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Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Este artigo, embasado nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Historiografia da Linguística, tem como objetivo descrever o tratamento dado ao objeto direto preposicionado na Moderna Gramática Portuguesa, de Evanildo Bechara e na Gramática Normativa da Língua Portuguesa, de Rocha Lima. Para fundamentar a pesquisa, utilizou-se como aporte teórico as pesquisas de Altman (2019), Batista (2019), Koerner (1989a, 2014), Kuhn (2013 [1962]), Murray (1998). Após a descrição, observou-se que o fenômeno é descrito em oito ocorrências na gramática de Bechara, das quais sete ocorrências são postas de forma obrigatória e uma de forma facultativa. Já na gramática de Rocha Lima o fenômeno é descrito doze vezes, sendo cinco apresentadas de forma obrigatória e sete de forma facultativa. Após as analises, observou-se que os gramáticos apresentam tanto pontos convergentes quanto divergentes no tratamento do fenômeno. Convergem quando compartilham que o fenômeno ocorre antes de pronomes oblíquos tônicos; após verbos que indicam sentimentos; para evitar duplicidade de sentido; quando aparece expressões que indicam reciprocidade; antecedendo o pronome relativo quem; em construções paralelas e associados a um objeto direto pleonástico. Divergem ao passo que Rocha Lima entende que o fenômeno ocorre associando à preposição, quando essa estiver ligada ao vocábulo Deus; quando o verbo transitivo direto apresentar-se de forma impessoal; em pronomes que se referem a pessoas; em nomes que são antecedidos por termos comparativos; quando o objeto direto precede ao verbo; em construções idiomáticas e quando se tem uma preposição com valor partitivo.

Estructura genética de las poblaciones actuales de Coregonus albula (L.) como posible respuesta a múltiples translocaciones en el pasado. El corégono blanco Coregonus albula (L.) es una especie abundante en Europa septentrional que se suele considerar un ejemplo de vestigio de la era glaciar. El corégono blanco es una especie de alto valor económico y, en consecuencia, ha sido propagada artificialmente en Letonia desde 1900. A pesar de las translocaciones de larvas y alevines realizadas en el pasado y el actual estado de protección del corégono blanco, esta especie solo se puede encontrar en 15 lagos de Letonia. En el presente estudio utilizamos nueve marcadores de microsatélites para analizar las poblaciones de corégono blanco de nueve de estos lagos. La mayor riqueza alélica media y riqueza de alelos privados del lago Riču sugiere que esta población de corégono blanco puede ser autóctona. Se utilizaron tres métodos complementarios de agrupación que dieron resultados similares y revelaron la existencia de tres grupos genéticos diferenciados. De acuerdo con los resultados, es posible que las poblaciones europeas de corégono blanco de los lagos estudiados en Letonia sean en la actualidad una mezcla de distintas poblaciones tras múltiples translocaciones.

