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2. Effects of pile driving sound playbacks and cadmium co-exposure on the early life stage development of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus

Author

Bolger, E.L., Michenot, M., Dodd, J.A., Wale, M.A., Briers, R.A., Hartl, M.G.J., Diele, K., and Stenton, C.A.

Subjects
Sound Spectrography, Culture and Communities, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Pollution, Nephropidae, Environmental Management, Marine and Freshwater Biology, Sound, Animals, Metallothionein, Animal and Plant Science Research Group, Noise, Multiple drivers, Nephrops norvegicus, larvae, cadmium, sound, oxidative stress, Cadmium
Abstract

There is an urgent need to understand how organisms respond to multiple, potentially interacting drivers in today’s world. The effects of the pollutants of anthropogenic sound (pile-driving sound playbacks) and waterborne cadmium were investigated across multiple levels of biology in larvae of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus under controlled laboratory conditions. The combination of pile-driving playbacks (170 dBpk-pk re 1 µPa) and cadmium combined synergistically at concentrations > 9.62 µg[Cd] L-1, resulting in increased larval mortality, with sound playbacks otherwise antagonistic to cadmium toxicity. Significant delays in larval development were caused by exposure to 63.52 µg[Cd] L-1, dropping to 6.48 µg[Cd] L-1 in the presence of piling playbacks. Pre-exposure to piling playbacks and 6.48 µg[Cd] L-1 led to significant differences in swimming behaviour of the first juvenile stage. Biomarker analysis suggested oxidative stress as the mechanism of deleterious effects, with cellular metallothionein (MT) being the predominant protective mechanism.

