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The aim of this study is to analyse outcome of patients with bilateral abductor palsy undergoing unilateral partial arytenoidectomy and unilateral posterior cordotomy in terms of respiration, phonation and risk of aspiration. Initially tracheostomy was only treatment available to relieve respiratory distress. Now various methods are described e.g. endoscopic posterior cordotomy, arytenoidectomy, suture lateralization of vocal cords, laryngeal reinnervation and muscle transfer procedures. In our study, review of management of 21 cases of bilateral abductor palsy were carried out. Patient assessment included fibre optic laryngoscopy and radiology. Unilateral partial arytenoidectomy was carried out in 9 patients and unilateral posterior cordotomy was carried out in 12 patients. All the 21 cases in our study were tracheotomised. Among the 21 surgically treated patients 90.5% patients were decannulated. The mean increase in VHI 10 score after surgery was of 4.8. The mean increase was 4 in the partial arytenoidectomy group, whereas the mean increase in the posterior cordotomy group was 5. There was no history of aspiration following surgery. The percentage of cases requiring revision surgery was 33% in patients undergoing partial arytenoidectomy and was 25% in patients undergoing posterior cordotomy. Analysis of results after 12 months revealed that both unilateral posterior cordotomy and unilateral partial arytenoidectomy are effective and satisfactory procedures in treatment of bilateral abductor palsy.

Jules Naudet (translated from French by Renuka George). 2018. Stepping into the Elite: Trajectories of Social Achievement in India, France, and the United States. New Delhi: Oxford University Press (with Institut français). xxii + 354 pp. Tables, appendix, references, index. Rs 995 (hardback).

We present a rare case of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm formation in leiomyosarcoma metastases with evidence of acute bleeding and subsequent interventional radiological management.

The ethnographic approach has much to contribute to our understanding of social mobility. This paper provides a discussion on ethnography as a method and approach to writing and description, and reviews some ways in which themes related to social mobility in the developing world have been explored ethnographically. It discusses the themes that these studies cover in terms of two frames: the social construction of mobility and the fields within which mobility plays out.

Background: Chronic otitis media patients can present with a dry or wet ears (which means those ears which have a mild mucoid discharge and are negative on culture). Preoperative HRCT scans done in these patients show either a normal or an opacified mastoid cavity. This creates a dilemma in the mind of an otologist as whether doing a tympanoplasty in a patient with an active mucoid ear discharge would be beneficial or not. The goal of this study is to compare results of type 1 tympanoplasty in wet and dry mucosal COM ears and correlate between preoperative CT findings and postoperative outcomes.Methods: A comparative study was done where a total of 30 wet and 30 dry ears respectively were included based on a preset clinical criterion. After a detailed history, otoscopic examination, pure tone audiometry (PTA) and a HRCT scan of temporal bone, all patients underwent type 1 tympanoplasty followed by PTA assessment 2 months postoperatively.Results: The graft uptake rates and hearing outcomes after surgery were found to be similar in both wet and dry ears. Also, the graft uptake rates in patients with opaque mastoids were similar to those with normal mastoids on HRCT scans.Conclusions: This study concludes that success of type 1 tympanoplasty surgery is not adversely affected by the presence of mucoid discharge at the time of surgery. For achieving good surgical success, meticulous graft placement is more important rather than status of the operated ear.

Giant arterio venous malformation (AVM) of the tongue and floor of mouth are rare. They become life threatening when ignored by the patients. Treatment protocols are not well established. This report describes the treatment of a 35 years old female who presented to us with complains of swelling of tongue, floor of mouth and left sub mandibular region since 15 years causing dysphagia, and oral bleed since one day. Magnetic resonance Angiography revealed a giant AVM at the above site with dilated left external carotid artery (ECA) and left lingual artery. Patient underwent ECA ligation under general anaesthesia and serial injection sclerotherapy at the local site. After 3 months and 6 cycles of sclerotherapy, the patient had a satisfactory outcome. A detailed report with review of literature is presented.

This chapter introduces the definitions, concepts, theoretical paradigms, and approaches to social mobility research. From the time that Pitrim Sorokin wrote the first treatise on social mobility in 1927, the area of mobility studies in sociology has grown substantially. This has led, at times, to heated debates on the most appropriate way to measure and capture mobility. This chapter compares and contrasts the two key approaches to the study of mobility, that is, the status attainment approach and the class mobility approach. It focusses on gender, caste, and locality for the study of social mobility patterns in India and also provides a review of previous studies. The chapter ends with a thematic outline of the book as well as a discussion on the methods employed.

The relative and absolute rates of mobility are significant in their own regard, however, it leaves open the question of the ‘processual effects’ of industrialization, or in other words what are the drivers of this mobility. This chapter studies the impact of education on social mobility. The major question posed here is whether education acts as a mediator of mobility or not. Or, are the social origin or inherited characteristics (caste and class) the primary determining factor where the chances of social mobility are concerned? Finally, whether the impact of education varies by community. We find that education mediates the origin-destination relation, with those with higher levels of education able to secure more chances of upward mobility. The critical role of caste and gender is underlined.

