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We use palaeomagnetic methods to decipher the thermal histories of a succession of massive to weakly stratified debris flow deposits (Ngatoro and Te Popo formations) of late Holocene age located on the eastern lower flanks of Mt. Taranaki/Egmont Volcano, western North Island, New Zealand. Results from two sites, Vickers Quarry and Surrey Road Quarry, both c. 9.6 km from the present-day summit, enable us to distinguish between clast incorporation temperatures of about 400 °C and emplacement temperatures between 150 and 200 °C, consistent with observation of superficial charring and desiccation of outer podocarp-hardwood tree trunks at Vickers Quarry. Analysis of palaeomagnetic directions and lithofacies architecture suggest that these deposits were likely initiated as a closely-spaced succession of block-and-ash flows (BAFs) that rapidly cooled as they descended the volcano flanks. Radiocarbon chronology and the widespread occurrence of a palaeosol between the products of the preceding Inglewood eruptive phase, c. 3.4 cal. ka B.P., and the overlying Ngatoro Formation suggest that these two events are temporally unrelated. Certainly, there is no field evidence of contemporaneous explosive volcanic activity that might be related to the emplacement of Ngatoro Formation. However, we suggest that these low-temperature deposits might either relate to collapse of a small emergent lava dome or a cooling dome remnant, possibly emplaced in the aftermath of the Inglewood eruption. How collapse was initiated remains uncertain: the remnant dome may have been rendered unstable by volcano-tectonic or tectonic seismic events and/or by adverse meteorological events. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that edifice collapse events generating potentially hazardous debris flows can occur independent of specific eruptive activity.

Modern diagnostic imaging techniques allow surgeons to preoperatively scrutinise anatomy and pathology in an ever more precise fashion. Surgical planning may be honed to minimise access and perform targeted yet thorough procedures. Image guided surgery systems help integrate this valuable data into the operating theatre to aid spatial awareness during surgery. Advanced navigational displays show promise in providing surgeons with real-time image guidance presented in an intuitive manner during a procedure. In addition to standard 2-dimensional cross-sectional views, options for visual presentation include 3-dimensional virtual views and augmented reality. Live computer-assisted feedback may include a 3-dimensional visual representation of tool position and critical structure’s with proximity auditory alerts. Although orientation may be enhanced, additional stimuli inherently demand some attention from the operator. An ideal user interface would provide accurate and accessible navigational data with minimal distraction. This thesis explores, through pre-clinical navigation and dissection trials, ways to provide the potential benefits of surgical precision and efficiency while mitigating distracting cues. Cadaver dissection trials allowed structured testing of the new technology, which is directly compared to conventional systems. Real-time surgical navigation systems are shown to enhance spatial awareness while reducing task workload during complex endoscopic skull base surgery. These systems showed particular promise where there was high spatial demand, compromised visual landmarks and proximity to critical structures. World first surgical studies investigating the attentional cost of advanced navigational displays highlight the potential dangers of this technology. The concept of inattentional blindness is introduced into the surgical literature with experimental evidence of its existence. Augmented reality advanced navigational displays are shown to increase inatt

