Search

Purpose.The study aims to define and comprehend the phenomenon of freedom as an anthropological problem in the Christian philosophical heritage of A. Augustine and H. Skovoroda. The objectives of the study are: a) to identify the main aspects of the problem of freedom in the Christian philosophy of Augustine; b) to clarify the essence and specificity of understanding of freedom in the philosophical anthropology of H. Skovoroda; c) to compare the peculiarities of the statement of the problem of freedom by Augustine and Skovoroda.Theoretical basis.The achievement of the purpose is based on theoretical-methodological, historical-philosophical and comparative analysis of the content of the concept of freedom within the philosophical views of A. Augustine and H. Skovoroda. Also, the analysis of the original sources of the thinkers has allowed to formulate the theoretical and practical significance of their ideas in this field and their importance for the further development of world philosophy.Originality.It has been confirmed that in the religious philosophy of Augustine, freedom appears on an immanent-spiritual plane and is a phenomenon manifested as a person’s ability of self-determination in his actions. Augustine explains freedom by raising the question of free will, evil, salvation, predestination and divine grace. It is substantiated that the analysis of the problem of freedom in the philosophy of H. Skovoroda presupposes an understanding of the main components of his philosophical and anthropological theory: ontological (the doctrine of "two natures" and "three worlds"); gnoseological (the concept of self-knowledge); ethical (the problem of happiness, good, etc.). It is determined that human freedom in the work of both philosophers is defined in conceptual and semantic aspects as a moral and ethical choice between good and evil. It is established that both Augustine and Skovoroda emphasize the discovery by man of the moral, spiritual law and life in accordance with its norms – this is a kind of idea of positive freedom ("freedom for"), and the call to escape from the world of evil is the idea of negative freedom ("freedom from").Conclusions.Thus, we continued the historical-philosophical study of the peculiarities of the understanding of the concept of human freedom in Ukrainian philosophical thought, which is manifested by comparing it with the theoretical heritage of world philosophy, with the spiritual and philosophical experience of the past. The ideological kinship of the concepts of freedom of Aurelius Augustine and Hryhorii Skovoroda is obvious.

Purpose. The study aims to define and comprehend the phenomenon of freedom as an anthropological problem in the Christian philosophical heritage of A. Augustine and H. Skovoroda. The objectives of the study are: a) to identify the main aspects of the problem of freedom in the Christian philosophy of Augustine; b) to clarify the essence and specificity of understanding of freedom in the philosophical anthropology of H. Skovoroda; c) to compare the peculiarities of the statement of the problem of freedom by Augustine and Skovoroda. Theoretical basis. The achievement of the purpose is based on theoretical-methodological, historical-philosophical and comparative analysis of the content of the concept of freedom within the philosophical views of A. Augustine and H. Skovoroda. Also, the analysis of the original sources of the thinkers has allowed to formulate the theoretical and practical significance of their ideas in this field and their importance for the further development of world philosophy. Originality. It has been confirmed that in the religious philosophy of Augustine, freedom appears on an immanent-spiritual plane and is a phenomenon manifested as a person’s ability of self-determination in his actions. Augustine explains freedom by raising the question of free will, evil, salvation, predestination and divine grace. It is substantiated that the analysis of the problem of freedom in the philosophy of H. Skovoroda presupposes an understanding of the main components of his philosophical and anthropological theory: ontological (the doctrine of "two natures" and "three worlds"); gnoseological (the concept of self-knowledge); ethical (the problem of happiness, good, etc.). It is determined that human freedom in the work of both philosophers is defined in conceptual and semantic aspects as a moral and ethical choice between good and evil. It is established that both Augustine and Skovoroda emphasize the discovery by man of the moral, spiritual law and life in accordance with its norms – this is a kind of idea of positive freedom ("freedom for"), and the call to escape from the world of evil is the idea of negative freedom ("freedom from"). Conclusions. Thus, we continued the historical-philosophical study of the peculiarities of the understanding of the concept of human freedom in Ukrainian philosophical thought, which is manifested by comparing it with the theoretical heritage of world philosophy, with the spiritual and philosophical experience of the past. The ideological kinship of the concepts of freedom of Aurelius Augustine and Hryhorii Skovoroda is obvious., Мета. Дослідження спрямовано на окреслення та осмислення феномену свободи як антропологічної проблеми в християнській філософській спадщині Августина та Сковороди. Завданнями дослідження є: а)виокремити основні аспекти проблеми свободи в християнській філософії Августина; б) з’ясувати сутність і специфіку розуміння свободи у філософській антропології Г. Сковороди; в) порівняти особливості постановки проблеми свободи Августином і Сковородою. Теоретичний базис. Досягнення мети ґрунтується на теоретико-методологічному, історико-філософському та компаративному аналізі змісту поняття "свобода" в межах філософських поглядів Августина та Сковороди. Також на основі аналізу першоджерел мислителів сформульовано теоретичну та практичну значущість їхніх ідей у цій царині та значення для подальшого розвитку світової філософії. Наукова новизна. Підтверджено, що в релігійній філософії Августина свобода постає в іманентно-духовній площині і є феноменом, що виявляється як здатність людини до самовизначення у своїх діях. Августин пояснює свободу через постановку питання про вільну волю, зло, спасіння, предестинацію та Божественну благодать. Обґрунтовано, що аналіз проблеми свободи у філософії Г. Сковороди передбачає осмислення основних складових його філософсько-антропологічної теорії: онтологічної (вчення про "дві натури" і "три світи"); гносеологічної (концепція самопізнання); етичної (проблема щастя, добра та ін.). Визначено, що свободу людини у своїх творах обидва філософи в концептуальному і смисловому аспектах окреслюють як морально-етичний вибір між добром і злом. Установлено, що й Августин, і Сковорода наголошують на відкритті людиною морального, духовного закону та житті відповідно до його норм – це своєрідна ідея позитивної свободи ("свободи для"), а заклик до втечі від світу зла – це ідея негативної свободи ("свободи від"). Висновки. Отже, ми продовжили історико-філософське дослідження особливостей розуміння поняття свободи людини в українській філософській думці, що виявляється в зіставленні його з теоретичними надбаннями світової філософії, із духовним філософським досвідом минулого. Очевидною є ідейна спорідненість концепцій свободи Аврелія Августина та Григорія Сковороди.

