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Sapropel is natural organic material, which is used in many industries, such as agriculture, medicine, pharmaceutical, manufacture of energy carriers and building materials. However, the widespread use of sapropel is associated with its high hydrophilicity and moisture capacity, leading to technological difficulties with sapropel dehydration to required humidity, depending on its further application. The article discusses various aspects sapropel beneficial application, primarily the advantages of the use of sapropel as a fertilizer for cultivated areas, and for the reclamation of industri-al wastelands and mined lands. As a part of this study, experimental research of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of sapropel of Savelievskoye field of the Yaroslavl region was conducted. Based on the results of this research, the nature of the high hydrophilicity of sapropel of Savelievskoye field and the possibilities of reducing its humidity for the production of fertilizers is revealed.

Microscopic fungi (micromycetes) play an important role in rock alteration, often leading to the formation of insoluble biogenic oxalates on their surface. Oxalate crystallization under the influence of fungus Aspergillus niger (one of the most active stone destructors) was studied in vitro conditions on following Mn,Ca-bearing minerals of manganese ores: todorokite (Na0.36,Ca0.09,K0.06,Sr0.03, Ba0.02)0.56(Mn5.53,Mg0.47)O12∙3–4H2O and kutnohorite (Ca0.77,Mn0.23)(Mn0.74,Fe0.14,Mg0.11)(CO3)2. The underlying minerals and the products of their alteration were investigated via powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, SEM and EDX methods. It was shown that more intense leaching of Ca-ions (compared to Mn-ions) from todorokite and kutnohorite leads to an earlier crystallization of calcium oxalates (predominantly whewellite) compared to manganese (lindbergite, falottaite). Crystallization of manganese oxalates on the surface of kutnohorite occurs in a more acidic (compared to todorokite) medium through the formation of mycogenic Mn,Ca-bearing oxides, which are close in composition and structure to todorokite. The possibility of structural evolution within the manganese oxalate crystalline phases caused by hydration and dehydration processes, which are responsible for changes in proportions of lindbergite and falottaite, derives from the similarities of falottaite and lindbergite crystal structures. The amorphization of falottaite in the temperature range of 70–80 °C suggests that formation of linbergite by falottaite dehydration occurs via amorphous precursor. The result can be used for developing efficient biotechnologies using fungi for industrial enrichment of poor manganese ores and environmental bioremediation.

The stone buildings and monuments of Kiel (Germany) is a World Heritage Site. Granite, sandstone and limestone are used in architectural structures. As a result of the study of cyanobacteria in biofilms on the surface of stone structures and monuments in the city of Kiel, 28 species taxa, 18 genera were identified. Phormidesmis sp. is the most common species. The largest number of species has been recorded on limestone (17). Further study of cyanobacteria using molecular methods is planned.

In Russian legal science there is no unified approach to understanding the essence of the categories “form of law” and “source of law”; there are different points of view regarding their relationship with each other. In this article, the authors have tried to analyze the positions of legal scholars from various scientific schools, to explore approaches to understanding the category «form» in the philosophy of law.

Environmental geochemical studies of urban territories involve heterogeneous information that can be most effectively processed within a unified database (DB). Since a significant portion of the accumulated data is georeferenced, geographic information technologies should be used at all stages of the researches. The purpose of this work is to consider the structure of the DB for information support of ecological and geochemical studies of different urban environments in Moscow within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project No. 19-77-30004 "Integrated technology for environmental assessment of Moscow megacity based on chemical analysis of microparticle composition in the "atmosphere - snow - road dust - soil - surface water" system (Megacity)".The project aims to develop technologies for the chemical analysis of the urban environments impacted by the pollutants coming from vehicles, industry, and construction sites, as well as the assessment of the environmental state of the megacity. Various components of the environment are analyzed at several spatial scales: for the entire Moscow city, for administrative districts, for drainage basins of two urban rivers (Moskva and its tributary Setun). The composition of pollutant emissions is characterized using monitoring aerosol data at the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Microparticles PM10 and PM2.5 are analyzed for the content of elemental carbon, ionic and organic compounds, as well as potentially toxic elements, under different meteorological conditions and seasonal variations. The fallout of aerosols during winter is determined by the chemical analysis of dissolved and solid fractions of snow samples and its comparison with a natural background. Water migration of pollutants is assessed by analyzing river flows (water and suspended/bottom sediments) at reference stations in the Moskva River basin. The ecological state of road dust and soils that accumulate pollutants is estimated in geochemical surveying. Finally, source apportionment is quantified using statistical methods of multivariate analysis.The development of a DB with the integrated geographic information system (GIS) allows systematizing the spatial and non-spatial information accumulated in field works, chemical and analytical studies, and organizing effective data storage and processing along with providing geoinformation support for DB users. We created four DB subsystems designed for: (1) processing georeferenced data (GIS); (2) working with time series; (3) handling regulatory and reference information; (4) assessing pollution and environmental hazard with computational models. For Moscow megacity, GIS brings together two large blocks of information: spatial layers stored within the geodatabase and spreadsheets with the results of field studies and chemical analyses. The main functions of the GIS are geoprocessing, execution of non-spatial and spatial queries, data analysis (including exploratory spatial data analysis and modeling), visualization of the results.The report will present subsystems of the DB and the interrelationships between them. The use of the database in practice will be considered on the example of assessing the pollution of road dust with benzo(a)pyrene, accounting for anthropogenic and natural factors.

