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1. Study of the variable broadband emission of Markarian 501 during the most extreme Swift X-ray activity

Author

Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), de Almeida, U. B. (U. Barres), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Busetto, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis), Doro, M. (M.), Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M., V), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gasparyan, S. (S.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Hassan, T. (T.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), de Oliveira Fraga, B. M. (B. Machado), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Mallamaci, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Sahakyan, N. (N.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I), Will, M. (M.), Zaric, D. (D.), Arbet-Engels, A. (A.), Baack, D. (D.), Balbo, M. (M.), Biland, A. (A.), Blank, M. (M.), Bretz, T. (T.), Bruegge, K. (K.), Bulinski, M. (M.), Buss, J. (J.), Doerr, M. (M.), Dorner, D. (D.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Hildebrand, D. (D.), Linhoff, L. (L.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Mueller, S. (S.), Neise, D. (D.), Neronov, A. (A.), Noethe, M. (M.), Paravac, A. (A.), Rhode, W. (W.), Schleicher, B. (B.), Schulz, F. (F.), Sedlaczek, K. (K.), Shukla, A. (A.), Sliusar, V. (V), von Willert, E. (E.), Walter, R. (R.), Wendel, C. (C.), Tramacere, A. (A.), Lien, A. (A.), Perri, M. (M.), Verrecchia, F. (F.), Armas Padilla, M. (M.), Leto, C. (C.), Lahteenmaki, A. (A.), Tornikoski, M. (M.), Tammi, J. (J.), Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), de Almeida, U. B. (U. Barres), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Busetto, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis), Doro, M. (M.), Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M., V), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gasparyan, S. (S.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Hassan, T. (T.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), de Oliveira Fraga, B. M. (B. Machado), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Mallamaci, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Sahakyan, N. (N.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I), Will, M. (M.), Zaric, D. (D.), Arbet-Engels, A. (A.), Baack, D. (D.), Balbo, M. (M.), Biland, A. (A.), Blank, M. (M.), Bretz, T. (T.), Bruegge, K. (K.), Bulinski, M. (M.), Buss, J. (J.), Doerr, M. (M.), Dorner, D. (D.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Hildebrand, D. (D.), Linhoff, L. (L.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Mueller, S. (S.), Neise, D. (D.), Neronov, A. (A.), Noethe, M. (M.), Paravac, A. (A.), Rhode, W. (W.), Schleicher, B. (B.), Schulz, F. (F.), Sedlaczek, K. (K.), Shukla, A. (A.), Sliusar, V. (V), von Willert, E. (E.), Walter, R. (R.), Wendel, C. (C.), Tramacere, A. (A.), Lien, A. (A.), Perri, M. (M.), Verrecchia, F. (F.), Armas Padilla, M. (M.), Leto, C. (C.), Lahteenmaki, A. (A.), Tornikoski, M. (M.), and Tammi, J. (J.)

Abstract

Context: Markarian 501 (Mrk 501) is a very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray blazar located at z = 0.034, which is regularly monitored by a wide range of multi-wavelength instruments, from radio to VHE gamma rays. During a period of almost two weeks in July 2014, the highest X-ray activity of Mrk 501 was observed in ∼14 years of operation of the Neil Gehrels Swift Gamma-ray Burst Observatory. Aims: We characterize the broadband variability of Mrk 501 from radio to VHE gamma rays during the most extreme X-ray activity measured in the last 14 years, and evaluate whether it can be interpreted within theoretical scenarios widely used to explain the broadband emission from blazars. Methods: The emission of Mrk 501 was measured at radio with Metsähovi, at optical–UV with KVA and Swift/UVOT, at X-ray with Swift/XRT and Swift/BAT, at gamma ray with Fermi-LAT, and at VHE gamma rays with the FACT and MAGIC telescopes. The multi-band variability and correlations were quantified, and the broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were compared with predictions from theoretical models. Results: The VHE emission of Mrk 501 was found to be elevated during the X-ray outburst, with a gamma-ray flux above 0.15 TeV varying from ∼0.5 to ∼2 times the Crab nebula flux. The X-ray and VHE emission both varied on timescales of 1 day and were found to be correlated. We measured a general increase in the fractional variability with energy, with the VHE variability being twice as large as the X-ray variability. The temporal evolution of the most prominent and variable segments of the SED, characterized on a day-by-day basis from 2014 July 16 to 2014 July 31, is described with a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model with variations in the break energy of the electron energy distribution (EED), and with some adjustments in the magnetic field strength and spectral shape of the EED. These results suggest that the main flux variations during this extreme X-ray outburst are produced by the