The Spanish spoken in the city of Malaga could currently be represented by means of a reliable and compact theoretical model from the works that have been in charge of describing, analyzing and explaining this linguistic variety of southern Spain for more than twenty-five years (Villena Ponsoda, 1996; Ávila Muñoz, 1994, among others). The constants observed in all these works allow us to affirm that the speakers of this city move in a continuum of variation in which the dynamics of convergence and divergence from the standard are governed by underlying prestige patterns that condition the linguistic uses analyzed. This work represents the situation described from a multidimensional model that overlaps various planes: on the one hand, the one corresponding to the vernacular-standard dimension; on the other, the one that draws a dimension governed by values corresponding to the regional standard solidly established in western Andalusia. The conclusions could be extrapolated to the whole of the Andalusian sociolinguistic reality (and, most probably, of southern European Spanish). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La investigación aborda el estudio de la brecha en ingresos de las veinticuatro regiones del Perú examinando sí se mantiene la heterogeneidad en el ingreso encontrada en trabajos anteriores, o si, por el contrario, muestran alguna tendencia hacia la convergencia en la renta per cápita durante el periodo en estudio. Así a través de la realización de una investigación descriptiva no experimental, mediante la aplicación de series de tiempo, regresiones y el análisis transversal de índices construidos a partir de variables macroeconómicas, se logró encontrar una relación directa entre los ingresos de las regiones, el desempeño económico y social, sin embargo, se observó que la inversión directa extranjera y las políticas nacionales no han logrado acortar las diferencias económicas regionales del país, siendo las regiones con mejor proyección Lima, Cusco, Arequipa, Ica, La Libertad, Moquegua, Piura, y Tacna, donde el crecimiento ha estado dinamizado por el sector petróleo, minería y comercio. En contraposición se encuentran las regiones de mayor rezago: Amazonas, Apurímac, Huancavelica, y Ucayali. En medio de estos extremos, un conglomerado de regiones con ingresos estancados o en leve retroceso. Concluyendo que siguen existiendo grandes disparidades entre las regiones.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nomadas (01217550) is the property of Universidad Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the acknowledged importance of defining avian species limits to scientific research, conservation, and management, in practice, they often remain contentious. This is true even among practitioners of a single species concept and is inevitable owing to the continuous nature of the speciation process, our incomplete and changing understanding of individual cases, and differing interpretations of available data. This issue of Ornithology brings together several papers on species limits, some more theoretical and general, and others case studies of specific taxa. These are viewed primarily through the lens of the biological species concept (BSC), by far the most widely adopted species concept in influential ornithological works. The more conceptual contributions focus on the importance of the integrative approach in species delimitation; the importance of considering selection with the increasing use of genomic data; examinations of the effectiveness of the Tobias et al. character-scoring species limits criteria; a review of thorny issues in species delimitation using examples from Australo-Papuan birds; and a review of the process of speciation that addresses how population divergence poses challenges. Case studies include population genomics of the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius); an integrative taxonomic analysis of Graceful Prinia (Prinia gracilis) that suggests two species are involved; and a reevaluation of species limits in Caribbean Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately determining avian species limits has been a challenge and a work in progress for most of a century. It is a fascinating but difficult problem. Under the biological species concept, only lineages that remain essentially independent when they are in sympatry are clearly species. Otherwise, there is no clear line yet found that marks when a pair of diverging lineages (e.g., in allopatry) become different enough to warrant full biological species status. Also, with more data, species limits often require reevaluation. The process of divergence and speciation is itself very complex and is the focus of intense research. Translating what we understand of that process into taxonomic names can be challenging. A series of issues are important. Single-locus criteria are unlikely to be convincing. Genetic independence is not a species limits requirement, but the degree of independence (gene flow) needs to be considered when there is opportunity for gene flow and independence is not complete. Time-based species (limits determined by time of separation) are unsatisfactory, though integrating time more effectively into our datasets is warranted. We need to disentangle data signal due to neutral processes vs. selection and prioritize the latter as the main driver of speciation. Assortative mating is also not likely to be an adequate criterion for determining species limits. Hybridization and gene flow are more important than ever, and there is a condition not being treated evenly in taxonomy: evolutionary trysts of 2 or more lineages stuck together through gene flow just short of speciation over long periods. Comparative methods that use what occurs between good species in contact to infer species limits among allopatric forms remain the gold standard, but they can be inaccurate and controversial. Species-level taxonomy in birds is likely to remain unsettled for some time. While the study of avian speciation has never been more exciting and dynamic, there is no silver bullet for species delimitation, nor is it likely that there will ever be one. Careful work using integrative taxonomy in a comparative framework is the most promising way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of major aspects of economic structure and access to resources (value added, consumption, diversity, sectoral shares, degree of urbanization, population with high-end skills and access to financial resources) for Indian regions (all states and union territories across the country with larger states divided into smaller and more comparable subregional units of NSS regions) between 2004–05 and 2011–12 identifies the factors that differentiate regions and shows that differences in these factors have increased over time. A step-wise discriminant analysis indicates that regional output and consumption were the key distinguishing factors, along with the sectoral composition of the regional economy. Clear evidence was found of a move towards greater diversity in the local economy, the emergence of construction and other service sectors with significant shares, and increased but more unequal access to finance and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualidades Pedagógicas is the property of Revista Actualidades Pedagogicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El ambiente de seguridad mundial en la actualidad está viviendo un momento de discontinuidad o transición, de un modelo de cooperación y convergencia a uno de competencia y divergencia. La Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de Estados Unidos identifica a ciertos Estados como poderes revisionistas, entre los cuales China y Rusia se destacan por estar orientados a dar forma a un mundo consistente con su modelo autoritario de gobierno. La política de defensa de la administración del Presidente Donald Trump tiene su punto de partida en el mensaje de “América primero”, la cual en general favorece el empleo del poder duro para abordar los desafíos que afecten expresamente los intereses de la nación, mediante la modernización militar con fuerza letal de gran tecnología. Se limita el involucramiento del país en conflictos externos donde no estén en juego los intereses de la nación y adicionalmente, manifiesta la voluntad política para revisar tratados y lograr nuevas condiciones con mayores ventajas y beneficios para el país.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar a divergência genética de acessos de ave do paraíso da coleção de mudas da UNEMAT com base em características agronômicas. Foram avaliadas sete características agronômicas, com emprego da distância Euclidiana Média, foram utilizados os métodos de agrupamento médio entre grupos (UPGMA), o método de agrupamento de Otimização de Tocher, além da análise de componentes principais, a fim de classificar os genótipos que apresentassem a máxima similaridade entre os grupos. As medidas de dissimilaridade genética em relação às características avaliadas, fazendo uso da distância Euclidiana Média, demonstraram a existência de variabilidade genética entre os acessos avaliados, uma vez que a amplitude dos valores de dissimilaridade foi de 1,09 a 36,97. Na análise de agrupamento com a utilização do método de Otimização Tocher verificou-se a formação de dois grupos distintos. No agrupamento hierárquico UPGMA, fundamentado na matriz de dissimilaridade, apresentou a formação de três grupos com o ponto de corte a 30%. Com base na análise dos componentes principais pode-se observar que houve divergência genética entre os acessos de ave do paraíso avaliados.