Published
2022

3. Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, H, Amano, T, Cadotte, M, Cook, C.N., Cooke, S.J., Haddaway, N.R., Jones, J.P.G., Littlewood, N., Walsh, J.C., Abrahams, M.I., Adum, G., Akasaka, M., Alves, J.A., Antwis, R.E., Arellano, E.C., Axmacher, J., Barclay, H., Batty, L., Benítez-López, A., Bennett, J.R., Berg, M.J., Bertolino, S., Biggs, D., Bolam, F.C., Bray, T., Brook, B.W., Bull, J.W., Burivalova, Z., Cabeza, M., Chauvenet, A.L.M., Christie, A.P., Cole, L., Cotton, A.J., Cotton, S., Cousins, S.A.O., Craven, D., Cresswell, W., Cusack, J.J., Dalrymple, S., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, A., Dodd, J.A., Felton, A., Fleishman, E., Gardner, C.J., Garside, R., Ghoddousi, A., Gilroy, J.J., Gill, D.A., Gill, J.A., Glew, L., Grainger, M.J., Grass, A.A., Greshon, S., Gundry, J., Hart, T., Hopkins, C.R., Howe, C., Johnson, A., Jones, K.W., Jordan, N.R., Kadoya, T., Kerhoas, D., Koricheva, J., Lee, T.M., Lengyel, S., Livingstone, S.W., Lyons, A., McCabe, G., Millet, J., Montes Strevens, C., Moolna, A., Mossman, H.L., Mukherjee, N., Muñoz-Sáez, A., Negrões, N., Norfolk, O., Osawa, T., Papworth, S., Park, K.J., Pellet, J., Phillott, A.D., Plotnik, J.M., Priatna, D., Ramos, A.G., Randall, N., Richards, R.M., Ritchie, E.G., Roberts, D.L., Rocha, R., Rodríguez, J.P., Sanderson, R., Sasaki, T., Savilaakso, S., Sayer, C., Sekercioglu, C., Senzaki, M., Smith, G., Smith, Robert J., Soga, M., Soulsbury, C.D., Steer, M.D., Stewart, G., Strange, E.F., Suggit, A.J., Thompson, R.R.J., Thompson, S., Thornhill, I., Trevelyan, R.J., Usieta, H.O., Venter, O., Webber, A.D., White, R.L., Whittingham, M.J., Wilby, A., Yarnell, R.W., Zamora, V., Sutherland, W.J., Downey, H, Amano, T, Cadotte, M, Cook, C.N., Cooke, S.J., Haddaway, N.R., Jones, J.P.G., Littlewood, N., Walsh, J.C., Abrahams, M.I., Adum, G., Akasaka, M., Alves, J.A., Antwis, R.E., Arellano, E.C., Axmacher, J., Barclay, H., Batty, L., Benítez-López, A., Bennett, J.R., Berg, M.J., Bertolino, S., Biggs, D., Bolam, F.C., Bray, T., Brook, B.W., Bull, J.W., Burivalova, Z., Cabeza, M., Chauvenet, A.L.M., Christie, A.P., Cole, L., Cotton, A.J., Cotton, S., Cousins, S.A.O., Craven, D., Cresswell, W., Cusack, J.J., Dalrymple, S., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, A., Dodd, J.A., Felton, A., Fleishman, E., Gardner, C.J., Garside, R., Ghoddousi, A., Gilroy, J.J., Gill, D.A., Gill, J.A., Glew, L., Grainger, M.J., Grass, A.A., Greshon, S., Gundry, J., Hart, T., Hopkins, C.R., Howe, C., Johnson, A., Jones, K.W., Jordan, N.R., Kadoya, T., Kerhoas, D., Koricheva, J., Lee, T.M., Lengyel, S., Livingstone, S.W., Lyons, A., McCabe, G., Millet, J., Montes Strevens, C., Moolna, A., Mossman, H.L., Mukherjee, N., Muñoz-Sáez, A., Negrões, N., Norfolk, O., Osawa, T., Papworth, S., Park, K.J., Pellet, J., Phillott, A.D., Plotnik, J.M., Priatna, D., Ramos, A.G., Randall, N., Richards, R.M., Ritchie, E.G., Roberts, D.L., Rocha, R., Rodríguez, J.P., Sanderson, R., Sasaki, T., Savilaakso, S., Sayer, C., Sekercioglu, C., Senzaki, M., Smith, G., Smith, Robert J., Soga, M., Soulsbury, C.D., Steer, M.D., Stewart, G., Strange, E.F., Suggit, A.J., Thompson, R.R.J., Thompson, S., Thornhill, I., Trevelyan, R.J., Usieta, H.O., Venter, O., Webber, A.D., White, R.L., Whittingham, M.J., Wilby, A., Yarnell, R.W., Zamora, V., and Sutherland, W.J.

Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4.We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

