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Time is fundamental to organizing all aspects of human life. When invested in relationships, it has a psychological meaning as it indicates how much individuals value others and their interest in maintaining social relationships. Previous research has identified an intergroup time bias (ITB) in racialized social relations, defined as a discriminatory behavior in which White individuals invest more time in evaluating White than Black individuals. This research proposes an aversive racism explanation for the ITB effect and examines its consequences in the medical context. In four experimental studies (N = 434), we found that White medical trainees invested more time in forming impressions of White (vs. Black) male patients. Study 5 (N = 193) further revealed more time investment in diagnosing, assessing pain, and prescribing opioids for White than Black male patients. This biased time effect mediated the impact of patients' skin color on health care outcomes, leading to greater diagnostic accuracy and pain perception, and lower opioid prescriptions. A meta-analytical integration of the results (Study 6) confirmed the ITB effect reliability across experiments and that it is stronger in participants with an aversive racist profile (vs. consistently prejudiced or nonprejudiced). These findings provide the first evidence that bias in time investment favoring White (vs. Black) patients is associated with aversive racism and impacts medical health care outcomes. Furthermore, these results offer insights into the sociopsychological meaning of time investment in health care and provide a theoretical explanation for an understudied insidious form of discrimination that is critical to comprehending the persistency of racial health care disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived vulnerability to disease is characterized by the extent to which individuals perceive themselves to be susceptible to contracting infectious diseases, as well as by the emotional discomfort that results from assessing the risk of getting contaminated by pathogens. The PVD self-report scale, which measures this construct, is widely used internationally. However, it has not yet been adapted for Brazil. To address this gap, we adapted and validated the PVD scale for the Brazilian context (PVD-br) in four studies. Study 1 (N = 39) addressed translation, expert validation, and assessment of the comprehensibility of the scale's items. Study 2 (N = 200) showed that the items were organized into two correlated factors and tested the scale's items quality using the Item Response Theory. Study 3 (N = 201) confirmed the bifactorial structure and examined the invariance of PVD-br for men and women, while Study 4 analyzed the convergent (N = 432) and discriminant (N = 181) validity of the instrument. Results indicate strong evidence of content, factorial, and criterion validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Drawing on theories of distributive justice and intergroup discrimination, we examined how much distributive justice criterion and racial group membership contribute to bias in healthcare allocation decisions, by testing a theoretical model that specifies perceived stereotypicality and individual responsibility as a serial mediation process in the relationship between disease's contraction controllability (controllable vs. non‐controllable) and bias in medical decision‐making. Method: White Portuguese medical students (N = 213) participated in an online experimental study conducted in two phases. In phase 1, we manipulated the cause of disease contagion and the salience of patient's racial categorization, and measured the stereotypicality of behaviour. In phase 2, we assessed perceived responsibility and likelihood of recommending medical treatment. Results: Controllable (vs. non‐controllable) contraction behaviours in phase 1 were perceived as more stereotypic. As a spillover effect, more stereotypical behaviours in phase 1 predicted more patient's responsibility for their disease in phase 2. Importantly, controllable behaviours of disease contraction in phase 1 negatively affected recommendations for medical treatment in phase 2; and this negative effect was serially mediated by the stereotypicality of behaviour and patient responsibility. Furthermore, patients' skin colour moderated this process, meaning that perceptions of controllable behaviour as more stereotypic were stronger for Black than for White patients. Conclusions: This research shows how stereotyping and social categorization bias allocation decisions through the patient's level of responsibility in decision‐making processes. The findings are discussed in light of principles of distributive justice and the literature on intergroup relations with respect to racial disparities in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to analyze the representational structure of microcephaly, as well as the self-image that mothers of children with the illness possess. There were 105 Brazilian women, aged between 20 and 50 (M=31; SD=7.32), who live, mostly, in the south-eastern region of Brazil (39.0%). For data acquisition, in 2018, it was used the Free Word Association Technique. Prototypical analyses of the collected material demonstrated that the participants build their representations upon microcephaly based on scientific knowledge, also describing it using signs that refer to spirituality and love. When it comes to the participants' self-image, it was possible to notice elements that support the feature resilience and other factors that are associated with selftranscending characteristics. The identified representations reveal adaptive processes, based on the allocation of resilient resources that allow the participants from this study to give a different meaning of being a mother of a child with microcephaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the premise that the Polifarmácia, Self-medication and indiscriminate use of medicinal plants present as a problem of Collective Health with the elderly population, the present study aims to present reflections about extensionist actions of health education, developed with elderly people who present risks related to such phenomena. This is a quantitative study with a descriptive and exploratory approach, as a result of extension activities carried out in the city of Campina Grande - Paraíba, with 21 elderly people attending a Center for the Elderly Coexistence of this city. It was adopted as a guiding methodology of this extension the Action Research, in order to verify the effect of practical change of the activity in the scenario in question. Thus, in order to build knowledge with the elderly people about the risks that Polypharmacy, Self-medication, and the association of the use of medicines and medicinal plants can bring to health, interventions were made in the form of debates, talk wheels and thematic workshops with artistic resources. To collect data, questionnaires were applied at the beginning of the extension and at the end of the activities, aiming to identify, based on similar questions, possible changes concerning elderly sensitization about extension themes. Regarding the data treatment, the descriptive quantitative analysis (frequency and percentages) of the collected material were used. Based on the questionnaires applied at the beginning of the extension, it was verified that the phenomena of Polypharmacy, Self-medication and association of medicinal plants use with allopathic drugs were identified. At the end of extension activities, 17 of the elderly stated that they knew about the risks of Polifarmácia and, 14 of the 16 who once said that they were medicated without first going through Medical consultation, affirmed that they will not repeat this practice, recognizing the risks that such action can bring to health. Regarding the use of medicinal plants, all the participants said that the ingestion of allopathic medicines with teas cannot occur and of these, 18 stated that before using medicinal plants to treat diseases seek information from health professionals. It was noticed that actions such as those proposed by the present extension provided a space of exchange that happens from the dynamism and interaction of the elderly, contributing significantly to a better knowledge apprehension. It is also emphasized that the Action Research, as an adopted method of this extension, made it possible in a cooperative and/or participatory way, to intervene in the problem identified with the stimulus of individual and collective expression in decision making, which reinforces the elderly autonomy, with regarding to the maintenance of healthy lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]