Vários países latino-americanos tiveram, em termos de crescimento econômico e de desenvolvimento social, um desempenho decepcionante ao longo das últimas décadas, comparativamente, por exemplo, aos emergentes asiáticos. O ensaio fornece explicações para o atraso relativo de alguns dos países da região nesses quesitos, apoiando-se em fatores macroestruturais, examinando as políticas econômicas seguidas no continente e os resultados de longo prazo. A inflação, as inconsistências fiscais e a introversão econômica são em grande medida responsáveis pelas desigualdades e pelo modesto crescimento da América Latina. Nem todos eles recuaram, todavia, podendo ser identificados três tipos de países: (a) os globalizados, que são os que empreenderam reformas estruturais; (b) reticentes, que ficaram na metade do caminho dos ajustes necessários à sua integração internacional; e (c) bolivarianos, termo genérico aplicado àqueles que pretendem operar um retorno aos tempos de intervenções estatais na economia e de redistribuição de renda por meio de mecanismos compulsórios. São finalmente apresentados os elementos de política econômica e social que poderiam sustentar um processo de crescimento durável com transformação produtiva e redistribuição da renda, cuja primeira condição é o aumento da produtividade, por sua vez fundamentado sobre a boa qualidade da educação e das instituições de governança. Recebido em: 13 mar. 2014 Aprovado em: 27 out. 2014

Studies in evolutionary biology have commonly been focused on insular systems because of their natural geographic isolation and relatively simpler biotas. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences of 4 passerine bird species distributed in the Tres Marías Archipelago (TMA) and the nearby mainland of western Mexico--Cardinalis cardinalis, Turdus rufopalliatus, Vireo hypochryseus, and Icterus pustulatus--we determined interspecific and intraspecific phylogenetic relationships between insular and mainland populations, conducted insular age-based time calibration for the estimation of divergence times, and used Bayesian analyses to examine the colonization history of islands. Specifically, we tested whether the study species from the TMA share the same colonization history since the emergence of the islands ~120 kya, taking advantage of the reduced isolation due to sea-level fluctuations during the Pleistocene, or whether there were independent colonization events. We also looked for evidence in the genetic structure of the island populations that would support the idea of colonization by a small number of individuals. Phylogenetic relationships consistently recovered lineage divergence between the TMA and mainland populations, with strong support in 3 of the 4 species. Our estimates for the sea level and coastline of the west coast of Mexico during the Pleistocene showed that the distance between the TMA and the mainland was ~25 km. We tested several island colonization scenarios according to the phylogenetic relationships, haplotype networks, divergence time estimates, historical demography, and different glaciation dates. The most supported scenario of colonization of the TMA suggests that a single event occurred ~120 kya when the islands emerged, which is highly concordant with geological evidence, and simultaneously affected the 4 species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to characterize and determine the genetic diversity, based on the leaf anatomy, between rust resistant coffee accessions, from the Germplasm Bank of Minas Gerais, used in breeding programs. For the anatomical evaluations, 20 accessions of coffee trees were used, which are used by research institutions in breeding programs for resistance to rust. Eight fully expanded leaves were collected from each access, from the third node of plagiotropic branches, from the middle third of the plants. Afterwards the leaves were taken to the laboratory where the analyzes were performed. The experimental design was completely randomized, considering 20 accessions and 3 replicates.The studied accesses presented a wide genetic variability, in relation to the anatomical foliar characteristics. The accessions Villa Sarchi, Hybrids of Timor UFV 376-31, Hybrids of Timor UFV 427-15 and F840 x Hybrids of Timor UFV 457-12 had six major averages among the ten anatomical characteristics evaluated. The accesses Villa Sarchi (MG 210), F840 x Hybrid Timor UFV 457-13 (MG 503) and Hybrid Timor UFV 376-31 (MG 279) besides presenting the highest averages based on the anatomical characteristics are also among the most divergent according to the groupings used, and therefore, potential materials for future crosses with the objective of integrating breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensaios FEE is the property of Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo ofrece una exposición panorámica y actualizada de las principales aportaciones de la literatura neoinstitucionalista del crecimiento a la explicación del “milagro europeo” y a la “divergencia” de Europa Occidental con respecto a otras regiones. También recoge las argumentaciones de la nueva historiografía, que cuestionan el supuesto del desempeño excepcional de las economías europeas en los siglos previos a la Revolución Industrial, e insisten en el carácter abrupto y tardío de la divergencia. Para enriquecer el debate sobre el desigual crecimiento económico a lo largo del tiempo y la divergencia, el artículo añade lo más representativo del Análisis Institucional Histórico y Comparativo sobre la “larga” divergencia entre Europa Occidental y Oriente Medio. El artículo concluye con una breve reflexión sobre la virtualidad de este debate para explicar las causas del desarrollo y el subdesarrollo.

