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Additional file 1. List of DETERMINE investigators.

Additional file 5. Original ethic approval document.

Additional file 3. Sedation protocol.

Additional file 4. Statistical Analysis Plan.

Additional file 2. Norepinephrine dosage for the experimental arm.

International audience; Elasticity is considered as a fundamental feature of cloud computing where the system capacity can adjust to the current application workloads by provisioning or de-provisioning computing resources automatically and timely. Many studies have been already conducted to elasticity management systems, however, almost all lack to offer a complete modular solution. In this article, we propose MODEMO, a new elasticity management system powering both vertical and horizontal elasticities, both VM and Container virtualization technologies, multiple cloud providers simultaneously, and various elasticity policies. MODEMO is characterized by the following features: it represents (i) the first system that manages elasticity using Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) model with respect to the OCCI standard specifications, (ii) the first unified system which combines the functionalities of the worldwide cloud providers: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and (iii) allows a dynamic configuration at runtime during the execution of the application. MODEMO permits to timely adapt resource capacity according to the workload intensity and increase application performance without introducing a significant overhead.

International audience; Elasticity is a fundamental property in cloud computing that has recently witnessed major developments. This article reviews both classical and recent elasticity solutions and provides an overview of containerization, a new technological trend in lightweight virtualization. It also discusses major issues and research challenges related to elasticity in cloud computing. We comprehensively review and analyze the proposals developed in this field. We provide a taxonomy of elasticity mechanisms according to the identified works and key properties. Compared to other works in literature, this article presents a broader and detailed analysis of elasticity approaches and is considered as the first survey addressing the elasticity of containers.

International audience; Elasticity is a key feature in cloud computing as it enables the automatic and timely provisioning and depro- visioning of computing resources. To achieve elasticity, clouds rely on virtualization techniques including Virtual Machines (VMs) and containers. While many studies address the vertical elasticity of VMs and other few works handle vertical elasticity of containers, no work manages the coordination between these two ver- tical elasticities. In this paper, we present the first approach to coordinate vertical elasticity of both VMs and containers. We propose an auto-scaling technique that allows containerized applications to adjust their resources at both container and VM levels. This work has been evaluated and validated using the RUBiS benchmark application. The results show that our approach reacts quickly and improves application perfor- mance. Our coordinated elastic controller outperforms container vertical elasticity controller by 18.34% and VM vertical elasticity controller by 70%. It also outperforms container horizontal elasticity by 39.6%.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective socio-culturelle du developpement cognitif. Chez des jeunes Algeriens et des jeunes Francais d’origine algerienne. Nous avons cherche a cerner l’effet de l’interaction de l’appartenance culturelle et la flexibilite cognitive sur le developpement de la dependance/independance a l’egard du champ. Les resultats montrent qu’il existe des differences significatives en faveur des jeunes vivant en France en dependance/independance a l’egard du champ, de meme qu’en fonction de la flexibilite. Les scores de flexibilite cognitive chez les jeunes vivant en France sont eleves, cependant, l’effet de l’interaction « appartenance culturelle/flexibilite cognitive » sur la dependance/independance a l’egard du champ demeure insignifiant. Des directions de recherche et des applications fondees sur ces resultats sont preconisees.

