, estando presente em áreas de características diversificadas quanto a vegetação e clima, o que gera alerta para os cuidadospreventivos em relação a doença. [Estudio epidemiológico de la leptospirosis caprina en dos biomas distintos en el Nordeste de Brasil]. Resumen: La cría de cabras es una actividad ampliamente explorada en Brasil, con más de 10 millones de cabras, siendo el Nordeste una región destacada, con el 93,9% del rebaño nacional. Sin embargo, todavía es una región con grandes pérdidas por manejo inadecuado y la ocurrencia de enfermedades, entre ellas la leptospirosis, enfermedad de la esfera reproductiva que ocasiona pérdidas productivas y económicas a los rebaños. Así, el objetivo fue determinar la seroprevalencia, los serogrupos más frecuentes y los factores asociados con la ocurrencia de leptospirosis en cabras de estados con diferentes biomas del noreste de Brasil y geoespacializar la enfermedad en la región a través del análisis de cuestionarios epidemiológicos y datos geográficos. Las muestras fueron sometidas a la Prueba de Soroaglutinación Microscópica (SAM) con un punto de corte de 50. Además, se analizaron datos geográficos para construir mapas con caracterización epidemiológica de leptospirosis en los estados. La frecuencia de individuos seropositivos fue de 19,93% (119/597), 18,92% (35/185) en el estado de Alagoas y 20,38% (84/412) en Maranhão. Los serogrupos más frecuentes para los estados fueron Autumnalis (31,09%) y Icterohaemorrhagiae (25,21%). Segregando los resultados, fue posible observar la mayor frecuencia del serogrupo Autumnalis (42,86%) y Icterohaemorrhagiae (28,57%) en el estado de Alagoas, bioma caatinga, y Autumnalis (26,19%) y Icterohaemorrhagiae (23,81%) en el estado de Maranhão, el bioma del cerrado. Se encontró que Leptospira sp. está presente en los estados analizados, tanto en los biomas de Caatinga como en Cerrado, estando presente en áreas con diversas características como vegetación y clima, lo que genera un alerta para la atención preventiva en relación a la enfermedad. Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-13T02:19:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2021-Art07.pdf: 278818 bytes, checksum: f198d883f56a11f6d6f77425980b9e89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Resumo: Aeromonas hydrophila e Streptococcus agalactiae são bactérias responsáveis pela incidência de doenças severas em peixes, ocasionando perdas significativas na aquicultura. Para tratar essas doenças são utilizados antibióticos, os quais podem deixar resíduos nos alimentos e ocasionar resistência antimicrobiana. Desse modo, o controle de patógenos e a profilaxia de enfermidades deve ser realizado com a finalidade de minimizar os impactos negativos nos organismos aquáticos, nos seres humanos e no meio ambiente. Assim, tem se buscado alternativas mais saudáveis para substituir essas moléculas sintéticas e o uso de bactéria ácido láticas (BALs) e ou seus produtos de metabolismo é uma delas. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a atividade antagonista de bactérias ácidos láticas bem como o produto do metabolismo destas, cultivada em dois diferentes meios de crescimento, leite em pó à 10% e meio ?De Man Rogosa & Sharpe? (MRS) acrescido de leite (2%) em pó, contra patógenos de peixes, pelo uso do método de difusão em ágar. Os patógenos avaliados foram inoculados em meio Ágar Triptona Soja (TSA) e em seguida bactérias láticas comerciais (ou sobrenadantes provenientes do meio de cultivo) foram colocadas em orifícios realizados no meio TSA e incubadas a 35 ± 2°C por 24 horas. Após este período foram realizadas as medições das zonas de inibição. O maior tamanho de zona de inibição foi observado para as cepas inoculadas em leite em pó a 10%. Após neutralização dos sobrenadantes observou-se que as zonas de inibição desapareceram, indicando que a inibição foi provavelmente devido aos ácidos produzidos pelas bactérias. Os resultados indicam que os meios onde as bactérias láticas foram cultivadas apresentaram diferentes resultados de antagonismo. O uso destes meios de cultivo e os metabólitos produzidos pelas BALs poderão ser utilizado em estudos posteriores, com o objetivo de testar diferentes cepas de bactérias ácido lática com atividade antimicrobiana específica para peixes. ? Abstract: Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae are bacteria responsible for the incidence of severe diseases in fishes, causing significant losses in aquaculture. To treat these diseases antibiotics are used which can leave residues in food and cause antimicrobial resistance. Thus, pathogen control and disease prophylaxis should be performed in order to minimize negative impacts on aquatic organisms, humans and the environment. Thereby healthier alternatives have been sought to replace these synthetic molecules and the use of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) and/or their metabolism products is one of them. In this work, we evaluated the antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria and their metabolism products grown in two different growth media; 10% milk powder and ?De Man Rogosa & Sharpe? (MRS) plus milk (2%) in powder, against fish pathogens, by using the agar diffusion method. The pathogens were inoculated on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and then commercial lactic acid bacteria (or supernatants from the growth culture medium) were placed in holes made in the TSA medium and incubated at 35 ± 2 ° C for 24 hours. After this period the diameters of the inhibition zones were measured . The largest inhibition zones was observed for the strains growth in 10% milk powder. After neutralization of the supernatants it was observed that the inhibition zones disappeared, indicating that the inhibition was probably due to the acids produced by the bacteria. The results indicate that the media where the lactic bacteria were grown showed different antagonism results. The use of these culture media and the metabolites produced by LABs could be used in further studies with the aim to test different strains of lactic acid bacteria with specific antimicrobial activity for fish. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-03T00:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PenteadoAvaliacaoAntagonista2019.pdf: 649478 bytes, checksum: 4ad6927c32cbeb831b05709db9224f9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a retrovirus that infects goats. This study evaluated the prevalence of CAEV in breeder goats from the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte, and Paraíba. We collected a total of 531 serum samples from 251 properties. On average, two male breeder goats were examined from each farm. Results from western blotting demonstrated that the prevalence of CAEV was 6.2% (32/513). In each state, the following prevalence values were found: Piauí, 5.9% (7/119); Maranhão, 2.0% (01/48); Sergipe, 7.1% (03/42); Alagoas, 17.6% (03/17); Rio Grande do Norte, 4.7% (05/105); Paraíba, 2.1% (02/94); and Ceará, 12.5% (11/34). We also conducted a univariate analysis to determine the risk factors that are associated with CAEV. This analysis revealed that breeding season, records of herd data, criteria adopted for the first mating of females, castration of male goats, origin of breeders, and identification of the animal were associated with CAEV. Adopting control measures to identify CAEV-positive animals and avoid virus transmission to females, especially during breeding seasons, is crucial since, males carrying CAEV can be sources of infection for the entire herd. [Estudo epidemiológico da Artrite Encefalite Caprina á vírus (CAEV) com ênfase em reprodutores de rebanhos do Nordeste do Brasil]. Resumo: Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a prevalência da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) em reprodutores dos estados do Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para tanto, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada através do Western Blotting foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,9% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Na análise univariável para os fatores de risco, as variáveis associadas (p ? 0,20) a frequência de positividade nos reprodutores foi: estação de monta, anotações em relação ao rebanho, critério adotado para a primeira cobertura das fêmeas, castração dos caprinos machos, origem dos reprodutores e identificação dos animais. Na análise de regressão logística múltipla, não foram encontrados fatores de risco para a infecção em estudo. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-28T00:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2019Anepidemiological.pdf: 269276 bytes, checksum: 9492363aedf28fd38ed9da333a43b174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