This chapter draws together the main findings of the research reported in each individual chapter providing an overview of mobility patterns, trends, and inequalities in India for both women and men over time. It also discusses the findings on caste and mobility in light of the debates on reservation policies in India, as well as the structure of these patterns across rural-urban locality. As an industrializing country, India displays some patterns of structural change commensurate with its level of industrialization. However, the existence of a large agrarian sector along with a rapidly growing service sector place India in a unique position. The repurcussions of the type of structural change on social mobility is explored and a broader picture of social change is presented.

Focussing on patterns of intergenerational stability, this book traces the unequal structures of opportunity in India. The author addresses questions and approaches towards social mobility (or the lack thereof) through interactions between social class, caste, and gender while adopting a rural–urban perspective, capturing changes over time, and the implications of social mobility on a national scale. This book plugs in crucial gaps in the research on social mobility, which has been marked by the lack of precision regarding the extent of mobility in contemporary India. Using a broad lens of both caste and class, this up-to-date statistical analysis, which uses national-level datasets and advanced quantitative methods, enriches the sociological as well as the anthropological literature, while also locating India within the larger context of social mobility research in the industrialized and industrializing world.

This chapter brings out the influence of caste on social class mobility and analyses in detail the association between caste and social class in India. While theories of social change posit a decline in the impact of caste on social mobility over time, this chapter questions whether we see evidence of this at the national level. More crucially has the association between caste and class declined? And, has the relative importance of caste on achieveing a specific occupation, and hence social mobility, also declined overtime? In light of debates on affirmative action, this chapter asks whether certain castes find it harder to take advantage of upward class mobility chances, and conversely whether some castes are cushioned from downward mobility chances.

Social mobility includes absoulte mobility, that is, raw numbers of people who move up, down, or remain stable; and relative mobility, that is, mobility controlling for structural change. This chapter draws out the importance of both types of mobility. Further, the intriguing pattern for women’s mobility, where women display more stability than men intergenerationally, contrary to research in most of the world, is deconstructed. While we observe an enduring trend, preceding ‘liberalization’, of the expansion of the higher salariat, and a retrenchment in agriculture leading to some amount of net upward mobility in absolute terms, we also observe low levels of social fluidity which provide an indicator of the unequal opportunity structures in Indian society.

To explore the Indian context for the study of mobility, the changes in the Indian economy, especially with regard to workforce participation rates, industrial distribution of the workforce, and others, have been outlined in this chapter. The presence and persistence of caste and its impact on occupational attainment, and in turn social mobility, is discussed. This chapter looks in detail at the participation of women in employment in India given the significance of the impact of their participation on social mobility opportunities. Emphasis has been laid on the interaction between class, caste, gender and locality, and the possible repurcussions this has on mobility, providing a rich contextual backdrop to the book.

To examine the elements of social mobility, especially the intergenerational change in social position, requires the establishment of an appropriate schema that captures social class position across generations. This chapter summarizes the major debates surrounding the definition of social class, with a specific focus on class in the Indian context. So far there is little consistent effort to map the possible classes in Indian society. This chapter discusses the conceptualisation of class and its operationalisation in terms of a class schema. The focus is on a possible ‘objective’ measure of class in the Indian context.

Retropharyngeal abscesses in children are acute-infectious and non tubercular in nature. We present a rare case of tubercular retropharyngeal abscess presenting in early infancy. Patient was born to a mother who was diagnosed within four weeks of delivery with tubercular meningitis. Within six weeks of being born, the child developed fever and tubercular lymphadenopathy, possibly a manifestation of latent tubercular hematogenous infection transmitted to the child from mother in utero.

This chapter focuses on one city – Delhi – and explores the experiences of young women in relation to education, work, and being in the city. Based on in-depth interviews with 15 young working women (below 35 years of age) employed in a range of occupations across socio-economic strata, this chapter details that while education is seen as critical for survival in the city, educational and occupational choices, attitudes towards education, and aspirations are still mediated by family and gender. The city is seen as vital by many in providing opportunities and ‘choices’ unavailable in small towns and villages; however, the city itself can be aggressive and uninviting for women, and negotiating ‘space’ and ‘time’ becomes critical for these young working women.

The caste system, its salient characteristics, and its subtle and more obvious transformations, coupled with its persistence and pervasiveness, have been central to studies of Indian society. This review provides a specific view of caste and its transformations with an emphasis on the socioeconomic or labor market dimension. Such a perspective is particularly crucial as one of the distinctive features of caste is the inheritance of occupations. A major argument of modernization has been the increasing movement away from occupational inheritance. This review traces the limited support for the “Orientalist” view of caste as essentially unchanging and focuses on the fluid nature of caste and its transformation in the economic domain.

This paper empirically analyzes the association between caste and class in India. I find a tentative congruence between castes and classes at the extremes of the caste system and a slight weakening in this association over time. Although Scheduled Castes have low upward mobility, higher castes are not entirely protected from downward mobility.

This chapter discusses intergenerational class mobility, which is the extent to which sons — and even daughters — follow in their father's footsteps. It asks how ‘open’ India is, and whether it is becoming more ‘open’ with greater equality of opportunity as it slowly modernises. The discussion is limited to the patterns of intergenerational mobility of men and women who are actually in paid employment.