Published
2020

2. A fast, very-high-energy γ-ray flare from BL Lacertae during a period of multi-wavelength activity in June 2015

Author

Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Engels, A. A. (A. Arbet), Baack, D. (D.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), Bangale, P. (P.), Barres de Almeida, U. (U.), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Biland, A. (A.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis), Dorner, D. (D.), Doro, M. (M.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M., V), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Hassan, T. (T.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Noethe, M. (M.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Rhode, W. (W.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I), Will, M. (M.), Zaric, D. (D.), D'Ammando, F. (F.), Hada, K. (K.), Jorstad, S. (S.), Marscher, A. P. (A. P.), Mobeen, M. Z. (M. Z.), Hovatta, T. (T.), Larionov, V. M. (V. M.), Borman, G. A. (G. A.), Grishina, T. S. (T. S.), Kopatskaya, E. N. (E. N.), Morozova, D. A. (D. A.), Nikiforova, A. A. (A. A.), Lahteenmaki, A. (A.), Tornikoski, M. (M.), Agudo, I. (I), Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Engels, A. A. (A. Arbet), Baack, D. (D.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), Bangale, P. (P.), Barres de Almeida, U. (U.), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Biland, A. (A.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis), Dorner, D. (D.), Doro, M. (M.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M., V), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Hassan, T. (T.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Noethe, M. (M.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Rhode, W. (W.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I), Will, M. (M.), Zaric, D. (D.), D'Ammando, F. (F.), Hada, K. (K.), Jorstad, S. (S.), Marscher, A. P. (A. P.), Mobeen, M. Z. (M. Z.), Hovatta, T. (T.), Larionov, V. M. (V. M.), Borman, G. A. (G. A.), Grishina, T. S. (T. S.), Kopatskaya, E. N. (E. N.), Morozova, D. A. (D. A.), Nikiforova, A. A. (A. A.), Lahteenmaki, A. (A.), Tornikoski, M. (M.), and Agudo, I. (I)

Abstract

The mechanisms producing fast variability of the γ-ray emission in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are under debate. The MAGIC telescopes detected a fast, very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) γ-ray flare from BL Lacertae on 2015 June 15. The flare had a maximum flux of (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10−10 photons cm−2 s−1 and halving time of 26 ± 8 min. The MAGIC observations were triggered by a high state in the optical and high-energy (HE, E > 100 MeV) γ-ray bands. In this paper we present the MAGIC VHE γ-ray data together with multi-wavelength data from radio, optical, X-rays, and HE γ rays from 2015 May 1 to July 31. Well-sampled multi-wavelength data allow us to study the variability in detail and compare it to the other epochs when fast, VHE γ-ray flares have been detected from this source. Interestingly, we find that the behaviour in radio, optical, X-rays, and HE γ-rays is very similar to two other observed VHE γ-ray flares. In particular, also during this flare there was an indication of rotation of the optical polarization angle and of activity at the 43 GHz core. These repeating patterns indicate a connection between the three events. We also test modelling of the spectral energy distribution based on constraints from the light curves and VLBA observations, with two different geometrical setups of two-zone inverse Compton models. In addition we model the γ-ray data with the star-jet interaction model. We find that all of the tested emission models are compatible with the fast VHE γ-ray flare, but all have some tension with the multi-wavelength observations.

Published
2019

3. Deep observations of the globular cluster M15 with the MAGIC telescopes

Author

Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Engels, A. A. (A. Arbet), Baack, D. (D.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), Barres de Almeida, U. (U.), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Biland, A. (A.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Busetto, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V.), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Dominis Prester, D. (D.), Dorner, D. (D.), Doro, M. (M.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Fallah Ramazani, V. (V.), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M. V.), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gasparyan, S. (S.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Green, D. (D.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), de Oliveira Fraga, B. M. (B. Machado), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Mallamaci, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V.), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V.), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Nothe, M. (M.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Prada Moroni, P. G. (P. G.), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I.), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Rhode, W. (W.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Sahakyan, N. (N.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I.), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I.), Will, M. (M.), Zaric, D. (D.), Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Engels, A. A. (A. Arbet), Baack, D. (D.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), Barres de Almeida, U. (U.), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Biland, A. (A.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Busetto, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V.), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Dominis Prester, D. (D.), Dorner, D. (D.), Doro, M. (M.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Fallah Ramazani, V. (V.), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M. V.), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gasparyan, S. (S.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Green, D. (D.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lindfors, E. (E.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), de Oliveira Fraga, B. M. (B. Machado), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Mallamaci, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V.), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V.), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Nothe, M. (M.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Prada Moroni, P. G. (P. G.), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I.), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Rhode, W. (W.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Sahakyan, N. (N.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I.), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I.), Will, M. (M.), and Zaric, D. (D.)

