Search

Introduction: the development of the market economy at the present stage of the Russian state has directly affected the criminological situation among young people. The extent of crime among this category of population is currently almost unchanged. The increase in the level of its public danger and the manifestation of new forms of criminal behavior of extremist orientation sharply exacerbate the criminal situation in the regions, including the Volgograd region. In this regard, the urgency of effective measures to prevent this negative phenomenon is increasing. The purpose of the paper: to characterize the current state of prevention of extremism among young people. Tasks: to assess the prevention of extremism among young people; to identify promising areas of systemic interaction between the main subjects of prevention of juvenile and youth extremism; to offer recommendations on the need to introduce organizational and socio-psychological directions of countering extremist influences on the young person into the academic and educational processes. Methods: the authors used the general scientific, systemic, and institutional research methods, as well as the methods of legal statistics, which allowed them to solve the tasks set by the research team. Results: the problems of extremism among young people are characterized, the promising directions of its prevention are identified, and the results of the fight against youth extremism in Volgograd are shown using the methods of legal statistics. Conclusions: in order to improve the efficiency of the prevention of youth extremism within the territory of Volgograd and the region the authors suggest in a coordinated manner with the participation of all actors of prevention to solve the employment problem of young people sentenced to penalties not involving incarceration; to systematically organize events in conjunction with the operational units, to identify and separate criminal gangs, involving the youth in their illegal activities; to regularly conduct preventive work with the parents and legal representatives of adolescents, especially those who are in a difficult life situation.

International audience; Background: The efficient intraoperative identification of tumors requires the development of highly specific near-infrared (NIR) probes as contrast agents. One of the most effective dyes existing in clinic oncology is Indocyanine Green (ICG). However, ICG has a rapid excretion, thus ruling out its extended accumulation in pathological tissues therefore limiting its clinical applications. ICG colloid solution (ICG NPs) consists predominantly of J-aggregates and to a lesser extent of H-aggregates and monomers. In the present study we assessed the spectral properties of ICG nanoforms in preclinical models.Methods: We used optical spectroscopy and video fluorescence navigation to monitor accumulation and distribution of ICG monomers and ICG NPs in various tissues in mice with xenografted laryngopharyngeal carcinoma after intravenous drugs injection.Results: After i.v. injection, the molecular form of ICG was not retained in the tumor and its circulation cycle averaged 5 minutes. Alternatively, the nanoform of the drug had a different pharmacokinetics, reaching maximum accumulation 24 hours after intravenous injection. Moreover, once in the circulation, we observed a progressive accumulation in the tumor of both ICG H-aggregates and ICG monomers, but not J-aggregates.Conclusion: Spectral characteristics of ICG NPs indicated the presence of several fractions, namely, J- and H-aggregates along with molecular forms. These fractions had different fluorescence spectra, allowing us to track the transformation of the drug in in vivo conditions. After ICG NPs administration, J-aggregates induce accumulation of monomeric forms in the tumor, enabling extended intraoperative diagnostic, and as such further studies of J-aggregates for theranostic applications in oncological surgery are of great interest.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) relapse rates are discouragingly high, underscoring the need for new treatment options. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide natural product CJ-15,208 and its stereoisomer [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 demonstrate kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist activity upon oral administration which prevents stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. In order to further explore the structure-activity relationships and expand the potential therapeutic applications of KOR antagonism for the treatment of OUD, we screened a series of 24 analogs of [d-Trp]CJ-15,208 with the goal of enhancing KOR antagonist activity. From this screening, analog 22 arose as a compound of interest, demonstrating dose-dependent KOR antagonism after central and oral administration lasting at least 2.5 h. In further oral testing, analog 22 lacked respiratory, locomotor, or reinforcing effects, consistent with the absence of opioid agonism. Pretreatment with analog 22 (30 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished morphine conditioned place preference and reduced some signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in mice physically dependent on morphine. Collectively, these data support the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists to support abstinence in OUD and ameliorate opioid withdrawal.

The 3rd International Workshop on Gas-Dynamic Trap-based Fusion Neutron Source (GDT-FNS) was held through the hybrid mode on 13–14 September 2021 in Hefei, China, jointly organized by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). It followed the 1st GDT-FNS Workshop held in November 2018 in Hefei, China, and the 2nd taking place in November 2019 in Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. With the financial support from CAS and China Association for Science and Technology (CAST), this workshop was attended by more than 80 participants representing 20 institutes and universities from seven countries, with oral presentations broadcast via the Zoom conferencing system. Twenty-two presentations were made with topics covering design and key technologies, simulation and experiments, steady-state operation, status of the ALIANCE project, multi applications of neutron sources, and other concepts (Tokamaks, Mirrors, FRC, Plasma Focus, etc). The workshop consensus was made including the establishment of the ALIANCE International Working Group. The next GDT-FNS workshop is planned to be held in May 2022 in Novosibirsk.