Geochemistry is a branch of geological sciences that deals with chemistry rocks and minerals in various igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes, from high to low temperatures and in various environments. Geochemistry is also an important background for a detailed description of rocks' origin and evolution. Geochemistry is also significant for other geological sciences, especially for dating various rock formations, geological processes and exploration of various mineral deposits. Geochemistry includes thirteen chapters that discuss the chemical composition of various rock complexes, their structural evolution, the methodology of specific geochemical methods (isotopic geology) and use of geochemical methods for the exploration of mineral deposits, structural geology, stratigraphy and lithology. Chapter 1, "Geochemistry of Granitic Rocks of the Moldanubian Batholith (Central European Variscides)," by Milo? René focuses on detailed geochemistry of four magmatic suites evolved in one of the largest plutonic complexes within the European Variscan Belt. Chapter 2, "An Overview on the Classification and Tectonic Setting of Neoproterozoic Granites of the Nubian Shield, Eastern Desert, Egypt," by Gaafar A. El Bahariya presents a comprehensive description of granitoid rocks exposed in the Eastern desert of Egypt and their geotectonic classification. Chapter 3, "Microstructure Features in Paleo and Neoproterozoic Granitic Rocks, Southeastern Region of Brazil," by Leonardo Gon?alves and Christiane Castro Gon?alves provides a mineralogical and microstructural description of granitic rocks exposed in the south-eastern region of Brazil, including detailed information on the geochemical evolution of feldspars during magmatic differentiation and high-temperature deformation. Chapter 4, "Deformation Features and Structures in Some Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks: A Case Study of Central African Fold Belt in Cameroon," by Benjamin Ntieche, Wokwenmendam Nguet, Zakari Nchouwet, Mahomed Azis Mounjouohou and Daouha Mfepat, is a detailed tectonic study of selected magmatic and metamorphic complexes in Central Africa. Chapter 5, "The Importance of Mechanical Transport, Rock Texture, and Mineral Chemistry in Chemical Weathering of Granites: The Melechov Massif, Czech Republic," by Václav Procházka, Miroslav ?á?ek, Petr Sulovský, Tomá? Vaculovi?, Lenka Rukavi?ková and Dobroslav Mat?jka describes the geochemical evolution of selected granitic rocks from the northern part of the Moldanubian batholith, Central European Variscan Belt, during their chemical weathering. The study also partly focuses on the fractionation of the rare-earth elements in these granites. Chapter 6, "Changes of Granite Rapakivi under the Biofouling Influence," by Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Elena G. Panova, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Oksana A. Rodina, Alexey D. Vlasov and Katerina V. Sazanova is a detailed study of the influence of biochemical weathering on the destruction of rapakivi granite stones in several Russian and Finish cities. A significant part of this study presents the chemical composition of fresh rocks in comparison with the composition of crusts evolved during the biodegradation of these granitic rocks. Chapter 7, "Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes," by Salih Muhammad Awadh examines the geochemistry of selected isotopes of argon, carbon, kalium, neodymium, rubidium, samarium, strontium, uranium, and thorium, which are predominantly used to date magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rock complexes. The chapter also contains the basic characteristics of radioactivity, radioactive decay, and the methodology of rock dating. Chapter 8, "Exploration for Fe-Mn Oxides Using Geochemical Signatures in Soil: A Case Study of Part of Northwestern Nigeria," by Olufemi Sijuade Bamigboye focuses on detailed geochemical analyses of soil samples for geochemical exploration of Fe-Mn mineralization evolved in north-western Nigeria. It also presents results of detailed multi-componential geochemical analyses using principal component analysis. Chapter 9, "Main Features of Sedimentogenesis and Ecogenesis in Late Paleozoic Sea Pools of Northeast Asia," by Victor Gdal'evich Ganelin presents sedimentological analyses of Late Paleozoic sediments of the Taimyr-Kolyma paleogeographic region. The evolution of limestone bodies is characterized using the composition of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. Chapter 10, "Structural Differentiation and Sedimentary System of the Permian Sichuan Cratonic Basin," by Haofu Zheng and Bo Liu focuses on detailed sedimentological and structural analyses of the Sichuan basin evolved in the western region of the Yangtze tectonic block. Chapter 11, "Late Neo-Proterozoic Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Tarim Block, NW China," by Kaibo Shi, Bo Liu, Weimin Jiang, Jinxing Yu, Yue Kong, Tong Li and Changhai Li presents a sedimentology study of the Late Neo-Proterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments. It also characterizes the geochemical evolution of carbonate rocks by fractionation of carbon isotopes. For some sediments enriched inorganic matter, the content of total carbon is presented. Chapter 12, "The Onshore Southern Carnarvon Basin in Coastal Western Australia during the Quaternary: Tectonic Setting and Facies-Complicated Heterogeneous Stratigraphic Patterns," by Vic Semeniuk and Margaret Broex present very detailed stratigraphy, lithology, and sedimentology of the Quaternary sediments. Chapter 13, "Middle Miocene Evaporites from Northern Iraq: Petrography, Geochemistry, and Cap Rock Efficiency," by Ali I. Al-Juboury, Rana A. Mahmood, and Abulaziz M. Al-Hamdani examines petrography, geochemistry, and petroleum cap rock potential of middle-Miocene evaporites (gypsum and anhydrite). The gypsum enriched evaporites are characterized by their chemical composition. Chapter 14, "Bioclastic Deposits in the NW Gulf of Naples (Southern TyrrhenianSea, Italy): A Focus on New Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Data around the Island of Ischia," by Gemma Aiello discusses sedimentology and stratigraphic studies of bioclastic deposits evolved in some parts of the Gulf of Naples.

