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The content of 38 microelements and trace elements in raw milk of cows from Lower Silesia (LS) and Upper Silesia (US) were examined. Analytical method of mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with microwave sample digestion was used in this study. Statistically significant differences were detected in the case of iodine, rubidium, cesium, tungsten and thorium (more in the US region) as well as aluminum, titanium, manganese, gallium, selenium, germanium, cobalt (more in LS). No statistically significant differences were observed in the case of: Zn, Ba, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, As, Mo, Pt, Sb, Au, Hf, Ce, U, Re, Tl, Ru, Rh, Ir, Ta and Be. For La, Nb, Ag, In and Y statistical differences were not calculated since in the majority of samples concentrations were below detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of aluminosilicates (vermiculite and bentonite), added to feed on thallium bioaccumulation in laying hens. The experiment was conducted on 48 layers kept in cages under vivarium conditions. The hens were divided into 4 groups: Group 1- control, Group 2 -- thallium- intoxicated, Group 3 -- thallium-intoxicated fed on feed containing vermiculite and Group 4 -- thallium- intoxicated fed on feed containing bentonite. Thallium was added in the form of sulphate (Tl2 SO4) at a daily dose of 0.74 mg/kg body weight. Thallium content was determined in blood and eggs on days 1, 14, 28, 42, 56 of the experiment and also in thigh and breast muscles, kidney, liver and thigh bone after the experiment was accomplished. Thallium content of the tissues and organs was determined using plasma spectrometry ICP-MS. The highest thallium concentration was found in bones 8.849 mg/kg, next in kidneys 7.596 mg/kg. Lower thallium content was found in muscles, liver and blood. The addition of bentonite reduce thallium accumulation most effective in muscles by 34.75-36.94% and blood 39.07%. The addition of vermiculite to the feed had reducing impact on thallium accumulation in the all tested tissues and organs of birds chronically intoxicated with this element (by 18.2% in kidneys -- 55.71% in breast muscles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play a pivotal role in the cellular mechanisms underlying cancer. This review explores the various functions of exosomes in the progression, growth, and metastasis of cancers affecting the male and female reproductive systems. Exosomes are identified as key mediators in intercellular communication, capable of transferring bioactive molecules such as miRNAs, proteins, and other nucleic acids that influence cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment interactions. It has been shown that nc-RNAs transported by exosomes play an important role in tumor growth processes. Significant molecules that may serve as biomarkers in the development and progression of male reproductive cancers include miR-125a-5p, miR-21, miR-375, the miR-371 ~ 373 cluster, and miR-145-5p. For female reproductive cancers, significant miRNAs include miR-26a-5p, miR-148b, miR-205, and miRNA-423-3p. This review highlights the potential of these ncRNAs as biomarkers and prognostics in tumor diagnostics. Understanding the diverse roles of exosomes may hold promise for developing new therapeutic strategies and improving treatment outcomes for cancer patients., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press behalf of Society for the Study of Reproduction.)