International audience; Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Incomplete surgical removal of the tumor is often the cause of local recurrence of the disease and appearance of metastases. We have developed the novel endoscope fluorescence video system for visualization of micrometer size objects in real-time mode. The novel system was tested on three-dimensional models of cancer cells. Chlorine e6 (Ce6) was used as a photosensitizer. The accumulation of Ce6 in cancer cells was assessed by its fluorescence excited at 635 nm. It was shown that the 500 µm multicellular tumor spheroids could be easily detected with a good resolution and sensitivity. We suppose that the new endoscope video system could be useful for developing the intraoperative fluorescence navigation method using Ce6-mediated techniques that is able to visualize the small cancer cell clusters.

This article presents the results of intraoperative fluorescent diagnostics via the endoscopic system for assessing the quality of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of head and neck cancer. The diagnosis and PDT procedures were performed on the five patients with malignant neoplasms of the vocal cords, lateral surface of the tongue, and trachea and cancer of the left parotid salivary gland. Molecular form of chlorin E6 (Ce6) was intravenously administered with a 1.0&ndash, 1.1 mg/kg concentration for PDT. Fluorescent diagnostics (FD) was conducted before PDT and after PDT procedures. Control of PDT efficiency was carried out by evaluating the photobleaching of the drug (photosensitizer). The method of intraoperative fluorescent imaging allows determining the exact location of the tumor and its boundaries. The assessment of photosensitizer photobleaching in real time regime allows making quick decisions during PDT procedure, which helps improving the quality of patients&rsquo, treatment. The results showed the convenience of endoscopic fluorescent video system in various nosologies of head and neck cancer. Therefore, this diagnostic approach will improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

Comprehensive studies of zircon xenocrysts from kimberlites of the Kuoika field (northeastern Siberian craton) and several kimberlite fields of the eastern Anabar shield, along with data compilation on the age of kimberlite-hosting terranes, reveal details of the evolution of the northern Siberian craton. The age distribution and trace element characteristic of zircons from the Kuoika field kimberlites (Birekte terrane) provide evidence of significant basic and alkaline–carbonatite magmatism in northern Siberia in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods. The abundance of 1.8–2.1 Ga zircons in both the Birekte and adjacent Hapchan terranes (the latter hosting kimberlites of the eastern Anabar shield) supports the Paleoproterozoic assembly and stabilization of these units in the Siberian craton and the supercontinent Columbia. The abundance of Archean zircons in the Hapchan terrane reflects the input of an ancient source other than the Birekte terrane and addresses the evolution of the terrane to west (Magan and Daldyn terranes of the Anabar shield). The present study has also revealed the oldest known remnant of the Anabar shield crust, whose 3.62 Ga age is similar to that of another ancient domain of Siberia, the Aldan shield. The first Hf isotope data for the Anabar shield coupled with the U–Pb systematics indicate three stages of crustal growth (Paleoproterozoic, Neoarchean and Paleoarchean) and two stages of the intensive crustal recycling in the Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean. Intensive reworking of the existing crust at 2.5–2.8 Ga and 1.8–2.1 Ga is interpreted to provide evidence for the assembly of Columbia. The oldest Hf model age estimation provides a link to Early Eoarchean (3.7–3.95 Ga) and possibly to Hadean crust. Hence, some of the Archean cratonic segments of the Siberian craton could be remnants of the Earth's earliest continental crust.

The combined use of fluorescence diagnostics (FD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Information about the probing depth of laser radiation at a therapeutic dose sufficient for the appearance of the photodynamic effect allows planning the PDT process. We aim to assess the probing depth of radiation at a therapeutic dose. The highest fluorescence intensity is observed in the gall bladder and liver tissues. A significant difference was noted in the intensity of backscattered laser radiation, depending on the segments of the wild boar hepatobiliary system. Analysis of the probing depth of radiation (λ = 660 nm) revealed that when the optical fiber is located outside the drainage, it increases by 2 to 4 mm, which improves the efficacy of treatment. The applicability of video FD of segments of the hepatobiliary system is investigated using the two-channel video fluorescence system. During video FD in the near-infrared range, the contrast of the fluorescence images of the hepatobiliary system is less than in the visible range. The results of the study will improve the quality of diagnostic information and optimize the FD and PDT algorithms for malignant neoplasms of the human hepatobiliary system.