We report the case of a patient that presented an intra-articular protrusion of the tibial bone block after an arthroscopicallyassisted ACL reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. The divergence between the tunnel and the screw was thought to be the reason of the migration. There are several animal-model studies that evidence a relationship between the decreased fixation of the graft and the tunnelscrew divergence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to test if the states with greater lags in the variables that compose the Marginalization Index reduced the distance with the more advanced states (convergence) or if, on the contrary, their gaps were widened (divergence) during the period 1970-2015.With this purpose, we estimate β-convergence models using cross-sectional data for the entire period and different subperiods. We also estimate panel data models and test their characteristics.The results show interregional divergence for the variables included in the education and housing dimensions of the Marginalization Index. At most, convergence is characteristic of only two of the nine index variables:the percentages of population in localities with less than 5,000 inhabitants, and of employees with incomes of up to 2 minimum wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slovo a Slovesnost is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Language Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as relações genéticas de 21 cultivares de marmeleiro com base no marcador "amplified fragment length polymorphism" (AFLP), para melhoramento e conservação de recursos genéticos da espécie na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O DNA das cultivares foi extraído pelo método CTAB, e as reações de AFLP foram realizadas com os iniciadores EcoRI/MseI. Foram identificados dois grupos entre as 21 cultivares de marmeleiro, um com quatro e outro com sete cultivares geneticamente mais relacionadas. As cultivares de marmeleiro apresentam alta variabilidade genética, com máximo de 43% de similaridade.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a influência dos porta-enxertos no que se refere ao crescimento vegetativo e desenvolvimento dos pessegueiro 'Chimarrita' e 'Maciel' em três locais de cultivo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em três locais de cultivo: 1 (Embrapa Uva e Vinho), 2 (EEA UFRGS) e 3 (CAP UFPel), em três anos. As cultivares de pessegueiro utilizadas foram: 'Chimarrita' e 'Maciel' enxertadas sobre seis porta-enxertos ('Aldrighi', 'Capdeboscq', 'Flordaguard', 'Nemaguard', 'Okinawa' e Umezeiro), no espaçamento 1,5 X 5,0m e conduzidas no sistema em "V". Foram avaliados: volume de copa, diâmetro de tronco, massa fresca da poda, produção por planta acumulada, comprimento, espessura, gemas floríferas e densidade florífera do ramo produtivo. Também foi avaliado de forma visual o ponto de enxertia. O porta-enxerto Umezeiro induziu menor vigor nos três locais de cultivo estudados e na média dos três anos. Ele pode ser indicado para utilização sob 'Maciel' nas condições edafoclimáticas do local 3. No local 1 o porta-enxerto, 'Nemaguard' possui alto vigor e maior produção acumulada, sendo o mais indicado. Já para o local 2, os porta-enxertos 'Capdeboscq', 'Okinawa' e 'Flordaguard' são os mais indicados. Os porta-enxertos afetam as características de crescimento e desenvolvimento das cultivares 'Chimarrita' e 'Maciel', o vigor destas é menor sobre o porta-enxerto Umezeiro nos três locais de cultivo. Todos os porta-enxertos podem ser indicados para os três locais de cultivo, com exceção do Umezeiro, que somente pode ser indicado em combinação com a cultivar 'Maciel' no local 3.The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rootstocks in relation to vegetative growth and development of 'Chimarrita' and 'Maciel' peach trees in three places of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in three cultivating areas: first (Embrapa Grape and Wine), second (EEA UFRGS) and third (CAP UFPel), in three years. Peach trees cultivars used were: 'Chimarrita' and 'Maciel,' grafted on six rootstocks ('Aldrighi' 'Capdeboscq,' 'Flordaguard,' 'Nemaguard,' 'Okinawa' and Mume), with a spacing of 1.5m by 5.0m and conducted to a "V" system. It was evaluated: canopy volume, trunk diameter, pruning fresh weight, cumulative yield, length, thickness, flower bud and flower density of productive branch. It was also visually assessed the grafting point. The Mume rootstocks induced less vigor in the three cultivation areas studied, and in the average of three years. And it can be indicated for use on 'Maciel' at edaphoclimatic conditions of the third area. In the first area, the 'Nemaguard' rootstock has high vigor and greater cumulative production, being the best. As for the second area, the 'Capdeboscq,' 'Okinawa' and 'Flordaguard' rootstocks are the most suitable. It can be concluded that rootstocks affect the growth and development characteristics of 'Chimarrita' and 'Maciel' cultivars, the vigor of these is lower on the Mume rootstock in the three cultivating areas. All rootstocks can be indicated for the three areas of cultivation, with the exception of Mume, which can only be indicated in combination with 'Maciel' cultivar in the third area.