A Ceratoconjuntivite Infecciosa Bovina (CIB) é considerada a doença ocular de maior importância na criação de bovinos, causando perdas significativas tanto no rebanho afetado quanto para o produtor. Por se tratar de uma doença infectocontagiosa é necessário que as formas de diagnóstico sejam aprimoradas. Atualmente, o diagnóstico para CIB é realizado por meio da avaliação dos sinais clínicos por um especialista e confirmados por exames laboratoriais, o que geralmente é uma tarefa custosa e demorada. Neste trabalho, é avaliada a utilização da termografia infravermelha para aquisição de imagens da região ocular bovina de animais sadios e infectados pela CIB e, a partir disso utilizar essa base de imagens no treinamento e validação de um conjunto de redes neurais convolucionais (RNC), com o intuito de identificar se o animal está ou não infectado em novas amostras. Foram utilizadas 4.938 imagens termográficas da região ocular bovina no processo de treinamento e validação de cinco arquiteturas distintas de RNC, as quais foram avaliadas utilizando validação cruzada. Os melhores resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que as RNC são capazes de classificar corretamente os sinais clínicos da CIB em imagens termográficas com uma taxa de acurácia próxima de 80%. Palavras-Chave: Análise de imagens digitais; Classificação; Doença ocular bovina; Reconhecimento de padrões. Abstract Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is considered the most important ocular disease in cattle rearing, causing significant losses in both the affected herd and as for producer. Because it is an infectious disease, the forms of diagnosis need to be improved. Currently, the diagnosis for IBK is performed through the evaluation of clinical signs by a specialist and confirmed by laboratory tests, which is usually a costly and time-consuming task. In this work, the use of infrared thermography for the acquisition of images of the bovine ocular region of healthy and infected animals by the IBK is evaluated, using this image base in the training and validation of a set of convolutional neural networks (CNN) with the aim of identifying whether or not the animal is infected in new samples. A total of 4.938 thermographic images of the bovine ocular region were used in the training and validation process of five different architectures of CNN, which were evaluated using cross-validation. The best results obtained in this study indicate that CNNs are able to correctly classify IBK clinical signs in thermographic images with an accuracy rate close to 80%. Keywords: Analysis of digital images; Bovine ocular disease; Classification; Pattern Recognition. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-23T00:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RBCA2019.pdf: 1236865 bytes, checksum: 518c5cb626cf768ad3d408eb71703ae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum. [Emprego do dodecil sulfato de sódio como inativador viral e suas perspectivas no controle de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes]. Resumo: As lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs) são infecções que afetam caprinos e ovinos, causando doenças multissistêmicas crônicas, ocasionando grandes perdas econômicas. Os agentes causadores, lentivírus caprino (LVC) e o lentivírus ovino (LVO), apresentam tropismo por células da linhagem monocítico-fagocitária, as quais estão diretamente associadas à principal via de transmissão, por meio da ingestão de leite e colostro provindos de animais infectados. Desse modo, o controle por esta via é de suma importância. Atualmente, pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para o uso de aditivos químicos no leite, que possam conservar o colostro ou leite, e inativar agentes microbiológicos presentes. Dentre estes, o dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios na inativação química do HIV e LVC em leite, e ainda como biocida em colostro caprino. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-18T18:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2019Sodium.pdf: 498207 bytes, checksum: 0395f8468452fc5d662d9c754b53f271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO]

A miopatia dorsal cranial (MDC) causa impacto econômico na indústria de frango de corte por tornar propenso o descarte da região diagnosticada com MDC pelo serviço de inspeção. O objetivo dessa dissertação foi determinar a prevalência de MDC em matadouro frigorífico localizado no Sul do Brasil, a fim de avaliar sua correlação com as condições meteorológicas da região e as estações do ano. Além disso, foi objeto do presente estudo a pesquisa de microrganismos de interesse em saúde pública na lesão, classificação macroscópica em escores (normal, leve, moderado e severo) e avaliação do aspecto da lesão nas diferentes etapas do processamento industrial de frango griller. Para determinar a prevalência da MDC foi realizada análise do banco de dados das condenações parciais do serviço oficial de inspeção correspondente ao período de fevereiro de 2012 a agosto de 2013, totalizando 157.991.485 aves abatidas. Os dados meteorológicos da região foram obtidos na base de dados virtual do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – INMET, do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). As estações do ano que apresentaram maiores índices de condenações parciais por MDC foram outono e inverno, 0,46 e 0,47% respectivamente. O verão diferiu (P0,05). Na avaliação visual das carcaças, inclusive as de escore severo de MDC ao final do processamento industrial, após a carcaça passar pela etapa de congelamento, foi evidente a reversão aparente na lesão hemorrágica do músculo Anterior(latissimus(dorsi, tornando(se imperceptível a lesão de MDC. Com os resultados deste estudo conclui(se que os fatores ambientais, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura média da região, influenciam na prevalência da lesão de MDC nos frangos de aviários industriais e sugere(se que outras pesquisas sejam realizadas para determinar a interferência de outros fatores ambientais e para detectar alterações sensoriais no local da lesão após processamento industrial, já que visualmente elas desaparecem ao longo do mesmo. Cranial dorsal myopathy (CDM) causes an economic impact on the broiler industry by making it prone to discard the region diagnosed with CDM by the official inspection service. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the prevalence of CDM of broilers in a slaughterhouse located in the South of Brazil, correlating them with the meteorological conditions of the region and the seasons. Also measurements of microorganisms of interest in public health in the lesion of CDM, macroscopic classification in scores (normal, mild, moderate and severe) and evaluation of the appearance of the lesions in the different stages of industrial processing of broilers griller type were done. To determine the prevalence of CDM, the database of partial condemnations of the official inspection service for the period from February 2012 to August 2013 was performed, totalizing 157,991,484 slaughtered broilers. The meteorological data of the region were obtained from the virtual database of the National Institute of Meteorology – INMET, of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). The seasons of the year that presented higher indices of partial condemnations by CDM were autumn and winter, 0.46 and 0.47% respectively. Summer differed (P0.05). In the visual assessment of the carcasses, including those with a severe CDM score at the end of the industrial processing, the decrese on the hemorrhagic lesion of the Anterior( latissimus( dorsi( muscle became evident after the carcass went through the freezing stage, making it imperceptible to CDM lesion. The results of this study conclude that the environmental factors, air relative humidity and mean temperature in the region influence the prevalence of CDM lesion in broilers from industrial farms, and is suggest that further research be done to determine the interference of other environmental factors and to detect sensory alterations at the lesion site after industrial processing, since they disappear visually throughout the process.

