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Abnormalities in nonverbal communication are a hallmark of schizophrenia. Results from studies using symptom rating scales suggest that these abnormalities are profound (i.e., 3-5 SDs) and occur across virtually every channel of vocal expression. Computerized acoustic analytic technologies, used to overcome practical and psychometric limitations with symptom rating scales, have found much more benign and isolated abnormalities. To better understand vocal deficits in schizophrenia and to advance acoustic analytic technologies for clinical and research applications, we examined archived speech samples from 5 separate studies, each using different speaking tasks (patient N = 309; control N = 117). We sought to: (a) use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify independent vocal expression measures from a large set of variables, (b) quantify how patients with schizophrenia are abnormal with respect to these variables, (c) evaluate the impact of demographic and contextual factors (e.g., study site, speaking task), and (d) examine the relationship between clinically-rated psychiatric symptoms and vocal variables. PCA identified 7 independent markers of vocal expression. Most of these vocal variables varied considerably as a function of context and many were associated with demographic factors. After controlling for context and demographics, there were no meaningful differences in vocal expression between patients and controls. Within patients, vocal variables were associated with a range of psychiatric symptoms-though only pause length was significantly associated with clinically rated negative symptoms. The discussion centers on explaining the apparent discordance between clinical and computerized speech measures.

The aim of this study was to examine the nature of the relationship between attentional dysfunction and social competence deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Attentional functioning, social perception, and social competence were assessed in 56 inpatients. Measures of vigilance and span of apprehension were administered to assess attentional functioning. Social perception was assessed with an audiovisual measure of affect recognition. Social competence was rated from a role-play task. Span of apprehension and auditory vigilance emerged as specific predictors of social competence. Affect recognition was tested as a mediator and a moderator of the relationship between attentional dysfunction and social competence. Affect recognition was found to moderate the relationship between span of apprehension and social competence. Keywords: schizophrenia, social competence, affect recognition, social perception, neurocognition

The current study examined coping styles and perceived levels of social support in hypothetically psychosis-prone individuals. Results suggest that psychosis-prone individuals did not differ from a comparison group on levels of adaptive coping or positive social support but that they did endorse higher rates of nonadaptive coping and negative social support compared with the comparison group. Keywords: psychosis-proneness, coping, social support

This article posits that basic cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are more highly related to speech disorder measured as communication failures than speech disorder measured as thought disorder or disorganization. The author tested 47 schizophrenia patients and 36 control participants for sustained attention, sequencing, and conceptual sequencing ability. Their speech was also rated for communication failures, thought disorder, and conceptual disorganization. Attention and sequencing impairments, examined hierarchically, explained a substantial 38% of the variance in the communication measure of speech disorder but little of the variance in formal thought disorder or conceptual disorganization. The author concludes that (a) impairments in attention and sequencing abilities contribute substantially to schizophrenic communication failures, and (b) it is important to consider lower level cognitive '3rd variables' when examining higher level cognitive associates of speech disorder. Keywords: schizophrenia, speech disorder, formal thought disorder, communication, language

Several different types of communication disturbances have been identified in the speech of schizophrenia patients. This study assessed 6 types of referential communication disturbances in the speech of 32 stable outpatients, 23 of their nonschizophrenic siblings, and 27 control subjects. The siblings made more frequent reference failures of all types than control subjects and did not differ from the patients on most types of disturbance. Only on the arguably roost 'schizophrenic' type of disturbance, the missing information reference, did patients show more deviance than siblings. On the vague reference, siblings showed more deviance than patients. These results, which are very similar to those previously reported on parents of patients, support the idea that referential disturbances reflect vulnerability to schizophrenia.

Expressed emotion is a measure of an individual's critical and/or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward another person. The characteristics of parents who are high in expressed emotion are not fully understood. This study examined some variables potentially associated with expressed emotion, as measured by the Camberwell Family Interview, in 54 parents of schizophrenic young adults. Statements of (1) self-blame for the patient's illness, (2) controlling behaviors toward the patient, and (3) controlling behaviors toward others were assessed. As predicted, parents who blamed themselves for the patient's illness had higher emotional overinvolvement ratings than non-self-blaming parents. Measures of controlling behavior revealed that highly critical parents were not more controlling than less critical parents; however, parents high in emotional overinvolvement reported higher levels of patient- and other-controlling behaviors than parents low in emotional overinvolvement. These results suggest that the emotional overinvolvement component of high expressed emotion is associated with self-blaming attributions and controlling behaviors in parents, but that the criticism component is not.