The study aimed to examine an effect of the preparation based on nanosilver suspension on mineral carrier on poultry litter microbiological profile. The study was conducted on Ross 308 broiler chickens. Three groups were formed, 84 birds in each. Preparation used in the study was composed of aqueous nanosilver suspension sprayed on mineral sorbent. Birds were maintained on straw-sawdust litter; the groups were differentiated due to preparation application (C - control without preparation, I - preparation applied once at the beginning, II - preparation added each week). Pooled litter samples were collected from the top layer of the litter (six samplings) in order to determine mesophilic bacteria count. Additionally, on the last day of the experiment litter samples were collected from three points (by drinker, feeder, pen corner) to analyze the total number of microorganisms, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli , Enterococci , and molds. In the case of mesophilic bacteria count, the highest decrease was noted for group II. Total number of microorganisms determined in various points of the pen did not give clear relationship; in some cases even an increase was found. Salmonella spp. decreased as a result of preparation addition; the highest decrease was noted for samples collected by feeders. The results for Escherichia coli are not unequivocal. However, a decrease was found in the case of drinkers and feeders compared to control, especially in group II. An addition of preparation caused a decrease in Enterococci , especially for samples collected by feeders in group II. Similar tendency was found for molds. The study demonstrated that the preparation exhibits bactericidal properties. However, its effect varies depending on microorganism kind and sample collection point., Competing Interests: The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests., (Copyright: © 2023 Katarzyna Czyż et al.)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with two humic preparations, Humokarbowit (HKW) and Humobentofet (HBF), on the mineral content of the albumen and egg yolk of Lohmann Brown hens. The content of macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S), microelements (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Si, Sr, Zn) and trace elements (Ag, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, W, Y and Zr) in the feed mixture (FM), albumen and yolk were presented. The material was collected from laying hens kept in a cage system in two groups, control (C) and enriched (E), with standard feed and feed enriched with humic preparations, respectively. The enriched feed mixture was characterised by a significantly higher Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Mg, Ni, S, Sb, Si, Zn and Zr content compared to the standard, basal mixture. Only some of these elements were found in significantly increased levels in albumen (Bi, Co, Ni, S) and yolk (Bi, Fe, K, Sb). Another noteworthy finding was a significantly lower concentration of Na in the content of eggs from the E-Group, which corresponds to the content of this important macronutrient in the feed. In addition, a significant increase in the concentration of elements such as Al, I, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl, Y, W was noted with a reduction in Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Rb, Sn in Group-E, which indicates a complicated egg formation processes, including biotransfer-essential and non-essential chemical elements.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of microbial preparation and Yucca schidigera in the removal of odorous volatile compounds from poultry manure as well as to evaluate antimicrobial properties of these amendments. It was demonstrated that the combined treatment of poultry manure (PM) with the microbial preparation and Y. schidigera extract can reduce the concentration of odorants by 58%-73%, depending on the tested compound. When Y. schidigera extract and the microbial preparation were applied at a time interval of 48 h, the deodorization efficiency was improved by 6-24%. Furthermore, Y. schidigera extract has antimicrobial properties, which affect poultry manure hygienization. It was found that when the microbial preparation was enriched with Lactobacillus plantarum, it became insensitive to the antimicrobial properties of Y. schidigera., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The present work reports studies on biofortification of milk and cheese with microelements. The diet of goats was supplemented with soya-based preparations with Cu(II), Fe(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II), produced by biosorption, instead of mineral salts. In innovative preparations, soya was the biological carrier of microelements. The utilitarian properties of the new preparations were tested in two groups (8 goats in each): experimental and control. The concentration of supplemented microelements was monitored in milk during the experiment. The collected milk was then used to produce cheese by enzymatic and acidic coagulation method. The effect of milk and cheese biofortification in microelements was confirmed. In milk, the level of the following microelements was higher than in the control: Cu(II) - 8.2 %, Mn(II) - 29.2 %, Zn(II) - 14.6 %. In cheese the content of Zn(II) obtained in enzymatic (19.8 %) and in acidic (120 %) coagulation was higher when compared to the control group. By using bio-preparations with microelements it was possible to produce new generation of functional food biofortified with microelements, by agronomic, and thus sustainable and ethically acceptable way. Biofortified milk and cheese can be used as designer milk to prevent from micronutrient deficiencies. Graphical Abstractᅟ.

Fish meals, added to feeds as a source of protein, may contain pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, effective methods for their sanitizing, such as UV-C radiation, are needed to minimize the epidemiological risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV-C radiation on the sanitary state of fish meals. The research materials included salmon and cod meals. Samples of the fish meals were inoculated with suspensions of Salmonella, E. coli, enterococci, and C. sporogenes spores and exposed to the following surface UV-C fluencies: 0-400 J·m⁻² for bacteria and 0-5000 J·m⁻² for spores. For the vegetative forms, the highest theoretical lethal UV-C dose, ranging from 670.99 to 688.36 J·m⁻² depending on the meal type, was determined for Salmonella. The lowest UV-C fluency of 363.34-363.95 J·m⁻² was needed for the inactivation of Enterococcus spp. Spores were considerably more resistant, and the UV-C doses necessary for inactivation were 159571.1 J·m⁻² in salmon meal and 66836.9 J·m⁻² in cod meal. The application of UV-C radiation for the sanitization of fish meals proved to be a relatively effective method for vegetative forms of bacteria but was practically ineffective for spores.