Resumo: A Micoplasmose é de origem bacteriana causada pelo Mycoplasma spp. que em caprinos ocasiona a Agalaxia Contagiosa pela espécie M. agalactiae. Ela causa diminuição ou parada total de produção de leite e tem, ainda, como sinais clínicos artrite, ceratoconjuntivite, pleuropneumonia, septicemia e problemas reprodutivos levando a grandes perdas econômicas na caprinocultura. A Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAE) é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada por um vírus classificado na família Retroviridae, gênero Lentivirus, sendo denominado de Lentivírus de Pequenos Ruminantes (LVPR), responsável por causar problemas articulares, pneumonia, encefalite e mastite. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento sorológico e estudar uma possível correlação entre as duas doenças, bem como analisar os fatores de risco que possam estar relacionados entre as enfermidades, nas duas mesorregiões mais representativas em caprinocultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (Central Potiguar e Oeste Potiguar). As técnicas utilizadas foram os testes sorológicos ELISA para a Agalaxia contagiosa e Western Blotting para a CAE. As amostras provenientes do banco de soros da EMBRAPA foram colhidas de 538 animais, sendo 228 da mesorregião Central Potiguar e 310 da Oeste Potiguar. A soroprevalência de M. agalactiae em rebanhos do Rio Grande do Norte foi de 7,8% (42/538). Em relação às propriedades obteve-se o percentual de 25,9% (14/54) de positivos em ambas as regiões do estado. No caso da CAE foram detectados 3,9% (21/538) de animais soropositivos, e 42,6% (23/54) das propriedades foram diagnosticadas com a doença. As variáveis relacionadas aos fatores de risco somente o sexo e categoria animal obtiveram significância (P0,05). Com isso, concluiu-se que não houve correlação entre as doenças, uma vez que em nenhum animal foi encontrado anticorpos para ambas as doenças, contudo salienta-se que as enfermidades estão amplamente distribuídas entre as regiões do estado e requer medidas sanitárias e capacitação de técnicos e criadores na tentativa de diminuir a prevalência da CAE e Agalaxia Contagiosa no Rio Grande do Norte. Abstract: Mycoplasmosis is of bacterial origin caused by Mycoplasma spp. which in goats causes Contagious Agalaxia by the species M. agalactiae. It causes decrease or total stoppage of milk production and also has as clinical signs arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pleuropneumonia, septicemia and reproductive problems leading to great economic losses in goat breeding. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is an infectious disease caused by a virus classified in the family Retroviridae, genus Lentivirus. It is called Small Ruminant Lentivirus (LVPR), responsible for causing joint problems, pneumonia, encephalitis and mastitis. The present study had as objective to perform a serological survey and to study a possible correlation between the two diseases, as well as to analyze the risk factors that may be related among the diseases, in the two most representative in goat breeding mesoregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Central Potiguar and Oeste Potiguar). The techniques used were the ELISA serological tests for Contagious Agalaxia and Western Blotting for CAE. The samples coming from the flock of sera of the EMBRAPA were collected from 538 animals, 228 of the Central Potiguar mesoregion and 310 of the Oeste Potiguar. The seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in flocks of Rio Grande do Norte was 7.8% (42/538). In relation to the properties, the percentage of 25.9% (14/54) of positives was obtained in both regions of the state. In the case of CAE, 3.9% (21/538) of seropositive animals were detected, and 42.6% (23/54) of the properties were diagnosed with the disease. The variables related to the risk factors only the sex and the animal category obtained significance (P0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that there was no correlation between the diseases, since no animal was found for antibodies to both diseases, however, it is emphasized that the diseases are widely distributed among the regions of the state and require sanitary measures and capacity building technicians and breeders in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of CAE and Contagious Agalaxia in Rio Grande do Norte. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-19T00:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPCUPA4.pdf: 1052381 bytes, checksum: 7c7f1cb09a172807f2dd10f92c547de8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral. Orientador: Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro (CNPC); Coorientação: Alice Andrioli (CNPC).

Background: The pillars of animal production are sanity, genetics and nutrition. Sanitary control of the herd is important to reduce production costs and maintain health. The Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), located in Porto Alegre - RS, is the place of greatest casuistry of the state, with 20.000 annual attendances, between small and large animals. In view of this scenario, the present study aimed to determine the frequency and characterize the ruminants attended at HCV, in order to help in the future, in the construction of control and prevention strategies of diseases found. Materials, Methods & Results: The documents of ruminant care between January 2007 and May 2018 were searched in the archives of the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of UFRGS. Data on species, race, sex, age and diagnosis were collected. Diagnoses were classified as conclusive and inconclusive and the cases with conclusive diagnosis were classified according to etiology: infectious and parasitic diseases, metabolic and nutritional diseases, reproductive and obstetric diseases, toxic diseases, traumatic diseases. The prevalence of diseases and characteristics of ruminants attended (species, sex, category) was calculated. During the study period, between January 2007 and May 2018, 341 ruminants were attended, with emphasis on sheep (42%), goats (39%) and cattle (18%). In addition, a camel with foreign body obstruction, a sambar deer with fracture of the first thoracic vertebra and a buffalo with ruminal impaction were attended. The care profile was mapped, with predominance of females (57%) and adults (59%). Most of the animals did not present a defined breed, but among the breeds stands out Texel, of cutting aptitude, in sheeps and Saanen and Holstein, of dairy aptitude, in goats and cattle, respectively. In the retrospective study, the diseases with infectious and parasitic etiology presented the highest prevalence with 27.5% of the attendances, followed by reproductive (17.5%), traumatic (13.5%), metabolic (10%), others (10%) and toxic (2.5%). Sixty-six animals had inconclusive diagnosis (19.5%). Discussion: The highest prevalences were infectious and parasitic diseases, with emphasis on myiasis and verminosis. So, it is perceived that management corrections are sufficient to reduce the number of occurrences of diseases and prophylactic measures such as vaccination protocol, vermifugation and adequate nutritional management are allied in this walk. Among the reproductive diseases, dystocia (42.85%), which is one of the main causes of mortality in the peripartum period, has been highlighted. Dog attack was the major cause of traumas in ruminants and urolithiasis was highlighted in metabolic diseases. In toxic diseases, copper intoxication was the most important. Sheep are extremely sensitive to this intoxication, as they tend to accumulate copper in the organism. The retrospective study made it possible to visualize the panorama of HCV UFRGS visits to ruminants in the last years, mapping the profile and determining the casuistry of the diseases. Studies of hospital veterinary casuistry are rare, mainly involving ruminants. At the end, it is concluded that studies referring to casuistry are important to know the predominant diseases in a specific area and its risk factors considering differential diagnosis and future prevention programs.