Published
2021

4. A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions

Author

Vilizzi, L., Copp, G.H., Hill, J.E., Adamovich, B., Aislabie, L., Akin, D., Al-Faisal, A.J., Almeida, D., Azmai, M.N.A., Bakiu, R., Bellati, A., Bernier, R., Bies, J.M., Bilge, G., Branco, P., Bui, T.D., Canning-Clode, J., Cardoso Ramos, H.A., Castellanos-Galindo, G.A., Castro, N., Chaichana, R., Chainho, P., Chan, J., Cunico, A.M., Curd, A., Dangchana, P., Dashinov, D., Davison, P.I., de Camargo, M.P., Dodd, J.A., Durland Donahou, A.L., Edsman, L., Ekmekçi, F.G., Elphinstone-Davis, J., Erős, T., Evangelista, C., Fenwick, G., Ferincz, Á., Ferreira, T., Feunteun, E., Filiz, H., Forneck, S.C., Gajduchenko, H.S., Gama Monteiro, J., Gestoso, I., Giannetto, D., Gilles A.S., Jr, Gizzi, F., Glamuzina, B., Glamuzina, L., Goldsmit, J., Gollasch, S., Goulletquer, P., Grabowska, J., Harmer, R., Haubrock, P.J., He, D., Hean, J.W., Herczeg, G., Howland, K.L., İlhan, A., Interesova, E., Jakubčinová, K., Jelmert, A., Johnsen, S.I., Kakareko, T., Kanongdate, K., Killi, N., Kim, J.-E., Kırankaya, Ş.G., Kňazovická, D., Kopecký, O., Kostov, V., Koutsikos, N., Kozic, S., Kuljanishvili, T., Kumar, B., Kumar, L., Kurita, Y., Kurtul, I., Lazzaro, L., Lee, L., Lehtiniemi, M., Leonardi, G., Leuven, R.S.E.W., Li, S., Lipinskaya, T., Liu, F., Lloyd, L., Lorenzoni, M., Luna, S.A., Lyons, T.J., Magellan, K., Malmstrøm, M., Marchini, A., Marr, S.M., Masson, G., Masson, L., McKenzie, C.H., Memedemin, D., Mendoza, R., Minchin, D., Miossec, L., Moghaddas, S.D., Moshobane, M.C., Mumladze, L., Naddafi, R., Najafi-Majd, E., Năstase, A., Năvodaru, I., Neal, J.W., Nienhuis, S., Nimtim, M., Nolan, E.T., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Ojaveer, H., Olenin, S., Olsson, K., Onikura, N., O'Shaughnessy, K., Paganelli, D., Parretti, P., Patoka, J., Pavia R.T.B., Jr, Pellitteri-Rosa, D., Pelletier-Rousseau, M., Peralta, E.M., Perdikaris, C., Pietraszewski, D., Piria, M., Pitois, S., Pompei, L., Poulet, N., Preda, C., Puntila-Dodd, R., Qashqaei, A.T., Radočaj, T., Rahmani, H., Raj, S., Reeves, D., Ristovska, M., Rizevsky, V., Robertson, D.R., Robertson, P., Ruykys, L., Saba, A.O., Santos, J.M., Sarı, H.M., Segurado, P., Semenchenko, V., Senanan, W., Simard, N., Simonović, P., Skóra, M.E., Slovák Švolíková, K., Smeti, E., Šmídová, T., Špelić, I., Srėbalienė, G., Stasolla, G., Stebbing, P., Števove, B., Suresh, V.R., Szajbert, B., Ta, K.A.T., Tarkan, A.S., Tempesti, J., Therriault, T.W., Tidbury, H.J., Top-Karakuş, N., Tricarico, E., Troca, D.F.A., Tsiamis, K., Tuckett, Q.M., Tutman, P., Uyan, U., Uzunova, E., Vardakas, L., Velle, G., Verreycken, H., Vintsek, L., Wei, H., Weiperth, A., Weyl, O.L.F., Winter, E.R., Włodarczyk, R., Wood, L.E., Yang, R., Yapıcı, S., Yeo, S.S.B., Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., Yunnie, A.L.E., Zhu, Y., Zięba, G., Žitňanová, K., Clarke, S., Vilizzi, L., Copp, G.H., Hill, J.E., Adamovich, B., Aislabie, L., Akin, D., Al-Faisal, A.J., Almeida, D., Azmai, M.N.A., Bakiu, R., Bellati, A., Bernier, R., Bies, J.M., Bilge, G., Branco, P., Bui, T.D., Canning-Clode, J., Cardoso