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Problem Due to the need to maximise on space for high value crops, protected cropping systems (glasshouses and polytunnels) tend to be limited in crop diversity and therefore tend to lack flowering plants throughout the season. However, low levels of diversity and a lack of flowers may limit the activity of pollinators and natural enemies in providing beneficial services for crop health. Solution Design protected cropping systems to ensure the occurrence of flowering plants throughout the growing season – including wildflower strips, edible and commercial flowers, perennial herbs, and leaving non-pernicious weeds to go to flower. A group of UK growers have been developing this and have compared experiences of applying the technique.

Problem The dairy and feed production system in the Netherlands is not sustainable. The collective and individual actions of many different stakeholders is required to change this system. Besides farmers, advisors and contractors, also public actors and NGO’s influence the feed production system. All actors have their own perspective and interests, which influence what action they do or do not take in a complex forcefield of drivers and bottlenecks for change. Solution Creating shared ownership of the problems and guidance and a safe space to form partnerships and define collective and individual actions. This was done by interviewing each individual stakeholder and making sure to integrate their perspectives and positions into the analysis of the forcefield. This ensured that all stakeholders were heard, thus creating a safe basis for the workshop to discuss the challenges together and identify solutions and options for collective action.

Problem Lupins (figure 1) belong to the legume family and are well adapted to the northern climate. They offer a good opportunity for local protein supply (especially for animal feed, although opportunities also exist for human consumption), since they have a high protein content and a good amino acid profile. About 20 years ago, “anthracnose” (figure 2), a fungal disease affecting white lupin, became prevalent. Since then white lupin has disappeared from cultivation in Switzerland, with only blue lupin remaining. Nevertheless, in contrast to blue lupins, white lupins have several advantages: they have a higher yield potential, better weed suppression, and they are the grain legume that renders the most or second most nitrogen for the following crop (contrary to soybean which uses all the fixed nitrogen for its own seeds and leaves no surplus nitrogen for the following crop). Thus, it is important to find solutions to anthracnose to grow white lupins again. Solution Breeding has produced varieties of white lupin that are tolerant to anthracnose. These include the variety "Frieda", which has been approved in Germany and the new variety "Celina". The Czech variety “Zulika” also seems to be less susceptible. To avoid the fungal disease anthracnose, only certified and clean seeds should be used. Summer-dry and windy locations with a pH value below 7 also have a favorable effect against infection.

Problème : Le colza oléagineux semé en été ne forme un couvert dense qu’au printemps suivant. En automne et en hiver, les peuplements peuvent être infestés de mauvaises herbes, et dans les zones vulnérables, une érosion du sol peut se produire. Solution :Le sous-semis permet d’augmenter la couverture du sol à l’automne et ainsi de prévenir la levée et le développement des mauvaises herbes. Dans le cas du colza, les légumineuses sensibles au gel sont les mieux adaptées au sous-semis. Elles fixent l’azote et contribuent ainsi, par minéralisation, à couvrir les besoins importants en azote du colza. Après leur dépérissement en hiver, elles forment une couche fine de paillis sur le sol.

Problème :Plusieurs cultures de légumineuses peuvent présenter de graves symptômes de fatigue des légumineuses. Cela est dû à des infestations souvent conjointes de Didymella, Fusarium, Aphanomyces et d’autres agents pathogènes de la pourriture des racines qui peuvent s’accumuler dans le sol au cours de rotations incluant le pois, la féverole, la vesce, le trèfle rouge ou la luzerne. Une forte infestation peut entraîner la perte totale de la légumineuse. Solution:À l’aide d’un simple test de fatigue des légumineuses, le sol peut être examiné avant la culture afin de détecter les symptômes de fatigue des légumineuses.

Problème :La production de fourrage de maïs d’ensilage devient de plus en plus difficile en raison de la dégradation de la qualité des sols, de la pression croissante des maladies et des ravageurs, des limitations légales des taux de fertilisation en N et en P, des risques accrus de sécheresse et d’excès d’eau dus au changement climatique. Solution :Les racines plus profondes du sorgho d’ensilage permettent une meilleure tolérance à la sécheresse et une augmentation du niveau de carbone dans le sol. Le sorgho d’ensilage tolère un moindre apport en engrais et se veut moins sensible aux ravageurs et aux maladies que le maïs.