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The origin of the hepatitis B virus is a subject of wide deliberation among researchers. As a result, increasing academic interest has focused on the spread of the virus in different animal species. However, the sources of viral infection for many of these animals are unknown since transmission may occur from animal to animal, human to human, animal to human, and human to animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate hepadnavirus circulation in wild and farm animals (including animals raised under wild or free conditions) from different sites in Brazil and Uruguay using serological and molecular tools. A total of 487 domestic wild and farm animals were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers and tested via quantitative and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral DNA. We report evidence of HBsAg (surface antigen of HBV) and total anti-HBc (HBV core antigen) markers as well as low-copy hepadnavirus DNA among domestic and wild animals. According to our results, which were confirmed by partial genome sequencing, as the proximity between humans and animals increases, the potential for pathogen dispersal also increases. A wider knowledge and understanding of reverse zoonoses should be sought for an effective One Health response. Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-13T18:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvaluationofHBVLike2019.pdf: 1254406 bytes, checksum: 6d7eb67e61fa36a7e3f57a679fdcc21f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Background: Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) is a disease that causes productive losses in dairy goat flocks due to the reduction in milk production, followed by lesions in joints and mammary glands. An early diagnosis is essential, considering that there is frequent occurrence of asymptomatic animals. Hence, this study aimed to perform a comparison of immunological and molecular based diagnostic tests, represented by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Western Blot (WB) and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). In addition, the mammary glands (MG) of dairy goats were clinically evaluated. Materials, Methods & Results: Blood collection and clinical examination were performed in 1191 dairy goats of 12 farms located in Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. Serological (AGID, WB) and molecular (nPCR) test results were compared and the data, along with MG alterations, were analyzed using Epi-info 7 and WinEpiscope 2.0. Seroprevalence in AGID test was 41.14% (490/1191). In WB, 51.47% (613/1191) of animals were seropositive and nPCR detected 69.44% (827/1191) positive animals. Hence, WB was more sensitive (P < 0.001) than AGID. However, nPCR detected more positive animals than AGID (P < 0.001) and WB (P < 0.001). The analysis of mammary glands revealed that 105 out of 1096 nanny goats presented alterations, of which 101 presented altered consistency, 16 presented elevated temperatures and 60 had enlarged retromammary lymph nodes. There was significant statistic difference (P < 0.05) only when comparing the results of serological tests with MG alterations. Discussion: In general, AGID technique is most frequently used when screening flocks for the disease due to the practicality and low cost this test presents. However, the results demonstrated that AGID detected the lowest number of positive animals. This low sensitivity that the test presented may be attributed to its antigen-antibody interaction mechanism, considering that agar gel precipitation requires multiple interactions. In addition, WB was more effective than AGID in detecting antibodies. On the other hand, nPCR was important for the detection of infected animals that serological tests failed to detect. The intermittence of immunological response observed in the serological tests may be explained by the variation of antibodies levels that may occur during life. Likewise, viral compartmentalization would justify the intermittent detection of proviral DNA. Hence, the results can be influenced by the viral intermittence, test sensitivity, late seroconversion and statistic values that can be calculated (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive level and kappa). Crossing the results of the diagnostic tests with the different mammary gland alterations, it was shown that there was a statistically significant difference (P