Ramos, H.A., Castellanos-Galindo, G.A., Castro, N., Chaichana, R., Chainho, P., Chan, J., Cunico, A.M., Curd, A., Dangchana, P., Dashinov, D., Davison, P.I., de Camargo, M.P., Dodd, J.A., Durland Donahou, A.L., Edsman, L., Ekmekçi, F.G., Elphinstone-Davis, J., Erős, T., Evangelista, C., Fenwick, G., Ferincz, Á., Ferreira, T., Feunteun, E., Filiz, H., Forneck, S.C., Gajduchenko, H.S., Gama Monteiro, J., Gestoso, I., Giannetto, D., Gilles A.S., Jr, Gizzi, F., Glamuzina, B., Glamuzina, L., Goldsmit, J., Gollasch, S., Goulletquer, P., Grabowska, J., Harmer, R., Haubrock, P.J., He, D., Hean, J.W., Herczeg, G., Howland, K.L., İlhan, A., Interesova, E., Jakubčinová, K., Jelmert, A., Johnsen, S.I., Kakareko, T., Kanongdate, K., Killi, N., Kim, J.-E., Kırankaya, Ş.G., Kňazovická, D., Kopecký, O., Kostov, V., Koutsikos, N., Kozic, S., Kuljanishvili, T., Kumar, B., Kumar, L., Kurita, Y., Kurtul, I., Lazzaro, L., Lee, L., Lehtiniemi, M., Leonardi, G., Leuven, R.S.E.W., Li, S., Lipinskaya, T., Liu, F., Lloyd, L., Lorenzoni, M., Luna, S.A., Lyons, T.J., Magellan, K., Malmstrøm, M., Marchini, A., Marr, S.M., Masson, G., Masson, L., McKenzie, C.H., Memedemin, D., Mendoza, R., Minchin, D., Miossec, L., Moghaddas, S.D., Moshobane, M.C., Mumladze, L., Naddafi, R., Najafi-Majd, E., Năstase, A., Năvodaru, I., Neal, J.W., Nienhuis, S., Nimtim, M., Nolan, E.T., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Ojaveer, H., Olenin, S., Olsson, K., Onikura, N., O'Shaughnessy, K., Paganelli, D., Parretti, P., Patoka, J., Pavia R.T.B., Jr, Pellitteri-Rosa, D., Pelletier-Rousseau, M., Peralta, E.M., Perdikaris, C., Pietraszewski, D., Piria, M., Pitois, S., Pompei, L., Poulet, N., Preda, C., Puntila-Dodd, R., Qashqaei, A.T., Radočaj, T., Rahmani, H., Raj, S., Reeves, D., Ristovska, M., Rizevsky, V., Robertson, D.R., Robertson, P., Ruykys, L., Saba, A.O., Santos, J.M., Sarı, H.M., Segurado, P., Semenchenko, V., Senanan, W., Simard, N., Simonović, P., Skóra, M.E., Slovák Švolíková, K., Smeti, E., Šmídová, T., Špelić, I., Srėbalienė, G., Stasolla, G., Stebbing, P., Števove, B., Suresh, V.R., Szajbert, B., Ta, K.A.T., Tarkan, A.S., Tempesti, J., Therriault, T.W., Tidbury, H.J., Top-Karakuş, N., Tricarico, E., Troca, D.F.A., Tsiamis, K., Tuckett, Q.M., Tutman, P., Uyan, U., Uzunova, E., Vardakas, L., Velle, G., Verreycken, H., Vintsek, L., Wei, H., Weiperth, A., Weyl, O.L.F., Winter, E.R., Włodarczyk, R., Wood, L.E., Yang, R., Yapıcı, S., Yeo, S.S.B., Yoğurtçuoğlu, B., Yunnie, A.L.E., Zhu, Y., Zięba, G., Žitňanová, K., and Clarke, S.