Utilizando os resultados de uma etnografia midiática realizada em uma comunidade on-line de fãs do reality show Big Brother Brasil (BBB) este artigo discute algumas questões centrais acerca da “cultura da convergência”. As análises trazidas aqui apresentam um contraponto à ideia de que as dinâmicas entre fãs de produtos como o BBB necessariamente implicariam na formação de uma “inteligência coletiva”, conforme defendido por acadêmicos como Henry Jenkins e Pierre Lévy. Os fãs da versão nacional do formato, por exemplo, parecem estar mais preocupados com disputas por prestígio, hierarquia e capital subcultural do que com o desenvolvimento de um conhecimento comum, capaz de desafiar interesses econômicos e corporativos.

El presente trabajo es una exploración histórica crítica de la institución policial en su función de control social en Colombia hasta el periodo histórico conocido como la regeneración. Para tal efecto, se han estudiado tanto los textos legales, como la realidad social, atinentes a la Policía, entendida en sus dos acepciones: función y estructura institucional. De dicho análisis se constata una gran paradoja: mientras que la mayoría de las competencias asignadas eran de tipo administrativo, dichas atribuciones permitieron una omnipresencia de la Policía como ente de control social más allá de lo estrictamente penal.

Mediante el uso de 110 imágenes mensuales (1999-2008) del esfuerzo del viento proveniente del satélite Quikscat se analizó la zona donde divergen los vientos hacia el ecuador y hacia los polos. En las cercanías del borde oriental del Pacífico, tanto para el norte como para el sur, se estudió el desplazamiento de las zonas de divergencia de los vientos (DZD) mediante una serie de tiempo versus posición. Mediante análisis estadístico se encontró que el DZD está influenciado por señales de alta frecuencia (periodo de 3 meses), estacional (periodo de 12 meses) e interanual (periodos superior a dos años) asociado al evento cálido de El Niño. La señal más robusta de la serie es la estacional, mostrando que el DZD de la región norte está fuertemente acoplado a la región sur. Además, el DZD de la región norte muestra un mayor desplazamiento estacional, asociado posiblemente a la forma de la línea de costa ya que la región sur está sometida a forzantes de origen polar.By mean of 110 monthly images (1999-2008) of wind stress from Quikscat satellite, the divergence zone of equatorward and poleward winds was analyzed. At the surrounding area of the Pacific Eastern boundary, for both north and south, the displacement of the wind divergence zone (DDZ) was studied by a time serie versus position. The statistical analysis reveals that DDZ is influenced by high frequency (3 months), seasonal (12 months) and interannual signals (> 2 years), the last associated to warm event of El Niño. The most predominant signal was the seasonal, showing DDZ in the northern zone is highly coupled with the DDZ in the south. Furthermore, the DDZ of the northern zone showed a major seasonal displacement in comparison to the southern area, likely associated to the shape of coastline, since the southern zone is influenced by polar signals.