GENERALLY speaking, schizophrenia is not associated with diminished positive and negative emotions. Even patients with negative symptoms such as blunted affect have generally not differed in their levels of self-reported emotionality compared to patients without negative symptoms. However, there is evidence to suggest that a subgroup of patients with negative symptoms, those with the deficit syndrome, have a diminished capacity to experience positive and negative emotions. The present study examined whether ratings of the deficit and negative syndrome were associated with lower levels of self-reported stress during a laboratory-based, emotion-induction manipulation. Thirty-six participants with schizophrenia were asked to produce separate affectively positive and affectively negative narratives. Immediately following each narrative, participants were asked to report the level of stress they had experienced while recounting their memories. The deficit syndrome ratings, analyzed in a continuous and a categorical manner, were associated with lower levels of self-reported stress in the affectively negative condition. Moreover, the deficit and negative syndrome ratings significantly differed in their associations to levels of self-reported stress during both tasks, supporting the notion that there are appreciable differences between the two syndromes. Given that stress has been an essential component in conceptualizations of schizophrenia onset and relapse, the possibility of stress-resistant properties associated with the deficit syndrome should be tested in future research.

This study examined the degree to which different types of communication disturbances in the speech of 48 schizophrenia patients and 28 controls were variable and state related versus stable and traitlike. Clinically rated formal thought disorder and 5 types of referential disturbance showed substantial stability within participants over time. The sixth type of referential disturbance, the vague reference, was not stable over time. Formal thought disorder was associated with the severity of core psychotic symptoms in patients, whereas referential disturbances showed little or no association with positive or negative symptom severity. Furthermore, changes in psychotic symptoms over time were accompanied by corresponding changes in formal thought disorder but not referential disturbances. These results support the idea that some types of referential disturbances are traitlike and may be reflective of vulnerability as well as manifest illness.

This study compared levels of referential communication disturbance in speech samples from 41 stable schizophrenia outpatients, 46 parents of patients, and 23 nonpsychiatric control participants in affectively positive versus affectively negative conditions. The speech of the patients and parents showed elevated frequencies of reference failures in the affectively positive condition compared with control participants; the speech of the patients became more disordered in the affectively negative condition, whereas the speech of the parents did not. These results support the idea that referential communication disturbances reflect vulnerability. as well as overt illness, but that affective reactivity of these disturbances is associated mainly with the manifest illness. These findings are consistent with biological, cognitive, and psychological theories about the processes underlying stress responsiveness of schizophrenic symptoms more generally.

Twenty-nine schizophrenic outpatients provided speech samples on affectively positive and negative topics. These samples were assessed for several different types of communication failures by using the Communication Disturbances Index. Frequencies of overinclusive references, ambiguous word meanings, and ambiguous referents increased in the affectively negative condition; frequencies of missing referents and instances of syntactic unclarity did not change across affective conditions. Degree of overall affective reactivity of speech was associated with severity of the core positive schizophrenic syndrome. These findings support the idea that different types of schizophrenic communication disturbances are associated with different underlying pathophysiological processes, that some are more reactive to affect than others, and that affective reactivity of these symptoms is associated with the positive schizophrenic process.

The authors hypothesized that schizophrenic communication disturbances reflect specific cognitive deficits in the areas of working memory and attention. They examined the cognitive correlates of communication disturbances, as measured by linguistic reference performance, in schizophrenic (n = 48), bipolar (n = 24), and nonpsychiatric control (n = 23) individuals. Reference performance ratings in the schizophrenic patients were associated with scores on tests of working memory and attention and were not related to performance on concept formation or verbal fluency tests. In contrast, in the bipolar and nonpsychiatric individuals, reference performance was associated with concept formation and verbal fluency test scores but was not related to performance on tests of working memory. Implications with respect to the processes underlying schizophrenic communication disturbances are discussed.

Clinicians have often reported observing subtle signs of thought disorder or communication difficulties in parents of schizophrenic patients. Ascertaining empirically whether these impressions are valid and, if so, clarifying the nature of such disturbances is important for at least two reasons. First, it could assist in elucidating the etiologies of the illness. If distinguishing parental characteristics could be clearly defined, then further research could be undertaken to determine to what extent they represent genetic vulnerability markers, pathogenic environmental influences, or behavioral responses to having a disordered offspring. Secondly, it could facilitate our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in schizophrenia or in the constitutional vulnerability to schizophrenia.

A questionnaire for measurement of expressed emotion was constructed. It consisted of two scales, criticism and emotional overinvolvement. The questionnaire and the Camberwell Family Interview were then administered to relatives of schizophrenics, and preliminary assessments of scale reliabilities and concurrent validities were done. Both questionnaire scales were reliable. With respect to validity, the criticism scale correctly classified 88% of the subjects relative relative to the criticism scale of the interview. The emotional overinvolvement scale was less satisfactory (67%) but still assisted in classification of over-all expressed emotion. Expressed emotiona, classification by the questionnaire, correctly identified 84% of the subjects with respect to the interview.