The implementation of communication identification tools in form of comprehensive triple toolkit as part of the “transparent international transport green corridor” will significantly simplify and accelerate the rate of passage and movement for transit foreign trade cargo flows. It will help law-abiding business community as foreign trade participants to follow the customs legislation within the customs territory of the EAEU, as well as to follow the level and quality of customs control at border checkpoints and within the route of goods along the entire transport corridor. The innovations will provide a huge regional infrastructure and socio-economic stability of regions, districts and settlements, thus it will lead to the stable employment of Russia and other EAEU citizens, as well as other world country-partners that take part in the “transparent international transport green corridor”.

For the first time, the contents of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dust and in its PM

Microfungi were able to alternate solid substrate in various environments and play a noticeable role in the formation of insoluble calcium oxalate crystals in subaerial biofilms on rock surfaces. The present work describes how iron oxalate dihydrate humboldtine is acquired under the influence of the acid-producing microscopic fungus Aspergillus niger on the surface of two iron- bearing mineral substrates in vitro. Pyrrhotite and siderite rocks, as well as the products of their alteration, were investigated using a complex of analytical methods, including powder X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDX spectroscopy. The effect of the underlying rocks with different composition and solubility and different oxidation states of iron on Fe-oxalate crystallization and on the morphology of humboldtine crystals was shown. The mechanisms of humboldtine formation were discussed. The results obtained in vitro seem promising for using fungi in bioleaching iron and other metals from processed ores and for the development of environmentally friendly biotechnologies.

This article is based on extensive biogeochemical research conducted in Moscow’s Eastern Administrative District, where motor-vehicle traffic and heavy industry have resulted in some of the highest levels of pollution in the city. For this study, 26 samples of maple leaves (Acer platanoides) and 49 samples of dandelion leaves (Taraxacum officinale) were collected on a regular grid at 500–700 m intervals. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As and Sb in these plants were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry after washing, drying and HNO3 + H2O2 digestion. Maples accumulated Sb9,7As4,6Mo2,2Fe2,0Zn1,5 Pb1,4Cu1,2, while dandelions accumulated Mo12,7Pb4,9Cd4,4Fe4,3As3,9Sb2,7Cu1,4 — normalized to concentrations in background samples from an unpolluted site west from Moscow. The plants’ geochemical specialization was detected and compared in the following land-use areas: industrial, traffic, recreational, agricultural, and high-, mid-, and low-rise residential development. For maples, the highest concentration factor levels were found in industrial areas, with accumulations of Sb19As2,4Mo1,7Zn1,7Fe1,5Cu1,4Pb1,4. These levels were 2–5 times lower for maples in other land-use areas. Dandelions and maples do not accumulate Mn because of antagonism between Zn, Mo and Mn in soils. Copper is not concentrated by herbaceous species because of antagonism between Mo and Cu. Differences in eochemical specialization were shown using the Sb/Mo ratio: in dandelions this was 5 times lower than in background samples, while in maples it was 4.5 times higher. A Zv ratio was used to evaluate the intensity of biogeochemical transformation in urban plants. The highest Zv ratios were found in plants near industrial zones and large roads.

By a pure logical framework we mean a framework which does not rely on any particular formal calculus. For example, Metamath is an instance of a pure logical framework. Another example is the Russell system (https://github.com/dmitry-vlasov/russell). In this paper, we describe the proof search algorithm used in Russell. The algorithm is proved to be correct and complete, i.e. it gives only valid proofs and any valid proof can be found (up to a substitution) by the proposed algorithm.