This paper presents a comparative study of field-oriented control (IFOC) and direct-torque control (DTC) of induction motors using an adaptive flux observer. The main characteristics of field-oriented control and direct torque control schemes are studied by simulation, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages. The performances of the two control schemes are evaluated in terms of torque, current ripples and transient responses to load toque variations. We can nevertheless observe a slight advance of DTC scheme compared to FOC scheme regarding the dynamic flux control performance and the implementation complexity. Consequently, the choice of one or the other scheme will depend mainly on specific requirements of the application.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective socio-culturelle du développement cognitif. Chez des jeunes Algériens et des jeunes Français d’origine algérienne. Nous avons cherché à cerner l’effet de l’interaction de l’appartenance culturelle et la flexibilité cognitive sur le développement de la dépendance/indépendance à l’égard du champ. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe des différences significatives en faveur des jeunes vivant en France en dépendance/indépendance à l’égard du champ, de même qu’en fonction de la flexibilité. Les scores de flexibilité cognitive chez les jeunes vivant en France sont élevés, cependant, l’effet de l’interaction « appartenance culturelle/flexibilité cognitive » sur la dépendance/indépendance à l’égard du champ demeure insignifiant. Des directions de recherche et des applications fondées sur ces résultats sont préconisées. This research is a social cultural perspective of cognitive development among young Algerians and French youth of Algerian origin. We have tried to pinpoint the international effect of cultural belonging and cognitive flexibility for the development of dependence/independence with reference to the field of action, besides the flexibility function. Flexibility cognitive scores are high among young people living in France, however the interaction effect ”Cultural belonging/cognitive flexibility” on dependence/ independence with reference to the field remains insignificant. Directions for this research and applications are recommended. Esta investigación se inscribe en una perspectiva socio-cultural del desarrollo cognitivo.Entre los jóvenes argelinos y los jóvenes franceses de origen argelino (n = 218), hemos tratados de determinar el efecto de la interacción de pertenencia cultural y la flexibilidad cognitiva en el desarrollo de la dependencia / independencia con respecto al campo.Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas a favor de los jóvenes que viven en Francia dependencia / independencia de campo (t = 1,98, p

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries ( N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries ( N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.

International audience; Computing inter-domain MultiProtocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering Label Switched Path (MPLS-TE LSP) using the Path Computation Element (PCE) through a predetermined sequence of domains is quite straight. Each PCE, using the Backward Recursive PCE-based Computation (BRPC), knows who is the next to be contacted in order to continue the computation. The optimality of the inter-domain MPLS-TE LSP path depends strongly on the choice of the predetermined sequence of domains on which the calculation works. In this paper we propose a novel procedure allowing a forward discovery of multiple inter-domain sequences and the computation of constrained inter-domain paths for MPLS-TE LSPs over these domains sequences. Other issues around the inter-domain path computation, such as route discovery and inter-domain loop avoidance, are investigated. Experimental evaluation shows that our solution is effective in terms of protocol and algorithmic efficiency and provides satisfiable performance with high success rate, reasonable message overhead and runtime.

Providing inter-domain QoS guaranteed services is a huge challenge for operators and will bring new revenues to them. But, establishing end-to-end services requires a level of resource management that does not exist yet, even locally to an operator. Due to confidentiality and independence reasons, operators are afraid to cooperate which can not be avoided in the inter-domain context. We consider the existence of an alliance framework wherein operators would agree to cooperate. In this article, we address the issues of negotiating inter-domain services and propose efficient algorithms to determine the end-to-end QoS contract that will satisfy the QoS demand for a service.

This paper presents a testbed implementation of an inter-carrier GMPLS (Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching) service architecture recently proposed. This architecture couples the Path Computation Element (PCE)-based control plane with a service plane managing discovery, composition and activation functions of inter-carrier service elements. The testbed implements the required PCE Communication Protocol (PCEP) and Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) extensions, together with service request filtering operations performed with a policy based architecture1.

Categorized as one of the renewable energies, photovoltaic (PV) system has a great potential compared to its counterparts of renewable energies. Such systems can be either stand-alone or connected to utility grid, while alternative energy sources besides providing power to their local loads. In order to show the interaction between different parameters of the PV grid connected system, the dynamic energy transfer behaviour of the system should be investigated. In this paper, a study of the energy transfer mechanism for a grid-connected photovoltaic system within the Matlab/Simulink environment is presented; taking the domestic load as a local load drawing the energy either from the photovoltaic source or from the utility grid.

The progressive tendency, of the photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the electrical grid, is establishing new applications, in a way that, such system has to be optimised. Nowadays, many of these configurations start to bring benefits into the electrical network, such as: export/import of real and reactive powers, quick fix to shortages in power when used with storage equipment, active power mains harmonics filtering, and reduction of greenhouse emission and environment friendly power generation source. In this context, this paper deals with modelling and analysis of a grid connected PV system power flow, with the consideration of chain parasitic resistances and inductances. As a result, this leads to understand and infer various possible operating modes and system design concept.