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P. brachyurus can be introduced into the PRA area with plants, plant waste and soil. The nematode is likely to colonize crops grown under covers in natural soil substrate, i.e. cucumber, tomato, beans. P. brachyurus can adversely affect the growth and development of plants in palm houses, where optimal conditions for the development of the root-knot nematode population will be maintained., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Pratylenchus zeae can be introduced into the PRA area with plants, plant waste and soil. The nematode is likely to colonize crops grown under covers in natural soil substrate. To minimize the likelihood of nematode introduction and spread in the PRA, it is important to: - Inspect parcels for the presence of nematodes, which prevents the introduction of the organism into the PRA area; - Use only nematode-free propagating material, in order to prevent the introduction of the organism into the PRA area; - If nematodes are found in open ground, take measures to prevent their further spread. To this end, avoid carrying the pest in the soil adjacent to tools and agricultural machinery used in field work. It is also recommended to avoid spreading the nematode in plant material, i.e. with plant roots; - Apply chemical protection products approved for the control of plant parasitic nematodes in specific crops; - If nematodes are found in crops under covers, fumigate the ground using chemicals containing, for example, dazomet or sodium metam., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Figures 1–4) Measurements. Measurements of holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males of P. ojcowensis sp. nov. are given in Table 1. Description. Body tapering towards both ends, bent ventrally after killing. Cuticle with well-marked annulation. The width of the annuli at midbody region 1.3–2.1 μm in females and 1.1–1.9 μm in males. Lateral field with 6 lines in the middle part of body, outer bands wider, sometimes partially areolated. Lines usually regular but some- times discontinuous or tangled. Head of both females and males conical, slightly rounded anteriorly, not separated from the body contour. In males the head is slightly higher than in females. The ratio of head width to height is 1.8–2.3 in males and 2.3–2.4 in females. Head in both sexes with 4–5 annuli. Basal plate of cephalic framework well developed, its posterior extension extending almost 3 annuli. Anterior and posterior cephalids distinct, lying 5–7 and 10–13 annuli behind the cephalic framework respectively. Stylet relatively short (20.3–21.3 µm in females, 17.7–20.9 µm in males) with oval knobs directed more or less posteriorly. Stylet base 5.2–5.7 µm wide in females and 4.0–5.0 in males. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.2–3.1 µm from the stylet base. Hemizonid 1–3 annuli wide, located 2–3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Deirids at level of or slightly posterior to hemizonid. Median bulb oval, larger in females than in males; with the ratio of length to width also larger in females (1.4–1.7 vs 1.8–2.4). Dorsal pharyngeal nucleus located anterior to the cardia and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior (dCss). Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, by 1.8–2.6 times corresponding body diameter (all observations of pharyngeal glands are given only for females because these structures were not clearly visible in males). Intestinal fasciculi visible in most specimens. Female. Vulva thick, approximately 12 μm wide, slightly raised. Vagina with straight walls, perpendicular to the body axis, occupying about 50% of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca rounded to oval, axial, filled with rounded sperm. Female tail cylindrical with maximum 29 annuli. Tail terminus broadly rounded, annulated, final annuli wider than others. Phasmids located 27–37 µm anterior to the end of the tail. Male. Tail conical, curved to the dorsal side in about 1/4 of the length, with a terminal finger-shaped part bent ventrally. Spicules slightly curved ventrally, gubernaculum narrow with hook-shaped distal part. Caudal alae 57.5– 69.5 µm long, 7.5–9.7 µm wide with crenate margins. Phasmids located 21–37 µm anterior to the end of the tail. Type locality and habitat. Polish Jurassic Highland from soil around tangled roots of Elymus sp. and Trifolium sp. in xerothermic grasslands (N 50.22856 E 19.82599) in Ojców National Park, 13.07.2012, leg. Łukasz Flis and Olga Wiśniewska. Type material. Holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males are deposited at the Nematode Col- lection of Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Etymology. The species name “ ojcowensis ” refers to the name of National Park where this the new species was found. Diagnosis. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is characterized by conical heads with 4–5 annuli continuous with the body contour in both females and males; a relatively short stylet (20.3–21.3 µm females, 17.7–20.9 µm males) with oval stylet knobs directed posteriorly; a dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal junction and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior to the cardia (dCss); a pharyngeal lobe of length about 2 body widths (1.8–2.6); lateral fields with 6 lines in the middle part of the body and sometimes with partially areolated outer bands; the presence of the intestinal fasciculi; round sperm in the spermatheca in females; a female tail with a maximum of 29 annuli and with an annulated tail terminus. Morphologically, Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. alkani Yüksel 1977, P. ritteri Sher 1970, and P. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar 1996. It is distinguished from these species by the shape of the female head (conoid vs rounded), shorter stylet in females (20.3–21.3 µm vs 22.0–25.0 µm, 21.0–25.0 µm, 22.0–26.0 µm) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. In addition (as per the original descriptions Yüksel 1977, Sher 1970, Talavera & Tobar 1996) it is distinguished from P. alkani by smaller number of male’s head annuli (4–5 vs 7–9), from P. ritteri it is distinguished by posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally), from P. nevadensis it is distinguished by oval and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded and directed laterally). Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. can be separated from other species in the ritteri group (Ryss 2007) by the following. From P. arenarius Brzeski 1998 and P. bacilisimenus Sher 1970 it is distinguished by sperm shape (round vs rod shaped). From P. leiocauda Sher 1970 it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus. From P. maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina 1989 it is distinguished by more head annuli (4–5 vs 2–3). From P. utahensis it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus, different shape of the male head (conoid vs rounded-truncate) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. From P. vassilevi Stoianov & Baicheva 1988 it is distinguished by the shape of the head (conical and continuous with body contour vs broadly rounded and separated from the body contour) and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally). The sequencing of the 28S rDNA D2 / D3 segment from sixteen P. ojcowensis sp. nov. specimens yielded 654–742 bp length sequences. Multiple-sequence alignment showed 606 homologous characters in all specimens. Phylogenetic trees generated from partial 28S rDNA sequences with maximum likelihood method using the general time reversible plus gamma substitution model and Pratylenchus thornei (JX261963) as outgroup showed that they form a well-defined separate clade with 99% bootstrap support (Fig. 5).

Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Figures 1���4) Measurements. Measurements of holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males of P. ojcowensis sp. nov. are given in Table 1. Description. Body tapering towards both ends, bent ventrally after killing. Cuticle with well-marked annulation. The width of the annuli at midbody region 1.3���2.1 ��m in females and 1.1���1.9 ��m in males. Lateral field with 6 lines in the middle part of body, outer bands wider, sometimes partially areolated. Lines usually regular but some- times discontinuous or tangled. Head of both females and males conical, slightly rounded anteriorly, not separated from the body contour. In males the head is slightly higher than in females. The ratio of head width to height is 1.8���2.3 in males and 2.3���2.4 in females. Head in both sexes with 4���5 annuli. Basal plate of cephalic framework well developed, its posterior extension extending almost 3 annuli. Anterior and posterior cephalids distinct, lying 5���7 and 10���13 annuli behind the cephalic framework respectively. Stylet relatively short (20.3���21.3 ��m in females, 17.7���20.9 ��m in males) with oval knobs directed more or less posteriorly. Stylet base 5.2���5.7 ��m wide in females and 4.0���5.0 in males. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.2���3.1 ��m from the stylet base. Hemizonid 1���3 annuli wide, located 2���3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Deirids at level of or slightly posterior to hemizonid. Median bulb oval, larger in females than in males; with the ratio of length to width also larger in females (1.4���1.7 vs 1.8���2.4). Dorsal pharyngeal nucleus located anterior to the cardia and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior (dCss). Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, by 1.8���2.6 times corresponding body diameter (all observations of pharyngeal glands are given only for females because these structures were not clearly visible in males). Intestinal fasciculi visible in most specimens. Female. Vulva thick, approximately 12 ��m wide, slightly raised. Vagina with straight walls, perpendicular to the body axis, occupying about 50% of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca rounded to oval, axial, filled with rounded sperm. Female tail cylindrical with maximum 29 annuli. Tail terminus broadly rounded, annulated, final annuli wider than others. Phasmids located 27���37 ��m anterior to the end of the tail. Male. Tail conical, curved to the dorsal side in about 1/4 of the length, with a terminal finger-shaped part bent ventrally. Spicules slightly curved ventrally, gubernaculum narrow with hook-shaped distal part. Caudal alae 57.5��� 69.5 ��m long, 7.5���9.7 ��m wide with crenate margins. Phasmids located 21���37 ��m anterior to the end of the tail. Type locality and habitat. Polish Jurassic Highland from soil around tangled roots of Elymus sp. and Trifolium sp. in xerothermic grasslands (N 50.22856 E 19.82599) in Ojc��w National Park, 13.07.2012, leg. Łukasz Flis and Olga Wiśniewska. Type material. Holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males are deposited at the Nematode Col- lection of Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Etymology. The species name ��� ojcowensis ��� refers to the name of National Park where this the new species was found. Diagnosis. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is characterized by conical heads with 4���5 annuli continuous with the body contour in both females and males; a relatively short stylet (20.3���21.3 ��m females, 17.7���20.9 ��m males) with oval stylet knobs directed posteriorly; a dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal junction and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior to the cardia (dCss); a pharyngeal lobe of length about 2 body widths (1.8���2.6); lateral fields with 6 lines in the middle part of the body and sometimes with partially areolated outer bands; the presence of the intestinal fasciculi; round sperm in the spermatheca in females; a female tail with a maximum of 29 annuli and with an annulated tail terminus. Morphologically, Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. alkani Y��ksel 1977, P. ritteri Sher 1970, and P. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar 1996. It is distinguished from these species by the shape of the female head (conoid vs rounded), shorter stylet in females (20.3���21.3 ��m vs 22.0���25.0 ��m, 21.0���25.0 ��m, 22.0���26.0 ��m) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. In addition (as per the original descriptions Y��ksel 1977, Sher 1970, Talavera & Tobar 1996) it is distinguished from P. alkani by smaller number of male���s head annuli (4���5 vs 7���9), from P. ritteri it is distinguished by posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally), from P. nevadensis it is distinguished by oval and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded and directed laterally). Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. can be separated from other species in the ritteri group (Ryss 2007) by the following. From P. arenarius Brzeski 1998 and P. bacilisimenus Sher 1970 it is distinguished by sperm shape (round vs rod shaped). From P. leiocauda Sher 1970 it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus. From P. maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina 1989 it is distinguished by more head annuli (4���5 vs 2���3). From P. utahensis it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus, different shape of the male head (conoid vs rounded-truncate) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. From P. vassilevi Stoianov & Baicheva 1988 it is distinguished by the shape of the head (conical and continuous with body contour vs broadly rounded and separated from the body contour) and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally). The sequencing of the 28S rDNA D2 / D3 segment from sixteen P. ojcowensis sp. nov. specimens yielded 654���742 bp length sequences. Multiple-sequence alignment showed 606 homologous characters in all specimens. Phylogenetic trees generated from partial 28S rDNA sequences with maximum likelihood method using the general time reversible plus gamma substitution model and Pratylenchus thornei (JX261963) as outgroup showed that they form a well-defined separate clade with 99% bootstrap support (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Winiszewska, Gra��yna, Dobosz, Renata, Malewski, Tadeusz & Skwiercz, Andrzej, 2020, Description of Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Merlinidae) from Polish Jurassic Highland, pp. 117-128 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on pages 119-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3674527, {"references":["Yuksel, H. S. (1977) Pratylenchoides alkani sp. n. and P. erzumensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) from soil in Turkey. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44, 185 - 188.","Sher, S. A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154 - 166.","Talavera, M. & Tobar, A. (1996) Description of Pratylenchoides nevadensis sp. n. from Southern Spain (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6, 46 - 49.","Ryss, A. (2007) Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Pratylenchoides (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Parazitologyia, 43, 161 - 194.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchida in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 396 pp.","Stoianov, D. & Baicheva, O. (1988) Pratylenchoides vassilevi sp. n. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from wheat and maize crops in North Eastern Bulgaria. Comptes Rendu de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 41, 73 - 75."]}

The root-knot nematodes are one of the most important groups of nematodes, causing damage to crops of both temperate and tropical zones. This group includes Meloidogyne enterolobii, a nematode that threatens numerous plant crops in many regions of America, Africa and Asia. The finding of M. enterolobii in Portugal and Switzerland prompts consideration of the level of threat and the potential for this species to become established in the Polish territory., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