Abstract

The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a ‘very high risk’ of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate ‘rapid’ management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be r

Published
2021

5. First genetic evidence that invasive bullhead (Cottus L. 1758) in Scotland is of English origin and the difficulty of resolving the European Cottus species taxonomy

Author

McLeish, J., Briers, R.A., Dodd, J.A., and Rueckert, S.

Subjects
Cottus perifretum, QH540 Ecology, Environmental microbiology, Ecology, Culture and Communities, Cottus gobio, Biodiversity and conservation, phylogenetics, Marine and Freshwater Biology, 577.6 Freshwater ecology, cytochrome oxidase 1, morphology, Bullhead, Animal and Plant Science Research Group, introduced
Abstract

The European bullhead (Cottus gobio) is widely distributed across Europe and within the UK is native to England and Wales, where it is protected under the Habitats Directive. In Scotland, however, the species is considered invasive and thriving populations are recorded in the Forth and Clyde river catchments, and the Ale Water in the Scottish Borders. The genetic identity of the Scottish populations has not been established. There is also debate about the status of the European bullhead and its validity as single species, a species complex with several unresolved species, or distinct different species in its European distribution range. There is therefore a need to determine the taxonomy and likely source of the novel Scottish populations. Genetic analyses using cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mtDNA sequences were undertaken on specimens from the Forth and Clyde catchments, and combined with the results of morphological characteristics to provide a comprehensive assessment of the taxonomic classification for Scottish bullheads. There was considerable variation in morphological characteristics between populations within Scotland and a wider range of variability than previously recorded for English populations. Genetically the Scottish populations were very closely related to English specimens, supporting the hypothesis of introduction directly from England to Scotland. In terms of broader relationships, Scottish specimens are genetically more closely related to the ostensible species Chabot fluviatile Cottus perifretum, which has been suggested as one of a complex of species across Europe. Morphologically they exhibit characteristics on the spectrum between C. perifretum and C. gobio. There is an urgent need for the clarification of the taxonomy of Cottus sp.(p). to avoid confusion in future publications, legislation and management practices relating to bullheads throughout the UK and Europe.

Published
2020

6. The influence of aquaculture unit proximity on the pattern of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection of anadromous Salmo trutta populations on the Isle of Skye, Scotland

Author

Moore, I., Dodd, J.A., Newton, M., Bean, C.W., Lindsay, I., Jarosz, P., and Adams, C.E.

Subjects
animal diseases
Abstract

A total of 230 anadromous Salmo trutta (brown trout) were sampled in five sheltered coastal fjords (or sea lochs) on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K., in 2016 at varying distances from active Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farms. Statistical models were developed to investigate potential correlations between salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis burdens on S. trutta hosts and their proximity to S. salar farm cages. Significant correlations were found between lice burdens and fish fork length and proximity to the nearest S. salar farm. The probability of the presence of L. salmonis on fish hosts increased with fish host size and with distance from the nearest S. salar farm, but total lice burdens were highest in fish sampled near S. salar farms and decreased with distance. The proportion of different life‐cycle stages of L. salmonis were also dependent on S. salar farm proximity, with higher juvenile lice numbers recorded at sites near S. salar farm cages. These results highlight the complexity of the relationship between S. trutta and L. salmonis infections on wild fish and emphasise the requirement of further research to quantify these effects to better inform conservation and management strategies, particularly in areas of active S. salar farm facilities.

Published
2018

7. The effect of foraging and ontogeny on the prevalence and intensity of the invasive parasite Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla

Author

Barry, J., Dodd, J.A., Evans, D., Newton, J., and Adams, C.E.

Abstract

Infection patterns of the invasive Anguillicola crassus nematode were investigated in a population of the European eel Anguilla anguilla where parasite invasion is very recent, Loch Lomond, Scotland. Intensity levels of the parasite were associated with differences in fish ontogeny and trophic ecology. Although eels foraged on both fish and invertebrates, individuals which were smaller and fed on invertebrates (>70% contribution to diet) were found to contain a greater number of swim bladder parasites compared to larger eel with a predominance of fish (>60% contribution) in their diet. Within affected fish, a significant negative relationship was found between fish length and parasite intensity, with smaller individuals having higher parasite intensity than larger individuals. This study indicates that food intake and infection risk are linked in this recently infected host–parasite system. From a management perspective increasing our understanding of how infection intensity and repeated exposure is linked to resource use in an ecosystem is important for the future management of this endangered species in Europe.

Published
2017

8. Does size matter? A test of size-specific mortality in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts tagged with acoustic transmitters

Author

Newton, M., Barry, J., Dodd, J.A., Lucas, M.C., Boylan, P., and Adams, C.E.