Contexte : Depuis le 1er janvier 2013, le nouveau droit sur la protection de l’adulte en Suisse confère une importance accrue aux directives anticipées qui sont un outil d’autodétermination qui recense les décisions de fin de vie. But : Cette revue de la littérature a pour objectif de décrire l’approche soignante et les représentations des directives anticipées chez les jeunes adultes et chez les adolescents souffrant d’une maladie chronique terminale (cancer, VIH, etc.). Elle est composée de 11 études qui regroupent des revues systématiques, des essais contrôlés randomisés, des études descriptives et une étude mixte qualitative et quantitative. Méthode : L’analyse des articles trouvés sur les différentes bases de données PUBMED et CINAHL répond à la question de recherche suivante: « Quelles sont les approches spécifiques infirmières qui favorisent l’élaboration de directives anticipées à une population de jeunes adultes âgés de 14 à 44 ans en soins palliatifs ? ». Les différents articles retenus ont été sélectionnés et triés en fonction de quatre grandes thématiques - les discussions de fin de vie, les besoins des jeunes, le rôle et les expériences des infirmiers et l’utilisation des outils. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que les adolescents et les jeunes adultes veulent et ont besoin de participer aux discussions de fin de vie et souhaitent être accompagnés lors de la rédaction de directives anticipées. De plus, au travers des études, il est mis en avant le fait que les infirmiers n’ont pas les connaissances requises et ne se sentent pas confortables pour aborder les discussions de fin de vie auprès de cette population. Les articles ressortent également l’existence de divers outils pour la rédaction de directives anticipées. Conclusions / Limites : La revue de la littérature met en avant la relation infirmière avec cette population et permet également de développer une problématique qui, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, n’est que très peu développée en Suisse. Même si la, Background : From the 1st January 2013 a new Law was passed protecting adults in Switzerland, with the emphasis on Advance Directives. This is a tool in the self-determination process of end of life decision making. Purpose : This Literature Review has, as its main objective, to put forward the nursing approach and representations of Advance Directives for adolescents and young adults suffering from terminal chronic diseases (Cancer, HIV, etc.). This Review is composed of 11 studies of varying designs such as systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, descriptive studies and qualitative and quantitative mixed studies. Methods : The analysis of the articles found on the PUBMED and CINAHL databases answered the following PICOT question: « How can a specific nursing approach improve the conditions for young adults between 14 and 44 years old in writing their own Advance Directives? " For this Review the following subjects were sorted into four categories – End of Life Discussions, The Needs of Young Adults, The Role and Experience of Nurses and The use of Tools. Results : The results show that adolescents and young adults want and feel the need to talk about their end of life decisions. Furthermore, they wish to be accompanied, during the process, of Advance Directive completion. Additionally, the studies have brought to light the nurses’ lack of knowledge required and tend not to be comfortable in initiating end of life discussions with this population. They have also revealed the need for the use of Tools for the completion of Advance Directives. Conclusions/Limitations: This Literature Review brings forward the nurses' relationship with this population and has shed light on a subject that is underdeveloped today in Switzerland. Despite the fact that the majority of the studies used in this Review are of North American origin, it is possible to transpose the results on a Swiss level and to develop a Tool enabling professionals to care for adolescents and young

The Ngatoro Formation is an extensive volcaniclastic deposit distributed on the eastern lower flanks of Egmont Volcano, central North Island, New Zealand. Formally identified by Neall (1979) this deposit was initially attributed to an Egmont sourced water-supported mass flow event c. 3, 600 ¹⁴C years B.P. The Ngatoro Formation was subsequently described by Alloway (1989) as a single debris flow deposit closely associated with the deposition of the underlying Inglewood Tephra (c. 3,600 ¹⁴C yrs B.P) that had laterally transformed into a hyperconcentrated- to- flood flow deposit. Such water-supported mass flows have been well documented on volcanoes both within New Zealand (i.e. Mt Ruapehu) and elsewhere around the world (i.e. Mt Merapi, Central Java and Mt St Helens, Washington). This thesis comprises field mapping, stratigraphic descriptions, field and laboratory grain size and shape analysis, tephrochronology and palaeomagnetic analysis with the aim of refining the stratigraphy, facies architecture and emplacement history of the c. 3,600 ¹⁴C yrs B.P. Ngatoro Formation. This study has found that the Ngatoro Formation has a highly variable and complex emplacement history as evidenced by the rapid textural changes with increasing distance from the modern day Egmont summit. The Ngatoro Formation comprises two closely spaced mass flow events whose flow and emplacement characteristics have undergone both proximal to distal and axial to marginal transformations. On surfaces adjacent to the Manganui Valley on the deeply incised flanks of Egmont Volcano, the Ngatoro Formation is identified as overbank surge deposits whereas at the boundary of Egmont National Park it occurs as massive, pebble- to boulder-rich debris flow deposits. At intermediate to distal distances (17-23 km from the modern Egmont summit) the Ngatoro Formation occurs as a sequence of multiple coalescing dominantly sandy textured hyperconcentrated flow deposits. The lateral and longitudinal textural variabili