According to Catholic theology, God offers a gift of love, known as divine grace, to all of humanity. This gift of divine grace is the gift of redemption and forgiveness of sins from God that is offered to everyone who decides to acknowledge and accept it. Grace is central to the lived experience of many Christians. This qualitative study examined how Catholics perceive and experience divine grace using interviews that assessed perceptions of divine grace in 29 practicing adult Catholics. A grounded theory analysis resulted in themes indicating that these Catholics view God’s divine grace as a tangible gift that is undeserved though continuously offered. The participants’ experience of God’s grace is not just an abstract theological concept but an embodied aspect of religious life with which believers can interact in many powerful ways. Three characteristics of God’s divine grace (i.e., salvific grace, cooperation through free will, primacy of conscience and the afterlife) and three mechanisms to experiencing God’s grace (i.e., sacraments, prayer and meditation, saints) are presented.

Faithful persons tend to relate to their religious beliefs as truth claims, particularly inasmuch as their beliefs have soteriological implications for those of different religions. For Christians the particular claims which matter most in this regard are those made by Jesus of Nazareth and his claims are primarily relational in nature. I propose a model in which we understand divine grace from Jesus as being mediated through relational knowledge of him on a compassionately exclusivist basis, including post-mortem. Supporting this model, I draw from Eleonore Stump’s hypothesis in her 2018 Atonement that the crucifixion of Jesus opens the divine psyche to all human psyches sufficiently for salvific mutual indwelling to occur, and from Gavin D’Costa’s conception of the descensus Christi ad inferos as the mechanism for grace’s accessibility post-mortem presented in his 2009 Christianity and World Religions. This model seeks to address ongoing, justified pastoral concern for the soteriological status of non-Christians while still treating Christianity as objectively true.

El tema de la gracia divina en Cervantes es rico y abundante. Esta gracia nos hace más de Dios, nos introduce en el evangelio. Su unción nos lleva a Cristo, nuestro maestro que es suave. Esto predica don Quijote a los que no saben perdonar a sus enemigos y quieren vengarse de ellos. Libros, acontecimientos, encuentros, diálogos, obras buenas van dejando sus semillas. La gracia es luz del hombre e infinita misericordia de Dios. Quizás hoy estemos en mejores condiciones que nunca para valorar este cristianismo. Dios no es algo lejano, sino presente y misericordioso, Providencia amorosa pero cada uno con su responsabilidad. El hombre no solo cuenta con su razón para orientarse. Estas son las creencias religiosas fundamentales.