Abstract

Mortality rates of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters were assessed to determine if mortality was size dependent. The routinely accepted, but widely debated, ‘2% transmitter mass: body mass’ rule in biotelemetry was tested by extending the transmitter burden up to 12·7% of body mass in small [mean fork length (LF) 138·3 mm, range 115–168 mm] downstream migrating S. salar smolts. Over the short timescale of emigration (range 11·9–44·5 days) through the lower river and estuary, mortality was not related to S. salar size, nor was a relationship found between mortality probability and transmitter mass: body mass or transmitter length: LF ratios. This study provides further evidence that smolt migration studies can deviate from the ‘2% rule’ of thumb, to more appropriate study-specific measures, which enables the use of fishes representative of the body size in natural populations without undue effects.

Published
2016

9. Freshwater and coastal migration patterns in the silver-stage eel Anguilla anguilla

Author

Barry, J., Newton, M., Dodd, J.A., Lucas, M.C., Boylan, P., and Adams, C.E.

Abstract

The unimpeded downstream movement patterns and migration success of small female and male Anguilla anguilla through a catchment in north-west Europe were studied using an acoustic hydrophone array along the River Finn and into the Foyle Estuary in Ireland. Twenty silver-stage A. anguilla (total length, LT, range: 332–520 mm) were trapped 152 km upstream from a coastal marine sea-lough outlet and internally tagged with acoustic transmitters of which 19 initiated downstream migration. Migration speed was highly influenced by river flow within the freshwater (FW) compartment. Anguilla anguilla activity patterns were correlated with environmental influences; light, tidal direction and lunar phase all influenced the initiation of migration of tagged individuals. Migration speed varied significantly between upstream and lower river compartments. Individuals migrated at a slower speed in transitional water and sea-lough compartments compared with the FW compartment. While 88·5% survival was recorded during migration through the upper 121 km of the river and estuary, only 26% of A. anguilla which initiated downstream migration were detected at the outermost end of the acoustic array. Telemetry equipment functioned efficiently, including in the sea-lough, so this suggests high levels of mortality during sea-lough migration, or less likely, long-term sea-lough residence by silver A. anguilla emigrants. This has important implications for eel management plans.

Published
2016

10. Inter and intra-population phenotypic and genotypic structuring in the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, a rare freshwater fish in Scotland

Author

Adams, C.E., Bean, C.W., Dodd, J.A., Down, A., Etheridge, E.C., Gowans, A.R.D., Hooker, O., Knudsen, R., Lyle, A.A., Winfield, I.J., and Praebel, K.

Subjects
Ecology and Environment
Abstract

This study revealed between-lake genetic structuring between Coregonus lavaretus collected from the only two native populations of this species in Scotland, U.K. (Lochs Eck and Lomond) evidenced by the existence of private alleles (12 in Lomond and four in Eck) and significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0·056) across 10 microsatellite markers. Juvenile C. lavaretus originating from eggs collected from the two lakes and reared in a common-garden experiment showed clear phenotypic differences in trophic morphology (i.e. head and body shape) between these populations indicating that these characteristics were, at least partly, inherited. Microsatellite analysis of adults collected from different geographic regions within Loch Lomond revealed detectable and statistically significant but relatively weak genetic structuring (FST = 0·001–0·024) and evidence of private alleles related to the basin structure of the lake. Within-lake genetic divergence patterns suggest three possibilities for this observed pattern: (1) differential selection pressures causing divergence into separate gene pools, (2) a collapse of two formerly divergent gene pools and (3) a stable state maintained by balancing selection forces resulting from spatial variation in selection and lake heterogeneity. Small estimates of effective population sizes for the populations in both lakes suggest that the capacity of both populations to adapt to future environmental change may be limited.