Problem Der Agrarsektor steht vor globalen Nachhaltigkeitsproblemen wie z.B. dem übermäßigen Einsatz von Agrochemikalien, steigenden Treibhausgasemissionen, degradierten Böden, Verarmung der Kulturlandschaft, schlechten Arbeitsbedingungen, sinkender Rentabilität und dem Verlust von Lebensgrundlagen (IAASTD 2009, Poore und Nemecek 2018). Lösung Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen wurden mehrere Nachhaltigkeitsbewertungstools entwickelt, die es Landwirten ermöglichen, die Leistungen ihres Betriebs zu bewerten und bessere betriebliche Entscheidungen zu treffen.

Problème La coopération entre agriculteurs spécialisés peut améliorer la diversification des cultures et fermer les cycles locaux de nutriments. Cependant, les agriculteurs de différents secteurs n'entrent généralement pas en contact et l'expérience en matière de création et maintien de collaborations fait défaut. Solution La coopération a été stimulée par la mise en place de réunions régionales entre agriculteurs, l'organisation d'ateliers autour de thèmes communs et le soutien aux partenariats existants.

Problem Der Anbau von Silomais wird aufgrund des zunehmenden Krankheits- und Schädlingsdrucks, der gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Stickstoff- und Phosphor-Düngung sowie durch Bodenerosion und der höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit von Trockenperioden und Starkniederschlägen infolge des Klimawandels immer herausfordernder. Lösung Die tieferen Wurzeln von Silage-Sorghum ermöglichen eine bessere Trockentoleranz und eine Erhöhung des Kohlenstoffgehalts im Boden. Silage-Sorghum verträgt weniger Dünger und ist weniger anfällig für Schädlinge und Krankheiten als Mais.

Probleem Het is heel gebruikelijk om chemische herbiciden te gebruiken om onkruid in mais te bestrijden. Gezien de negatieve milieu-impact van deze handeling en de maatschappelijke druk om het gebruik van herbiciden te verminderen, is het zoeken naar alternatieve oplossingen wenselijk. Oplossing Diversificatie van het maisgewas is een mogelijke oplossing: mais inzaaien in een (winter) partnergewas, het partnergewas maaien, en het gemaaide gewas gebruiken voor bodembedekking en onkruidonderdrukking.

Problem Farmers wishing to diversify their cropping systems need to look for market outlets. However, agricultural product value chain configurations are commonly structured by large retailers and commodity markets. As such, there is a need to find niches for premium markets which accept small volumes of heterogeneous products. Solution Value chains with close collaboration between actors, both from the supply chain and wider society, enable direct, dynamic and innovative, relationships that better facilitate management and sales of smaller volumes of diverse products. Hodmedods is an example of a shortened supply chain, established to support farmers to grow novel pulses and grains, to process and market them and ensure a purposeful communication and fair price to farmers and consumers.

Problème Le climat belge n'est pas idéal pour la culture des pois jaunes en monoculture. En effet, la combinaison du vent et de la pluie provoque la verse des pois. Solution Une solution consiste à associer les pois protéagineux au froment. Cela permet un bon échange de services entre ces deux cultures, puisque le pois fournit de l'azote au froment et que le froment sert de tuteur au pois.

Problem Periods without plant cover between cash crops increase the risk of N-leaching, weed development and soil erosion. This is especially true on sandy soils, where these effects can cause significant environmental and economic problems. In addition to this, these periods often provide low or no organic matter availability on the soil surface, resulting in a lack of nutrition for soil life, leading to the degradation of soil quality. Solution To avoid erosion during the summer period as well as guaranteeing the nutrition to soil life, the implementation of fast-growing cover crops is recommended.

Problem It is unclear whether multifunctional diversified cropping systems are more sustainable than the reference systems that they replace. Comparisons need to define a common basis to take into account the multiple functions of the systems being compared. Solution Expanding system boundaries to define a common functional unit reflecting energy supply to the end user using substitutional LCA ensures comparable results and highlights trade-offs between environmental impacts.

Problem Evaluating whether diversified cropping systems delivering multiple co-products are more sustainable than the specialised ones (reference) they replace requires looking at the use of all co-products along the value chain to the final user. Solution Substitutional LCA consists of expanding the boundaries of the system under study to include co-product use according to the market. This ensures comparable results and highlights potential trade-offs between environmental impacts.

Problem Sheep and arable farmers lack insight into each other’s work and viewpoint on cover crop. This lack of knowledge can hold back the formation of successful partnerships. Solution Facilitating a discussion of key points between potential partners to provide the minimum knowledge about the other’s work necessary to ensure a successful partnership.

