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Major points of concern in implementing a wireless sensor network (WSN) are the network lifetime and energy utility within any delay tolerant network. Both these parameters define the success of the sensor network. The higher the expectancy of network Lifetime, the higher is the probability of acceptance of the network. Similarly, better the energy utilization in the network, better are the chances of success and implementation of the sensor network. Clustering is one such scheme adopted in WSN towards harnessing the best of above specified parameters for the network implemented. Most popular clustering techniques are the variants of LEACH protocol that facilitate cluster formation based on the proximity of an individual node to other nodes in the sensor network. These protocols are based on a single hop structure from the selected cluster heads in the network. This paper embarks on a multi-hop clustering algorithm that takes into consideration the spatial correlation between the nodes to form clusters and implements a highly energy efficient routing scheme which selects the multi-hop path in the network in a dynamic fashion.

The improvement in technology over long distance communication using optical fiber has been regulated over past few decades, and it took drastic enhancement in one of the major parameter for joining two OFC cable (splicing). The different experiments performed in order to bring about the result that can give nearly 0dB splice loss when there is shifting of entire set up of Optical Fiber Communication. The splicing loss is created by the joining of two SMF using fiber optic fusion splicing. The objective of this paper is to determine the low splice loss in joining two single mode or multimode optical fiber, such that long distance communication that required multiple infrastructure assembly for its operational unit can be made relocatable as there is large investment and material and electronic circuitry is associated to it. Therefore to reduce that cost we have sets of analysis that splicing loss can be reduced to 0dB for SMFSMF end face connection or at least no improvement in splice losses while relocation of OFC infrastructure from one place to other place as the result of the tested experiment. Based on experiment conducted we came to conclusion that with essential requirements for establishing a low-loss and high-speed communication line using optical fibers, the need for quality of splicing technology along with perfect core alignment angle is required to reduce splice loss, such that the infrastructure can be shifted to many different location without any additional cost of new material and new resources. The exact measurement of splice loss can be insured by another set of formula which we came across during the experimental performance.

The research in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has gained momentum over the last two decades owing to the vast applications it supports like environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, disaster prevention, military, navigation assistance, etc. The sensor nodes deployed underwater have limited battery capacity. The main challenge is to design energy-efficient protocols facing the constraints due to peculiar characteristics and harsh underwater environment. The traditional layered approach is inadequate and insufficient for this purpose, hence Cross-layer Design (CLD) is the need of the hour that allows information exchange among the different layers to find an optimal solution with better utilization of scarce resources to improve the network performance. As far as we are aware, there is no survey paper available in the literature dedicated to CLD in UWSN’s. We present the unique characteristics of the acoustic channel and its corresponding issues and challenges. The different proposals in the literature are categorized and compared based on the performance metrics. The basic approach for each scheme is detailed with its advantages and shortcomings which will help future researchers to overcome them to design efficient schemes.

One of the main emphases of the prevalent clustering and routing algorithms in wireless sensor networks is efficient energy utilization aimed towards enhanced network lifetime. In this paper we are proposing a clustering approach where the sensor nodes are clustered together based on a defined spatial correlation and the geographical location of each sensor nodes. The Cluster Head or Cluster Leader along with routing path is decided by our proposed algorithm based on the estimated chance-value during each rounds of data transfer. Thus in our scheme a multi-hop routing is effected wherein either two-level or three-level hops are dynamically chosen based on the spatial correlation existing between the nodes for the data transfer from the sensing node to the sink. It has been observed that our proposed algorithm outperforms the standard algorithms namely Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC) Protocol with regards to system throughput and Network Lifespan of WSN.

Furtherance in photonic communication over range propagation has been under regulation over the past two decades and resulted in forceful intensification in welding (splicing) two optical fiber cable using fusion splicing of singlemode and multimode optical fibers. The main objective of this paper is -whenever there is a need to change the location of Optical Fiber Communication set up from one place to another, in such cases, there are certain changes in the parameters of set up or cable. Due to which the losses can be more hence reduction in efficiency will be applicable. At the end of these couples of experiments, the conclusion can be reached in such a way that splice losses remain the same or unchanged. Ultimately distanced communication functional units can be repositioned as there is a large amount of financing required for the inventory associated with the infrastructure building for the same. Hence to reduce those expenses towards the relocation there are sets of a performed live experiment in which fusion splicing technique is used, that splicing loss is to be unaltered for SMF-SMF start face to end face connection. Furthermore, now it will save our time because not necessary to have splice loss measurement every time. Accordingly, the fiber loss and distance estimate can be calculated easily.

The improvement in optical technology over long distance communication has been regulated over past few decades, and it took drastic enhancement in one the major parameter for joining two OFC cable (fusion splicing) and use of new variant of optical fibers. The different experiments performed in order to bring about the result that use of different optical cables and splicing technique can give approximately 0dB splice loss and fast communication speed at lower cost. The objective of this paper is to determine how low splice loss can be obtain in joining two single mode or multimode optical fiber, such that long distance communication that required multiple infrastructure assembly for its operational unit can be made re-locatable as there is large investment and material and electronic circuitry is associated to it, therefore to reduce that cost we have sets of analysis that splicing loss can be reduced to 0dB for SMF-SMF end face connection, as the result of the tested experiment.

There are various clustering algorithms (Arora et al. in Optik 127:6590–6600, 2016, [1]) already in existence serving toward reducing the redundancy of data and in effect facilitating a better utility of the energy in the system. Our proposed algorithm works on spatial clustering technique for cluster formation and since the sensed data is assumed to be of the same type, and hence, we have adopted a rotation system of cluster head selection. In effect, we see a drastic improvement in the lifetime of the network. Further, the introduction of re-clustering after the death of 50% of the wireless sensor nodes adds regional coalition coverage stability to the wireless sensor network.

For getting a faithful performance in optical fiber communication, the biggest parameter which dwindles the response of communication is a loss factor. Under this, various kinds of losses can be considered. So as to reduce the effect of same, the kinds of losses should be measured accurately or precisely and then should try to reduce the same also. Accordingly, here few techniques of measurement of losses towards degree of closeness which in turn beneficial to compare and enhance the performance by taking proper action against is focused or reviewed, such as-optical fiber (Single Mode Step Index) cable is twisted then checked the performance with respect to macro bend loss and wrapping turn loss. Mode Field Diameter (MFD) and Spectral Attenuation measurement technique reviewed here. Also, quantification of macro bend loss by two-point bend method and prediction of worst-case macro bending loss in Bend Insensitive Fiber (BIF) using a geometrical parameter. This entire is reviewed in this paper and compared.

Person identification using face as a cue is one of the most prominent and robust technique. This paper presents 3D face recognition system using Radial curves and Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN). The face images used for experimentation are under various challenges like illumination, pose variation, expression and occlusions. The features of images are extracted using Eigen vectors. These features are compared using radial curves on the face starting from center of the face to the end of the face. Each corresponding curve is matched using Euclidean Distance classifier. The BPNN is used to train the features for face matching. The proposed algorithms are tested on ORL and DMCE database. The performance analysis is based on recognition rate accuracy of the system. The proposed radial curve system yields recognition rate accuracy of 100 % for images from the ORL database and 98 % for the images from DMCE database.