Published
2016

16. Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, H., Amano, T., Cadotte, M., Cook, C.N., Cooke, S.J., Haddaway, N.R., Jones, J.P.G., Littlewood, N., Walsh, J.C., Abrahams, M.I., Adum, G., Akasaka, M., Alves, J.A., Antwis, R.E., Arellano, E.C., Axmacher, J., Barclay, H., Batty, L., Benítez-López, A., Bennett, J.R., Berg, M.J., Bertolino, S., Biggs, D., Bolam, F.C., Bray, T., Brook, B.W., Bull, J.W., Burivalova, Z., Cabeza, M., Chauvenet, A.L.M., Christie, A.P., Cole, L., Cotton, A.J., Cotton, S., Cousins, S.A.O., Craven, D., Cresswell, W., Cusack, J.J., Dalrymple, S.E., Davies, Z.G., Diaz, A., Dodd, J.A., Felton, A., Fleishman, E., Gardner, C.J., Garside, R., Ghoddousi, A., Gilroy, J.J., Gill, D.A., Gill, J.A., Glew, L., Grainger, M.J., Grass, A.A., Greshon, S., Gundry, J., Hartley, T., Hopkins, C.R., Howe, C., Johnson, A., Jones, K.W., Jordan, N.R., Kadoya, T., Kerhoas, D., Koricheva, J., Lee, T.M., Lengyel, S., Livingstone, S.W., Lyons, A., McCabe, G., Millett, J., Strevens, C.M., Moolna, A., Mossman, H.L., Mukherjee, N., Muñoz-Sáez, A., Negrões, N., Norfolk, O., Osawa, T., Papworth, S., Park, K.J., Pellet, J., Phillott, A.D., Plotnik, J.M., Priatna, D., Ramos, A.G., Randall, N., Richards, R.M., Ritchie, E.G., Roberts, D.L., Rocha, R., Rodríguez, J.P., Sanderson, R., Sasaki, T., Savilaakso, S., Sayer, C., Sekercioglu, C., Senzaki, M., Smith, G., Smith, R.J., Soga, M., Downey, H., Amano, T., Cadotte, M., Cook, C.N., Cooke, S.J., Haddaway, N.R., Jones, J.P.G., Littlewood, N., Walsh, J.C., Abrahams, M.I., Adum, G., Akasaka, M., Alves, J.A., Antwis, R.E., Arellano, E.C., Axmacher, J., Barclay, H., Batty, L., Benítez-López, A., Bennett, J.R., Berg, M.J., Bertolino, S., Biggs, D., Bolam, F.C., Bray, T., Brook, B.W., Bull, J.W., Burivalova, Z., Cabeza, M., Chauvenet, A.L.M., Christie, A.P., Cole, L., Cotton, A.J., Cotton, S., Cousins, S.A.O., Craven, D., Cresswell, W., Cusack, J.J., Dalrymple, S.E., Davies, Z.G., Diaz, A., Dodd, J.A., Felton, A., Fleishman, E., Gardner, C.J., Garside, R., Ghoddousi, A., Gilroy, J.J., Gill, D.A., Gill, J.A., Glew, L., Grainger, M.J., Grass, A.A., Greshon, S., Gundry, J., Hartley, T., Hopkins, C.R., Howe, C., Johnson, A., Jones, K.W., Jordan, N.R., Kadoya, T., Kerhoas, D., Koricheva, J., Lee, T.M., Lengyel, S., Livingstone, S.W., Lyons, A., McCabe, G., Millett, J., Strevens, C.M., Moolna, A., Mossman, H.L., Mukherjee, N., Muñoz-Sáez, A., Negrões, N., Norfolk, O., Osawa, T., Papworth, S., Park, K.J., Pellet, J., Phillott, A.D., Plotnik, J.M., Priatna, D., Ramos, A.G., Randall, N., Richards, R.M., Ritchie, E.G., Roberts, D.L., Rocha, R., Rodríguez, J.P., Sanderson, R., Sasaki, T., Savilaakso, S., Sayer, C., Sekercioglu, C., Senzaki, M., Smith, G., Smith, R.J., and Soga, M.

Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

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