En este artículo se analiza la dinámica del valor agregado manufacturero per capita como proxy del ingreso per capita de los municipios de México y condados de Estados Unidos. Específicamente, se busca determinar si existe convergencia (absoluta o condicional), divergencia o estratificación. Se utiliza un modelo de panel dinámico sin regresores exógenos y se considera el problema del sesgo en este contexto específico. En general se concluye que la dinámica del valor agregado per capita de los condados de Estados Unidos muestra convergencia condicional y poca dispersión de sus estados estacionarios. En cambio, en el caso de México se encuentra una dinámica congruente con crecimiento estratificado. El estudio también encuentra que el crecimiento de la manufactura en los condados de EEUU y los municipios de México diverge en el tiempo.

O objetivo no artigo é avaliar o comportamento dos Estados diante das regras negociadas na OMC nas agendas do Gatt, Gats e Trips. Utilizamos os conceitos de convergência, divergência e de sucesso ou não das regras negociadas propostos por Botcheva e Martin (2001), para uma amostra de trinta países.The paper intends to evaluate the behavior of states before the rules negotiated in WTO in the GATT, GATS and TRIPS agendas. Using the concepts proposed by Botcheva and Martin (2001) of convergence and divergence as well as success and non success of the rules negotiated, we analyze a sample of 30 states.

As relações genéticas de 105 acessos de diferentes origens geográficas do banco de germoplasma de mangueira da Embrapa foram determinadas com base no marcador AFLP, de forma a orientar trabalhos de melhoramento e manejo de recursos genéticos da espécie para a região Semi-Árida brasileira. Foram ainda incluídos dois acessos de duas espécies do gênero Mangifera, como "outgroup". O DNA dos acessos foi extraído pelo método do CTAB, as reações de AFLP foram realizadas para os iniciadores EcoRI/MseI e as bandas polimórficas foram analisadas para construção de fenograma, baseando-se no coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard. Foram obtidas 157 e 54 bandas de AFLP polimórficas e monomórficas, respectivamente, em 13 combinações de iniciadores. O valor co-fenético do fenograma foi estimado em 0,81. Foram observados cinco grupos: 1) cultivares como Amrapali, Malika, híbridos Embrapa-Cpac e algumas variedades americanas formando um grupo; 2) grupo formado, predominantemente, por cultivares americanas, com algumas inclusões de híbridos sul-africanos e brasileiros; 3) grande grupo formado por cultivares brasileiras, com algumas inclusões de cultivares australianas, indianas e americanas; 4) grupo formado por algumas variedades tipo Espada, Rosa e acessos de diferentes origens; e 5) grupo formado por M. foetida e M. similis. Os acessos Carabao e Manilla apresentaram a maior similaridade, 97%. Os acessos estudados apresentaram similaridade superior a 51%, evidenciando a alta variabilidade genética da coleção de germoplasma de mangueira estudada.The genetic relationship among 105 mango accessions of different geographic origins of the Embrapa germplasm collection was estimated based on AFLP marker in order to orient breeding and management of genetic resource activities of this species to the Brazilian Semi-Arid region. Two additional accessions of other species of the Mangifera genus were also included as outgroup. The DNA of the accessions was extracted according to the CTAB protocol, the AFLP reactions were performed to EcoRI/MseI primers and the polymorphic bands analyzed to built a phenogram based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient. A hundred and fifty-seven and fifty-four polymorphic and monomorphic bands, respectively, were obtained from 13 AFLP primer combinations. The phenogram cophenetic value was estimated in 0.81. Five groups were observed: 1) Amrapali, Malika, Embrapa-CPAC hybrids and some American varieties forming a group, 2) other built, predominantly, by American varieties, with some inclusions of South African and Brazilian hybrids, 3) a large group composed by Brazilian accessions, with some inclusion of Australian, Indian and American accessions, 4) a group with some accessions of Espada, Rosa and others of different origins, and 5) a group formed by M. foetida and M. similis. Carabao and Manilla presented the largest similarity, 97%. The studied accessions presented similarity greater than 51%, suggesting a high genetic variability of the studied mango germplasm collection.