M. graminicola represents the root-knot nematodes - one of the most important groups of plant parasitic nematodes. It includes important pests of crops in both temperate and tropical and subtropical climate zones. The finding of the occurrence of M. graminicola in the European area, prompts us to consider the likelihood of the introduction of the species into the RP, as well as its establishment and causing damage., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Globodera ellingtonae is another species within the genus Globodera that develops in potato and tomato crops. Comparative analyses of the external conditions needed for the development of this species of nematodes with the conditions necessary for the development of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida show, that G. ellingtone could establish itself in the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Globodera capensis is one of several recently described species of Globodera - a genus that includes the potato cyst nematode G. rostochiensis and the aggressive nematode G. pallida - ranked among the most important pests of the potato crop. Since, so far, the range of host plant species of this nematode has not been established, it cannot be ruled out that it will feed on the roots of economically important crops., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Meloidogyne luci represents the root-knot nematode - one of the most important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes. It includes important pests of crops in both temperate and tropical and subtropical climate zones. The occurrence of M. luci in the European area prompts consideration of the likelihood of the species' introduction into the RP, as well as its establishment and causing damage., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

M. ethiopica can be introduced into the territory of the Republic of Poland in plant tissues and plant waste, with a substrate and intentionally, for use in scientific work. The nematode could potentially colonize the entire country. It is difficult to reliably assess whether its occurrence can cause damage to crops in the ground. There is a probability of observing damage caused by M. ethiopica in cover crops grown in natural soil substrate. However, the susceptibility of the varieties used is unknown. In order to minimize the likelihood of introduction of the nematode and its spread in Poland, it is necessary to: - Inspect shipments for the presence of nematodes; - Use only nematode-free propagating material; - If nematodes are found in the open ground, take measures to prevent their spread: avoid carrying nematodes in the soil adjacent to tools and agricultural machinery used in field work; Refrain from spreading nematodes in plant material, i.e., infested tubers or plant roots; - Use of chemical protection products approved for the control of nematode parasites of plants in specific crops., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Meloidogyne fallax is an economically important species in its area of distribution, known for its pest in potato and carrot crops. To date, no occurrence of this nematode has been recorded in Poland., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Meloidogyne chitwoodi belongs to the group of the most important plant parasitic nematode species of importance in the cultivation of economically important plants. So far, there are no data on the occurrence of this species in the territory of the Republic of Poland. Introduced into the territory of the country, M. chitwoodi can colonize practically all of its area, and a wide range of host plants is conducive to maintaining nematode populations., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Radopholus similis is a species of tropical and subtropical climatic zones, where it occurs under natural conditions. Since climatic conditions in Poland are very different from those characterizing the nematode's area of natural occurrence, it will not pose a threat to field crops. The species is unlikely to survive below temperatures of 0oC. However, crops grown in soil in heated greenhouses remain at risk. The nematode can also pose a problem for potted ornamental plants in apartments, where conditions suitable for its development will be maintained., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to major crops throughout the world. The small number of genes conferring natural plant resistance and the limitations of chemical control require the development of new protective strategies. RNA interference or the inducible over-expression of nematicidal genes provides an environment-friendly approach to this problem. Candidate genes include NGB, which encodes a small GTP-binding protein, and NAB/ERabp1, which encodes an auxin-binding protein, which were identified as being up-regulated in tomato roots in a transcriptome screen of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) feeding sites. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization confirmed the localized up-regulation of these genes in syncytia and surrounding cells following nematode infection. Gene-silencing constructs were introduced into tomato, resulting in a 20%-98% decrease in transcription levels. Nematode infection tests conducted on transgenic plants showed 57%-82% reduction in the number of G. rostochiensis females in vitro and 30%-46% reduction in pot trials. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a deterioration of cytoplasm, and degraded mitochondria and plastids, in syncytia induced in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. Cytoplasm in syncytia induced in plants with low NGB expression was strongly electron translucent and contained very few ribosomes; however, mitochondria and plastids remained intact. Functional impairments in syncytial cytoplasm of silenced plants may result from NGB's role in ribosome biogenesis; this was confirmed by localization of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-labelled NGB protein in nucleoli and co-repression of NGB in plants with reduced NAB/ERabp1 expression. These results demonstrate that NGB and NAB/ERabp1 play important roles in the development of nematode-induced syncytia.