We report combined U–Pb ages and Sr–Nd isotope compositions of perovskites from 50 kimberlite occurrences, sampled from 9 fields across the Yakutian kimberlite province on the Siberian craton. The new U–Pb ages, together with previously reported geochronological constraints, suggest that kimberlite magmas formed repeatedly during at least 4 episodes: Late Silurian–Early Devonian (419–410 Ma), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous (376–347 Ma), Late Triassic (231–215 Ma), and Middle/Late Jurassic (171–156 Ma). Recurrent kimberlite melt production beneath the Siberian craton – before and after flood basalt volcanism at 250 Ma – provides a unique opportunity to test existing models for the origin of global kimberlite magmatism. The internally consistent Sr and Nd isotope dataset for perovskites reveals that the Paleozoic and Mesozoic kimberlites of Yakutia have distinctly different initial radiogenic isotope compositions. There exists a notable increase in the initial 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios through time, with an apparent isotopic evolution that is intermediate between that of Bulk Earth and Depleted MORB Mantle. While the Paleozoic samples range between initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of 0.7028–0.7034 and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd of 0.51229–0.51241, the Mesozoic samples show values between 0.7032–0.7038 and 0.51245–0.51271, respectively. Importantly, perovskites from all studied Yakutian kimberlite fields and age groups have moderately depleted initial e Nd values that fall within a relatively narrow range between +1.8 and +5.5. The perovskite isotope systematics of the Yakutian kimberlites are interpreted to reflect magma derivation from the convecting upper mantle, which appears to have a record of continuous melt depletion and crustal recycling throughout the Phanerozoic. The analyzed perovskites neither record highly depleted nor highly enriched isotopic components, which had been previously identified in likely plume-related Siberian Trap basalts. The Siberian craton has frequently been suggested to represent a type example of an association between kimberlite eruptions and flood basaltic volcanism within a single large igneous province (LIP), but our new extensive age and isotopic tracer constraints do not support a genetic link between these contrasting types of mantle-derived magmatism.

Local currency government bonds (OFZ bonds) are an important fixed-income instrument in Russia’s financial markets. In this paper, based on granular data, we explore the development of the OFZ bond market with a focus on foreign investors. As this fixed-income market has experienced a liberalization of the domestic trading and settlement infrastructure, and weathered several episodes of market stresses since the 2008–09 global financial crisis, the role of foreign investors can be observed along with these events. What we have found is that foreign investors had influenced the market before they became an important player and since then they have contributed to the development of the market while not necessarily destabilizing it in episodes of shocks.

In this paper we study the modification of wealth distribution among the customers during quite a long period of time in the model — several model years. During this time customers get their income in forms of salary depending on enterprise production volume and assortment, or redundancy payments. As a part of the study it was detected that whilst the initial wealth distribution was uniform a strong non-uniformity arises after several years in the model.

A novel matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method has been developed to quantitate cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes based on their unique isozyme-specific tryptic peptides. It was shown that the molar ratio of P450 isozyme-specific peptides is linearly proportional to the mass peak area ratio of corresponding peptides not only in simple two-peptide mixtures, but also in complex digest mixtures. This approach is applicable both to in-gel (as shown for CYP2B1 and CYP2B2) and in-solution digests (as shown for CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP2C19) and does not require introduction of stable isotopes or labeling with isotope-coded affinity tagging. The relative and absolute quantitation can be performed after developing corresponding calibration curves with synthesized P450 isozyme-specific peptide standards. The absolute quantitation of human P450 isozymes was performed by using CYP2B2 isozyme-specific peptide (1306.7 Da) as the universal internal standard. The utility of this approach was demonstrated for two highly homologous (>97%) rat liver CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 and three human P450 isozymes belonging to two different families and three different subfamilies: CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP2C19. In summary, we have demonstrated that MALDI TOF-based peptide mass fingerprinting of different cytochrome P450 isozymes can provide not only qualitative but quantitative data, too.

The main targets of our investigation were cytochrome P450 isozymes (P450), the key enzymes of the hepatic drug-metabolizing system. Current research approaches to the identification of individual P450 forms include specific P450 inhibitors or substrates, antibody-based identification, and mRNA-based expression profiling. All of these approaches suffer from one common disadvantage-they all are indirect methods. On the other hand, current developments in mass spectrometry provide a direct and reliable approach to protein identification with sensitivity in the femtomole or low picomole range. In this study we have used high-accuracy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI TOF)-based peptide mapping to perform direct identification of distinct P450 isozymes in various rat and rabbit liver microsomes. For the first time, the P450 isozyme composition of clofibrate-induced rat and phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomes was determined by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Application of MALDI TOF-based PMF allows differential identification of such highly homologous P450s as CYP2B1 and CYP2B2. We have found that CYP2A10 previously reported only in rabbit olfactory and respiratory nasal mucosa is present in phenobarbital (PB)-induced rabbit liver microsomes. Two other rabbit P450s, earlier identified only by screening a cDNA library, were found to be present in PB-induced rabbit liver microsomes. In summary, direct identification of P450s by proteomic technique offers advantages over other methods with regard to identification of distinct P450 isozymes and should become a standard approach for characterizing microsomes.