Resumo: O vírus da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAEV) pertence à família Retroviridae, subfamília Lentivirinae, gênero Lentivírus. Ele causa uma infecção denominada de Artrite Encefalite Caprina (AEC) que é capaz de se disseminar em um rebanho por um longo período. Com o presente estudo objetivou-se acompanhar a soroconversão da AEC, utilizando teste sorológico (Western Blotting), e a dinâmica de detecção da doença, com o uso da técnica molecular Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase nested (PCR nested). Dois lotes distintos de animais foram utilizados em momentos diferentes, sendo o primeiro formado com cabritos da raça Saanen, composto por 47 animais, e o segundo formado por 24 cabritos das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana. Em ambos os lotes realizaram-se testes de Western Blotting (WB) e PCR nested no momento imediatamente após o nascimento. No primeiro lote, os animais provieram de progenitores sorologicamente negativos para AEC, e permaneceram isolados individualmente até o resultado dos testes (PCR nested e WB). Dos 47 cabritos nascidos, 43, negativos em ambos os testes, foram acompanhados em mais dois momentos distintos: aos 60 dias de idade (M60) e aos 270 dias de vida (M270), compreendendo assim a fase de aleitamento e pós-aleitamento. No segundo lote, 24 cabritos das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana foram testados (WB e PCR nested) no momento do nascimento, aos 15 dias de idade e uma vez por mês, durante um período de 24 meses. Neste lote os animais descenderam de progenitores sorologicamente positivos para AEC. Somente cabritos positivos na primeira prova de PCR nested foram inseridos no estudo. Em ambos os lotes, todos os partos foram rigorosamentee assistidos, realizando-se a separação imediata dos animais recém-nascidos das mães, no intuito de não permitir contato entre ambos. Nos 47 animais estudados no primeiro lote, o teste de WB não detectou positividade ao longo de todo o experimento e, pelo teste de PCR nested, 4 animais foram diagnosticados como positivos, todos no M0, e foram eliminados do rebanho. Nos outros momentos, M60 e M270, nenhum animal foi indicado como positivo pela técnica de PCR nested. Durante o estudo com os 24 animais do segundo lote, para cada um dos testes foram realizados 624 exames, totalizando 1.248 exames. No teste de PCR nested, dos 624 exames, 360 foram positivos. Já no WB apenas 9 exames foram positivos. A técnica de PCR nested superou a capacidade diagnóstica do WB durante todo o experimento, com 57,7% de positividade nas amostras testadas, contra apenas 1,4% de resultados positivos no WB. Das amostras positivas no WB, quatro foram detectadas aos 15 dias, duas aos 270 dias e apenas uma aos 240, 600 e 690 dias. Em conclusão, pode-se afirmar que a metodologia adotada nos animais do primeiro lote foi efetiva no controle da doença, na fase de aleitamento e pós-aleitamento, acreditando-se até mesmo numa possível eliminação do vírus da AEC no novo rebanho. Concluiu-se, também, que possivelmente ocorreu a transmissão intrauterina de CAEV para a prole, a partir de progenitores sorologicamente positivos e negativos. A combinação do sistema de manejo, que propicie diminuição de risco de transmissão horizontal, com o uso da associação de técnicas de diagnóstico mais apuradas, como o WB e a PCR, é relevante para elaboração de um plano estratégico de controle da enfermidade. Espera-se que com esses resultados, seja possível compreender e traçar medidas de monitoramento, controle e erradicação da AEC em rebanhos caprinos, com a realização de inquéritos de forma periódica e contínua. [Methodologies for monitoring seroconversion and control of lentivirus infection in goats]. Abstract: The Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus (CAEV) belongs to the family Retroviridae, subfamily Lentivirinae, genus Lentivirus. It causes an infection called Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (AEC) that is capable of spreading in a herd for a long time. The present study aimed to follow the seroconversion of the AEC, using serological testing (Western Blotting), and the dynamics of detection of the disease, with the use of the molecular technique Polymerase Chain Reaction nested (PCR nested). Two different batches of animals were used at different times, the first one consisted of Saanen goats, composed of 47 animals, and the second was made up of 24 goats from the Saanen and Anglo-Nubian races. Western Blotting (WB) and nested PCR were performed in both batches immediately after birth. In the first batch, the animals came from serologically negative progenitors for AEC, and remained individually isolated until the test results (nested PCR and WB). Of the 47 goats born, 43, negative in both tests, were followed in two different moments: at 60 days of age (M60) and at 270 days of life (M270), thus comprising the phase of suckling and post-suckling. In the second batch, 24 goats of the Saanen and Anglo-Nubian races were tested (WB and nested PCR) at birth at 15 days of age and once a month for a period of 24 months. In this lot the animals descended from serologically positive parents to AEC. Only goats positive in the first nested PCR test were inserted into the study. In both batches, all deliveries were strictly attended, and the newborns were immediately separated from their mothers in order to avoid contact between the two. In the 47 animals studied in the first batch, the WB test did not detect positivity throughout the experiment and, by the nested PCR test, 4 animals were diagnosed as positive, all in M0, and were eliminated from the herd. At the other times, M60 and M270, no animals were indicated as positive by the nested PCR technique. During the study with the 24 animals of the second batch, 624 tests were performed for each of the tests, totaling 1,248 tests. In the nested PCR test, of the 624 exams, 360 were positive. In WB, only 9 tests were positive. The nested PCR technique surpassed the diagnostic capacity of the WB throughout the experiment, with 57.7% positivity in the samples tested, against only 1.4% positive WB results. Of the WB positive samples, four were detected at 15 days, two at 270 days and only one at 240, 600 and 690 days. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that the methodology adopted in the animals of the first batch was effective in controlling the disease, in the phase of breastfeeding and post-suckling, believing even a possible elimination of the AEC virus in the new herd. It was also concluded that intrauterine transmission of CAEV to offspring may have occurred from serologically positive and negative progenitors. The combination of the management system, which allows for a reduction in the risk of horizontal transmission, using the combination of more accurate diagnostic techniques, such as WB and PCR, is relevant for the elaboration of a strategic disease control plan. It is hoped that with these results, it will be possible to understand and devise measures for monitoring, control and eradication of AEC in goats, by conducting periodic and continuous surveys. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-29T00:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2019UPA13.pdf: 1177279 bytes, checksum: 13ca0741b21a94806597c8ace0e657ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal) - Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina. Orientadora: Maria Socorro Pires e Cruz; Coorientador: Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro (CNPC).

This study was conducted to evaluate caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) transmission among sheep using 15 lambs that were distributed in 2 experimental groups. The exposed group consisted of 10 lambs that remained with their mothers, who were experimentally infected with CAEV. The non-exposed group was characterized as the control group and was comprised of 5 lambs that remained with their CAEV-negative mothers. Blood samples were collected monthly from birth until 1 year of life. To evaluate the transmission, an agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID), enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), immunoblotting (IB), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) techniques were used. The non-exposed group was negative in all of the tests throughout the whole experiment. In the exposed group, 2 individuals had positive nPCR results. Positive nPCR samples were sequenced for comparison with the original goat strains and were shown to be similar to the CAEV-Cork strain. Seroconversion was not detected, and clinical manifestations were not observed. Thus, after 1 year of observation, it was verified that CAEV transmission among sheep is possible; however, with discreet frequency. This was an initial study, and other experiments are needed to analyze the adaptive capacity of the CAEV to remain in an infected sheep flock and cause the disease. [Transmissão do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina entre ovinos]. Resumo: O estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a transmissão do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV) entre ovinos, utilizando 15 cordeiros, distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais. O grupo exposto foi constituído por 10 cordeiros, mantidos com suas mães, que foram infectadas, experimentalmente, com CAEV. O grupo não exposto caracterizou-se como grupo controle e foi formado por cinco cordeiros, mantidos com suas matrizes, negativas para CAEV. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue mensalmente, do periodo que compreende o nascimento até um ano de vida. Para avaliar a transmissão, foram utilizadas as técnicas de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), immunoblotting (IB) e reação em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nPCR). O grupo não exposto se manteve negativo aos testes durante todo o experimento. Já no grupo exposto, dois indivíduos apresentaram resultados positivos na nPCR. As amostras positivas na nPCR foram sequenciadas para serem comparadas com as cepas originais de caprinos, comprovando se tratar de lentivírus semelhante à cepa CAEV-Cork. A soroconversão não foi detectada e a manifestação clínica não foi observada. Sendo assim, após um ano de observação, verificou-se que a transmissão do CAEV entre ovinos é possível, entretanto, com discreta frequência. Este foi um estudo inicial, e outros experimentos são necessários para analisar a capacidade adaptativa do CAEV de permanecer em rebanho ovino infectado e, com isso, causar doença. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T00:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Transmission.pdf: 1669152 bytes, checksum: 57ddeb25c242586e1b38691f197f4dae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20

Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management. [Lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes: perdas produtivas e econômicas, consequências da doença]. Resumo: Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e o vírus Maedi-Visna causam enfermidades que ocasionam perdas produtivas significativas, principalmente em animais com aptidão leiteira. Esses vírus pertencem à família Retroviridae e ao gênero Lentivirus e formam um grupo genético heterogêneo, o que pode ocasionar implicações para o diagnóstico e o controle dos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes. As perdas causadas pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes estão relacionadas com falhas reprodutivas, vida produtiva curta e diminuição da produção leiteira dos animais infectados. Além disso, esses vírus podem promover a redução da qualidade do leite, afetando a produção de laticínios, tal como o queijo. Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes levam a perdas indiretas, reduzindo o valor dos rebanhos e forçando o desenvolvimento de barreiras comerciais epidemiológicas para germoplasma animal. O controle dos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes é importante para promover uma maior produção de leite e reduzir os custos com medicamentos e assistência técnica. Esse controle pode variar de acordo com a população caprina e ovina de cada país em termos de soroprevalência, variedade de raças e particularidades do manejo adotado Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T23:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2017Small.pdf: 1670203 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7dcc05716a34e4a1afee7e3668d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO].

Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE. Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of FortalezaMRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB. Animals that reacted positive for M. agalactiae were all females of pure breed with milk production aptitude in distinct mesoregions submitted to intensive rearing system. None of these animals was positive in neither test (AGID or WB) for CAE. Therefore, no correlation of results obtained in diagnosis of M. agalactiae by ELISA and CAEV by AGID or WB (P < 0.05) was identified. However, two out of three productions that were positive for M. agalactiae presented positive results for CAEV with frequencies of 10% and 20%. Discussion: Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in Ceará State was low in comparison with other Brazilian states and even other countries. However, the presence of the pathogen in more than one mesoregion indicates that the disease occurs in different locations within the State. Therefore, flocks in Ceará are susceptible to the infection, which may be favored by uncontrolled commerce that occurs with deficient surveillance, associated with the importation of animals to improve flock genetic quality. The presence of the pathogen in dairy goats may contribute to significant losses in the local production. On the other hand, CAE was diagnosed in nearly all productions proving the dissemination of this lentivirus infection among dairy goat flocks in Ceará State. Although an association between these diseases was not identified, the presence of a retrovirus in the organism may favor co-infection with another micro-organism, promoting the deficiency in the immune system of the host. In conclusion, M. agalactiae is present in different mesoregions of the Ceará State and control measures should be adopted in short term to prevent pathogen dissemination and, consequently reduce economic and productive losses in the local dairy goat production. No correlation was identified between the prevalence of infection by CAEV and M. agalactiae in this study. [Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goat flocks bred in Ceará State of Ceará in association with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus]. Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T00:42:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Mycoplasma.pdf: 384799 bytes, checksum: 41ca4219fc4691d2ffc562158295282c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO].

Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-19T00:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3677167561PB.pdf: 185539 bytes, checksum: 2bd31e6c55d663371ffec9333a91ca8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-18

s: This study aimed to carry out a serum epidemiological survey of goat arthritis encephalitis in the sisal region of Bahia, Brazil, and to evaluate risk factors. We evaluated 831 samples of goat blood serum among males and females older than six months, from 49 farms distributed among the municipalities of Araci, Cansanção, Conceição do Coité, Itiúba, Monte Santo, Nordestina, Queimadas, Santa Luz, São Domingos and Valente. An epidemiological questionnaire for the analysis of possible risk factors was applied. All sera were tested for immune?agar gel. The seroprevalence obtained in surveyed herds was 1.56% (13/831). There was significant difference (p

Resumo: A caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil desempenha importante função socioeconômica e estratégica. A rusticidade desta atividade nesta região, aliada a sua rápida expansão em outros estados, tem gerado perdas na sua cadeia produtiva a nível regional e nacional, causadas por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a Linfadenite Caseosa (LC), afecção amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Embora LC tenha sido detectada como um problema endêmico no nordeste brasileiro, uma análise abrangente e mais recente desta prevalência nos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros se faz necessária. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cinco dos nove estados que compõem a região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram processadas amostras de soro de 2571 caprinos provenientes de 218 propriedades rurais oriundas de cinco estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, coletadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2012. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Em 88,5% (193/218) das propriedades investigadas, pelo menos um caprino foi soropositivo para C. pseudotuberculosis, sugerindo que o agente se encontra disseminado nos rebanhos do Nordeste, com a maior prevalência encontrada no Rio Grande do Norte (94,5%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (70,3%). Foram identificados 783 (30,4%; IC 95%=28,7-32,2%) caprinos soropositivos, com a maior prevalência entre animais encontrada no Piauí (41,4%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (22,5%). De um total de 279 reprodutores avaliados, 106 (37,9%) resultaram soropositivos, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 45,30%, e Piauí com 46,8% dos reprodutores positivos para LC. Das 1420 matrizes testadas, 599(42,1%) apresentaram sorologia positiva para C. pseudotuberculosis. Entre os estados esta distribuição também se manteve semelhante, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 47,5% e Piauí com 59,5% das matrizes positivos para LC. Entre os 872 caprinos jovens avaliados, 78 (8,9%) foram soropositivos para LC, observando-se uma diferença estatística na frequência de sopositividade obtidas entre os adultos e os jovens (P

Resumo: A criação de caprinos no Nordeste se destaca principalmente pelo tamanho do efetivo. Considerada uma importante alternativa de trabalho e renda para a agricultura familiar, pode ser uma forte aliada à fixação do homem no campo. No entanto, problemas de ordem sanitária têm comprometido a produtividade e o sucesso da atividade. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com esse estudo determinar os aspectos epidemiológicos de agentes virais causadores da Língua Azul e da Artrite Encefalite Caprina, em caprinos de diferentes mesorregiões fisiográficas do Nordeste Brasileiro. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Língua Azul foram analisados através do Elisa de competição 1460 amostras de soros de 110 unidades produtoras dos estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas e Sergipe. A soroprevalência encontrada no Sertão de Alagoas foi de 1,8% (03/168), Sergipe (Agreste 20,0% (31/155); Sertão 12,9% (20/155); Piauí (Sudoeste 72,2% (234/324); Centro Norte 56,9% (147/258) e Maranhão (Leste 65,7% (100/152); Norte 43,1% (107/248). Na pesquisa de anticorpos anti-CAEV, através do Western Blotting, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,8% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Portanto, os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as duas enfermidades estudadas estão presentes nos rebanhos do Nordeste, sendo necessário implementar medidas de controle e profilaxia que visem reduzir a disseminação das mesmas. [Epidemiological aspects of viral agents in goats from different physiographic mesoregions of Northeast Brazil]. Abstract: Goat breeding in the Northeast is mainly due to the size of the herd. Considered an important alternative of work and income for family agriculture, it can be a strong allied to the fixation of the man in the field. However, sanitary order trouble compromise the productivity and success of the activity. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects of viral agents causing Bluetongue Virus and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis, in goats of different physiographic mesoregions of Northeast Brazil. For the research of antibodies against Blue Language, 1460 serum samples from 110 producing units from the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas and Sergipe were analyzed through the Elisa of competition. The prevalence found in the Sertão de Alagoas was 1.8% (03/168), Sergipe (Agreste 20.0% (31/155), Sertão 12.9% (20/155), Piauí (Southwest 72.2% (234/324), North Center 56.9% (147/258) and Maranhão (East 65.7% (100/152), North 43.1% (107/248). In the research for anti-CAEV antibodies, through Western Blotting, on average two breeder by nurser were examined, totaling 513 serum samples and 251 properties. The prevalence found was 6.2% (32/513). In each participating state of the study, the following prevalences were found: Piauí 5.8% (7/119), Maranhão 2.0% (01/48), Sergipe 7.1% (03/42), Alagoas 17, 6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4.7% (05/105), Paraíba 2.1% (02/94) and Ceará 12.5% (11/34). Therefore, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the two diseases studied are present in the herds of the Northeast, being necessary to implement measures of control and prophylaxis aimed at reducing their of dissemination. Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-15T23:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018UPA4.pdf: 1496050 bytes, checksum: f9753f8d47e0371087b8fa5a706702f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-14 Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal) - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró. Orientador: Luiz da Silva Vieira (CNPC); Coorientadora: Alice Andrioli (CNPC).

[Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydophila abortus Infection in Goats of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil]. Abstract: Background: Chlamydophilosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydophila abortus, responsible for reproductive damage in small ruminants, and economic losses to animal production. In addition, it is classified as a zoonosis once it presents symptoms similar to numerous bacterial and viral infections of the reproductive system, making clinical diagnosis difficult. The objective of this work was to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-C. abortus antibodies in goats and to identify the risk factors for the disease in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Material, Methods & Results: This research was carried out in two mesoregions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Central Potiguar - CP and West Potiguar - WP) located in the Northeast of Brazil. These mesoregions together represent 83% of the regional herd. A total of 54 properties were studied. Those are distributed in seven municipalities: Afonso Bezerra, Angicos, Lages and Pedro Avelino, in the CP mesoregion; and Apodi, Caraúbas, and Mossoró, in the OP mesoregion. We used 540 animals from herds characterized as non-defined breed (NDB) and native breed, regardless of their productive functions, being frequent the consortium of caprine and ovine species. Blood samples were collected through jugular venipuncture by vacuum system with 5 mL tubes without anticoagulant. After collection, the tubes were centrifuged at 1500 g for 15 min. Detection of anti-Chlamydophila sp. antibodies was performed by the Complement Fixation Test. In parallel with the collection, a questionnaire was applied addressing general property and producer characteristics. Seroprevalence of chlamydophilosis in the CP mesoregion was 3.04% (7/230) for the animals and 26.1% (6/23) for the properties, whereas, in the WP mesoregion, the values were 4.2% (13/310) and 35.5% (11/31), respectively. In the final logistic regression model, no variable analyzed was considered to be associated with a higher probability of C. abortus positive properties. There was no significant difference (P = 0.76) in the infection among the studied mesoregions. All the seven municipalities evaluated, had at least one positive property. No serology was found with titers greater than 1:32. The results of the suspects with titers of 1:16 were 3.9% (9/230) in the CP and 3.5% (11/310) in the WP mesoregion. None of the 82 breeding animals tested were C. abortus reagent, but three were suspected. The highest prevalence for the infection was seen in the matrices with 5.6% (18/321), followed by young females with 2.9% (1/35), young males with 1.2% (1/82) and breeding animals with 0% (0/82). Discussion: The seroprevalence to Chlamydophila abortus found in the state of Rio Grande do Norte was lower than that found in most Brazilian states, and even in other countries. The presence of properties with positive animals displays a risk of dissemination of the disease in the region. In addition, the presence of suspect animals may indicate a much larger number of positive animals. The existence of false-negative animals in the herd can lead to difficulties in controlling and eradicating this disease. Although none of the breeding animals were reagent to C. abortus in the CF test, the possibility of venereal transmission should not be discarded. As some animals remained suspects, it may indicate an initial infection phase and seroconversion process, possibly characterizing future transmitters of the bacterium via semen. However, even though seroprevalence was numerically low, this disease should be a cause for concern due to its severity and spread capacity among herds, and especially because it is a zoonosis. We conclude that chlamydophilosis is present in goat breeding in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and female animals are more susceptible to Chlamydophila abortus infection Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T00:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Soroprevalenciaefatores.pdf: 413176 bytes, checksum: 9db4c5149c00fead464a461ec1faca2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-17 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO].