Abstract

A population of globular clusters (GCs) has been recently established by the Fermi-LAT telescope as a new class of GeV γ-ray sources. Leptons accelerated to TeV energies, in the inner magnetospheres of MSPs or in their wind regions, should produce γ-rays through the inverse Compton scattering in the dense radiation field from the huge population of stars. We have conducted deep observations of the GC M15 with the MAGIC telescopes and used 165 h in order to search for γ-ray emission. A strong upper limit on the TeV γ-ray flux < 3.2×10−13cm−2s−1 above 300 GeV (⁠<0.26 per cent of the Crab nebula flux) has been obtained. We interpret this limit as a constraint on the efficiency of the acceleration of leptons in the magnetospheres of the MSPs. We constrain the injection rate of relativistic leptons, ηe, from the MSPs magnetospheres and their surrounding. We conclude that ηe must be lower than expected from the modelling of high-energy processes in MSP inner magnetospheres. For leptons accelerated with the power-law spectrum in the MSP wind regions, ηe is constrained to be much lower than derived for the wind regions around classical pulsars. These constraints are valid for the expected range of magnetic field strengths within the GC and for the range of likely energies of leptons injected from the inner magnetospheres, provided that the leptons are not removed from the GC very efficiently due to advection process. We discuss consequences of these constraints for the models of radiation processes around millisecond pulsars.

Published
2019

4. Detection of persistent VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510–089 by the MAGIC telescopes during low states between 2012 and 2017

Author

Acciari, V. A. (V. A.), Ansoldi, S. (S.), Antonelli, L. A. (L. A.), Engels, A. A. (A. Arbet), Arcaro, C. (C.), Baack, D. (D.), Babic, A. (A.), Banerjee, B. (B.), Bangale, P. (P.), Barres de Almeida, U. (U.), Barrio, J. A. (J. A.), Bednarek, W. (W.), Bernardini, E. (E.), Berti, A. (A.), Besenrieder, J. (J.), Bhattacharyya, W. (W.), Bigongiari, C. (C.), Biland, A. (A.), Blanch, O. (O.), Bonnoli, G. (G.), Carosi, R. (R.), Ceribella, G. (G.), Cikota, S. (S.), Colak, S. M. (S. M.), Colin, P. (P.), Colombo, E. (E.), Contreras, J. L. (J. L.), Cortina, J. (J.), Covino, S. (S.), D'Elia, V. (V.), Da Vela, P. (P.), Dazzi, F. (F.), De Angelis, A. (A.), De Lotto, B. (B.), Delfino, M. (M.), Delgado, J. (J.), Di Pierro, F. (F.), Do Souto Espinera, E. (E.), Dominguez, A. (A.), Prester, D. D. (D. Dominis), Dorner, D. (D.), Doro, M. (M.), Einecke, S. (S.), Elsaesser, D. (D.), Ramazani, V. F. (V. Fallah), Fattorini, A. (A.), Fernandez-Barral, A. (A.), Ferrara, G. (G.), Fidalgo, D. (D.), Foffano, L. (L.), Fonseca, M. V. (M. V.), Font, L. (L.), Fruck, C. (C.), Galindo, D. (D.), Gallozzi, S. (S.), Garcia Lopez, R. J. (R. J.), Garczarczyk, M. (M.), Gaug, M. (M.), Giammaria, P. (P.), Godinovic, N. (N.), Guberman, D. (D.), Hadasch, D. (D.), Hahn, A. (A.), Hassan, T. (T.), Herrera, J. (J.), Hoang, J. (J.), Hrupec, D. (D.), Inoue, S. (S.), Ishio, K. (K.), Iwamura, Y. (Y.), Kubo, H. (H.), Kushida, J. (J.), Kuvezdic, D. (D.), Lamastra, A. (A.), Lelas, D. (D.), Leone, F. (F.), Lombardi, S. (S.), Longo, F. (F.), Lopez, M. (M.), Lopez-Oramas, A. (A.), Maggio, C. (C.), Majumdar, P. (P.), Makariev, M. (M.), Maneva, G. (G.), Manganaro, M. (M.), Mannheim, K. (K.), Maraschi, L. (L.), Mariotti, M. (M.), Martinez, M. (M.), Masuda, S. (S.), Mazin, D. (D.), Minev, M. (M.), Miranda, J. M. (J. M.), Mirzoyan, R. (R.), Molina, E. (E.), Moralejo, A. (A.), Moreno, V. (V.), Moretti, E. (E.), Munar-Adrover, P. (P.), Neustroev, V. (V.), Niedzwiecki, A. (A.), Nievas Rosillo, M. (M.), Nigro, C. (C.), Nilsson, K. (K.), Ninci, D. (D.), Nishijima, K. (K.), Noda, K. (K.), Nogues, L. (L.), Paiano, S. (S.), Palacio, J. (J.), Paneque, D. (D.), Paoletti, R. (R.), Paredes, J. M. (J. M.), Pedaletti, G. (G.), Penil, P. (P.), Peresano, M. (M.), Persic, M. (M.), Moroni, P. G. (P. G. Prada), Prandini, E. (E.), Puljak, I. (I.), Garcia, J. R. (J. R.), Rhode, W. (W.), Ribo, M. (M.), Rico, J. (J.), Righi, C. (C.), Rugliancich, A. (A.), Saha, L. (L.), Saito, T. (T.), Satalecka, K. (K.), Schweizer, T. (T.), Sitarek, J. (J.), Snidaric, I. (I.), Sobczynska, D. (D.), Somero, A. (A.), Stamerra, A. (A.), Strzys, M. (M.), Suric, T. (T.), Tavecchio, F. (F.), Temnikov, P. (P.), Terzic, T. (T.), Teshima, M. (M.), Torres-Alba, N. (N.), Tsujimoto, S. (S.), van Scherpenberg, J. (J.), Vanzo, G. (G.), Vazquez Acosta, M. (M.), Vovk, I. (I.), Ward, J. E. (J. E.), Will, M. (M.), Zari, D. (D.), Becerra Gonzalez, J. (J.), Raiteri, C. M. (C. M.), Sandrinelli, A. (A.), Hovatta, T. (T.), Kiehlmann, S. (S.), Max-Moerbeck, W. (W.), Tornikoski, M. (M.), Lahteenmaki, A. (A.), Tammi, J. (J.), Ramakrishnan, V. (V.), Thum, C. (C.), Agudo, I. (I.), Molina, S. N. (S. N.), Gomez, J. L. (J. L.), Fuentes, A. (A.), Casadio, C. (C.), Traianou, E. (E.), Myserlis, I. (I.), and Kim, J. -. (J. -Y.)