Iodine deficiency is a common phenomenon, threatening the whole global human population. Recommended daily intake of iodine is 150 μg for adults and 250 μg for pregnant and breastfeeding women. About 50% of human population can be at risk of moderate iodine deficiency. Due to this fact, increased iodine supplementation is recommended, through intake of iodized mineral water and salt iodization. The aim of this study was to investigate permeation and absorption of iodide from iodine bioplex (experimental group) in comparison with potassium iodide (controls). Permeation and absorption processes were investigated in vitro using a porcine intestine. The experimental model was based on a standard Franz diffusion cell (FD-Cell). The iodine bioplex was produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and whey powder: iodine content - 388 μg/g, total protein - 28.5%, total fat - 0.9%., glutamic acid - 41.2%, asparaginic acid - 29.4%, lysine - 24.8%; purchased from: F.Z.N.P. Biochefa, Sosnowiec, Poland. Potassium iodide was used as controls, at 388 μg iodine concentration, which was the same as in iodine-enriched yeast bioplex. A statistically significant increase in iodide permeation was observed for iodine-enriched yeast bioplex in comparison with controls - potassium iodide. After 5h the total amount of permeated iodide from iodine-enriched yeast bioplex was 85%, which is ~ 2-fold higher than controls - 37%. Iodide absorption was by contrast statistically significantly higher in controls - 7.3%, in comparison with 4.5% in experimental group with iodine-enriched yeast bioplex. Presented results show that iodide permeation process dominates over absorption in case of iodine-enriched yeast bioplex.

The influence of incubation conditions, enzyme type, hydrolysis time, and potassium iodide concentration on hydrolysis and iodine enrichment were studied in supernatant and pellets of Saccharomyces cervisiae hydrolysates. The type of enzyme used and incubation time significantly influence hydrolysis efficiency and protein concentration in supernatant and pellet. The highest protein hydrolysis efficiency was obtained by 24-h incubation with papain. Significantly lower values were observed for pepsin and autolysis. The potassium iodide concentration influences the iodine content of supernatant and pellet, but not hydrolysis. Iodide enrichment of supernatant and pellet depends on the concentration of iodide using during incubation. High concentration of iodide and long incubation times were the conditions for optimal iodide enrichment and high-protein hydrolysates. The optimal hydrolysis efficiency and iodine enrichment were obtained during 24-h incubation with papain in a 4.5-mM potassium iodide medium. The efficiency reached 98.22% with iodine concentrations of 2,664.91 and 9,200.67 μg/g iodine in pellet and supernatant, respectively.

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in composition and physicochemical features (pH, density, thermostability and acidity) of mare colostrum and milk, and of protein fraction contribution (serum albumin, β-casein, γ-casein, α-lactalbumin, G class immunoglobulins) depending on lactation stage. The research material was colostrum and milk samples from 12 Arabian mares. Colostrum samples were collected within 2 h after parturition and milk samples were collected twice, in the 3rd and 6th weeks of lactation. The level of basic milk components decreased significantly (only lactose content increased) as compared to colostrum. Total bacteria count and somatic cell count decreased significantly with an increase in resistance and urea level. The changes observed were connected to differentiated contribution of particular protein fractions and their relative proportions. Lower levels of γ-casein (P ≤ 0.05), β-casein, serum albumin as well as α-lactalbumin were observed in colostrum as compared to those in milk. Any relationship between lactation stage and β-casein content was observed. Serum albumin and α-lactalbumin content increased in subsequent milkings. The level of G class immunoglobulins decreased significantly and its highest level was noted in colostrum. Any significant differences between the 3rd and 6th lactation weeks were obtained., (© 2011 The Authors. Animal Science Journal © 2011 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)