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) e identificar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos e ovinos soropositivos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 1.733 animais, sendo 1.274 caprinos procedentes de 62 Unidades de Produção (UPs) e 459 ovinos provenientes de 32 UPs. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por lentivírus foi utilizado o teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Dos 1.274 caprinos analisados 15 (1,18%) foram soropositivos, enquanto que todos os 459 ovinos foram soronegativos. Das 62 propriedades caprinas analisadas oito (12,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos soropositivos foram área da propriedade (odds ratio = 3,28; p = 0,044), ausência de capacitação dos produtores (odds ratio = 8,29; p = 0,042) e uso de monta natural não controlada (odds ratio = 6,78; p = 0,012). Conclui-se que a infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, demonstrada pela detecção de anticorpos, está disseminada em rebanhos caprinos do semiá­rido paraibano, e sugere-se o incentivo à capacitação contínua dos produtores, manutenção de reprodutores negativos ao LVPR e utilização de inseminação artificial com o intuito de evitar o contato físico entre macho e fêmeas. [Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentivirus infection in small ruminants in the semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil]. Abstract: The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats and sheep in the semiarid region of Paraiba State. It were used 1,733 animals, being 1,274 goats from 62 Production Units (PU) and 459 sheep from 38 PU. For the serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was used. Of the 1,274 goats 15 (1.18%) were seropositive, and all 459 sheep were seronegative. Of the 62 goat herds eight (12.9%) presented at least one seropositive animal. Risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats were area of the property ?35 ha (odds ratio = 3.28; p=0.044), not training of producers (odds ratio = 8.29; p=0.042) and use of uncontrolled natural mating (odds ratio = 6.78; p=0.012). It is concluded that lentivirus infection detected by serology is spread in goat flocks in the semiarid of the State of Paraíba, and it is suggested to encourage the continous capacitation of owners, maintenance of reproducers negative for SRLV and use of artificial insemination aiming to avoid the physical contact among male and females. Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T09:33:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2017Caracterizacao.pdf: 362653 bytes, checksum: aacac53ca95fb8f457f64ac0173fdada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-07 Título em inglês: Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentivirus infection in small ruminants in the semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T18:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-01Bitstream added on 2014-10-01T14:03:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352014000200014.pdf: 1430988 bytes, checksum: ab5146a04db176f51f6cb1cef5ee68aa (MD5) A artrite-encefalite caprina (CAE) é diagnosticada rotineiramente pela técnica de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA), que é considerada pouco sensível. Objetivou-se com este estudo padronizar testes de Elisa-i e Western Blot (WB) para diagnóstico precoce de anticorpos em caprinos contra CAEV e comparar os resultados obtidos nesses testes com a prova de IDGA. Para a padronização dos testes Elisa-i e WB, utilizaram-se diferentes concentrações e diluições de antígeno, soros e conjugado. No Elisa-i, adotaram-se microplacas rígidas com 96 poços, sendo a combinação de concentração de 0,5µg/poço de antígeno e diluições de 1:100 de soro e 1:1500 de conjugado a que apresentou melhor resultado. No WB foram utilizadas membranas de nitrocelulose, definindo-se as diluições de 1:50 de soro e 1:15000 de conjugado. Para avaliar o desempenho das técnicas, 222 amostras de soro caprino foram testadas e os dados obtidos foram comparados com o IDGA. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do Elisa-i/IDGA, WB/IDGA e WB/Elisa-i foram de 70% e 91%, 100% e 72,6%, 84,6% e 76,5%, concomitantemente. O índice Kappa desses testes foi de 0,35, 0,2 e 0,36, respectivamente. As técnicas de Elisa-i e WB apresentaram-se mais sensíveis que a IDGA, podendo ser utilizadas como ferramentas para o diagnóstico precoce da CAE. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is routinely diagnosed with the Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) technique, which is considered to have low sensitivity. The objective of this study was to standardize testing i-Elisa and Western Blot for early detection of antibodies against CAEV in goats and compare the results obtained in these tests with proof of AGID. For standardization of i-Elisa and WB, different concentrations and dilutions of antigen, sera and conjugate were used. In the i-Elisa, rigid microplate with 96 wells was adopted, and the combination that showed the best result was a concentration of 0.5µg/ well of antigen and dilutions of the serum of 1:100 and conjugate of 1:1500. In the WB nitrocellulose membranes were used, and the dilutions of the serum were defined at 1:50 and conjugate at 1:15000. To evaluate the performance of the techniques, 222 goat serum samples were tested and the data were compared with the AGID. The sensitivity and specificity of Elisa-i/IDGA, WB/AGID and WB/Elisa-i were 70% and 91%, 100% and 72.6%, 84.6% and 76.5%, concomitantly. The Kappa index of these tests was 0.35, 0.2 and 0.36, respectively. The i-Elisa and WB techniques were more sensitive than the AGID and can be used as tools for early diagnosis of CAE. Universidade Estadual do Ceará Faculdade de Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú Universidade Federal da Bahia Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará Universidade Estadual Paulista

Resumo: O aparecimento das doenças nos rebanhos caprino e ovino é comum em diversas regiões do Brasil. Dentre estas, a brucelose ovina vem sendo estudada e analisada através de inquéritos sorológicos ao longo dos anos. O diagnóstico sorológico realizado normalmente nas pesquisas é através dos seguintes métodos, a Reação de Fixação de Complemento (FC), o Imunodifusão em Gel de Agarose (IDGA) e o Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA-i). Comparações na concordância destes testes indicaram uma variação nos resultados levando a considerar a presença de enfermidades correlatas do sistema reprodutivo e a Pododermatite, além dos tipos de antígenos usados nos testes sorológicos que podem interferir na resposta imune. Portanto, correlacionar a sorologia à confirmação do isolamento do agente ou por PCR e a melhoria na qualidade do(s) antígeno(s) utilizados se faz necessário. [Considerations on the serological diagnosis of ovine brucellosis in Brazil: a review]. Abstract: The occurrence of diseases in sheep and goats is common in several regions of Brazil. Among these, ovine brucellosis has been studied and analyzed through serological surveys over the years. The serological diagnosis normally performed in the research is through the following methods, Complement Fixation Reaction (FC), Immunodiffusion in Agarose Gel (IDGA) and Immunoenzymatic Assay (ELISA-i). Comparisons in the concordance of these tests indicated a variation in the results leading to consider the presence of related diseases of the reproductive system and Pododermatitis, besides the types of antigens used in the serological tests that can interfere in the immune response. Therefore, correlating the serology to the confirmation of the agent isolation or by PCR and the improvement in the quality of the antigen (s) used becomes necessary. Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-28T23:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2017Consideracoessobre.pdf: 205092 bytes, checksum: af0cba7782d71f1f1ba33ce4cbd73bae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-04 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO]; [PATRICIA YOSHIDA FACCIOLI MARTINS].

A Clamidofilose é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada pela bactéria Chlamydophila abortus, responsável por causar distúrbios reprodutivos, ocasionando grandes perdas econômicas na caprinovinocultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo soroepidemiológico e fatores de risco da Clamidofilose, nas duas mesorregiões mais representativas (Central Potiguar e Oeste Potiguar) do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), através da técnica Reação de Fixação de Complemento (RFC), além de realizar análise de possíveis fatores de risco à doença. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 540 animais, sendo 230 da mesorregião Central Potiguar e 310 da Oeste Potiguar. Das 54 propriedades, 17 (31,5%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo para a infecção, sendo que dos 540 animais, 20 (3,7%) foram sororreagentes para C. abortus. A soroprevalência por propriedade na mesorregião Oeste Potiguar foi de 35,5% (11/31) sendo superior a encontrada na mesorregião Central Potiguar de 26,1% (6/23). As propriedades em estudo estão distribuídas em sete munícipios, os quais todos apresentaram pelo menos uma propriedade positiva à infecção. Estatisticamente, nenhuma variável foi considerada associada a maior probabilidade de ocorrência de propriedades positivas. O fator sexo, neste estudo, apresentou associação significativa (p

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os índices de infestação pelo ácaro Varroa. destructor em colônias de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera) de apiários dos municípios de Encanto e de Marcelino Vieira, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A pesquisa foi conduzida no período de setembro a dezembro de 2014, sendo coletadas em média de 100 a 200 abelhas adultas (nutrizes) retiradas dos quadros centrais do ninho com crias de cada colmeia, aprisionadas em recipientes contendo 100 mL de álcool a 70% e encaminhadas para laboratório do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), para a contagem das abelhas e dos ácaros. Os resultados apresentaram ocorrência do ácaro V. destructor em todos apiários e em todas colmeias analisados, obtendo uma infestação média de 7,24% em Encanto e de 5,25% em Marcelino Vieira, níveis de infestação baixos (