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, individual: PKS 1510–089 [quasars], active [galaxies], galaxies [gamma rays], jets [galaxies], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Context: PKS 1510–089 is a flat spectrum radio quasar strongly variable in the optical and GeV range. To date, very high-energy (VHE, > 100 GeV) emission has been observed from this source either during long high states of optical and GeV activity or during short flares. Aims: We search for low-state VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510–089. We characterize and model the source in a broadband context, which would provide a baseline over which high states and flares could be better understood. Methods: PKS 1510–089 has been monitored by the MAGIC telescopes since 2012. We use daily binned Fermi-LAT flux measurements of PKS 1510–089 to characterize the GeV emission and select the observation periods of MAGIC during low state of activity. For the selected times we compute the average radio, IR, optical, UV, X-ray, and gamma-ray emission to construct a low-state spectral energy distribution of the source. The broadband emission is modeled within an external Compton scenario with a stationary emission region through which plasma and magnetic fields are flowing. We also perform the emission-model-independent calculations of the maximum absorption in the broad line region (BLR) using two different models. Results: The MAGIC telescopes collected 75 hr of data during times when the Fermi-LAT flux measured above 1 GeV was below 3 × 10−8 cm−2 s−1, which is the threshold adopted for the definition of a low gamma-ray activity state. The data show a strongly significant (9.5σ) VHE gamma-ray emission at the level of (4.27 ± 0.61stat) × 10−12 cm−2 s−1 above 150 GeV, a factor of 80 lower than the highest flare observed so far from this object. Despite the lower flux, the spectral shape is consistent with earlier detections in the VHE band. The broadband emission is compatible with the external Compton scenario assuming a large emission region located beyond the BLR. For the first time the gamma-ray data allow us to place a limit on the location of the emission region during a low gamma-ray state of a FSRQ. For the used model of the BLR, the 95% confidence level on the location of the emission region allows us to place it at a distance > 74% of the outer radius of the BLR.

Published
2018

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