Problème Des sécheresses plus fréquentes l’été réduisent la régularité de production de fourrages pour les agriculteurs. En outre, les agriculteurs dépendent fortement du soja importé pour la production de lait. Solution La production de fourrage, basée sur l’ensilage de maïs, peut être améliorée en introduisant un mélange légumineuses-céréales avant la culture de maïs, créant ainsi une autre source de fourrage plus tôt dans la saison.

Problem The main problem that we aimed to address within our low carbon cropping system was to reduce carbon emissions while increasing the production of biomass. Another objective was to improve the economic benefits of the system by growing a commercial relay crop. Solution The low carbon cropping system that we designed consists of 2 overlapping crops with shifted growing cycles (winter crop and spring crop). The first crop is sown in 2 rows out of 3. The second crop is sown in the free row while the first is developing. The harvests are shifted too, with the first harvest being on the usual date and the second in autumn.

Probleem Landbouwers die verschillende gewassen willen telen en verschillende marktkanalen willen bedienen, hebben te maken met complexe logistiek op het bedrijf. Bedrijfsadviseurs bieden doorgaans technische expertise over teeltsystemen. Deze expertise wordt door de landbouwers vaak niet gezien als de juiste soort kennis om de besluitvorming op bedrijfsniveau voor dit soort managementvragen te ondersteunen. Oplossing Investeren in een netwerk waaraan boeren zelfbewust deelnemen, peer-to-peer leermiddelen opzetten, en resultaten en oplossingen delen.

Problem Setting up an intercropping value chain for crops that have been grown conventionally for years is often a big challenge. To achieve this, it is necessary to work on several economic, environmental and psychological fronts. Solution Setting up intercropping value chain (in our case pea-wheat) can be approached in the same way as setting up a classical value chain. This starts with setting up the crop on a small scale, which this then slowly scaled up (such as on a private experimental farm, research centre or university). This allows you to understand the practicalities of growing the intercrop and see if it is feasible on a large scale.

Problem There is a high demand for high-quality honey and other bee products in the EU. Large quantities of honey are imported from outside the EU whose quality and origin can be questionable. There are countries in the EU with a diverse agricultural structure favourable for beekeeping, particularly in Poland and Romania, but also in Mediterranean countries. Now, small farms in these regions are often not able to achieve a satisfactory economic income or implement agricultural innovations. Indeed, despite the large potential for diversification, farmers are often growing only a few basic species of crops. Finally, to face the aging of farmer population, there is a need to innovate in proposing some activities with lower workload. Solution The introduction of apiculture and the necessary honey crops has the potential to increase farm income and significantly diversify crops. For this purpose, the following changes will be required: Training in beekeeping and investment in equipment, The purchasing of bee colonies, the number of which may vary depending on the economic profitability of beekeeping in the region. In Poland, production from 150 hives allows for the equivalent of an average annual income, but even 5-10 hives can bring significant additional income. The introduction of several hectares of honey crops, preferably grown organically. It is recommended to introduce a least 1 ha of honey crops for every 5-10 bee colonies.

Problem The small scale and local production of cereals, quinoa and (new) pulses, even when organic, in a region as intensive as Flanders cannot compete with global (incl. European) markets due to high production costs. This has caused the disappearance of these crops from the Flemish landscape. Solution Using local value chains can offer added value by filling a growing niche in the market, since a growing number of consumers are looking for local and ‘authentic’ food. Shared values and an authentic story can justify, within limits, a higher price.

Problem The period between the rapeseed harvest and winter cereal sowing is too short to grow a summer cover crop. The regrowth of rapeseed can also be a problem, and therefore needs to be controlled following the rapeseed harvest. Moreover, carbon from the rapeseed crop residues returning to the soil need to be managed. To do so, there is often a need to increase soil nitrogen availability following the rapeseed crop. Solution Rapeseed is usually sown in August together with winter sensitive legumes (Alexandrian clover, lentils, field beans and peas) acting as companion plants limiting weed development. In our case, we add white clover (WC) to the seeds mixture as a winter persistent legume that will grow slowly under the rapeseed and other companion plants mixture. Due to the increase in light availability its growth will increase with the loss of the first rapeseed leaves reaching maturity. Within 2-3 weeks after the rapeseed harvest full ground cover will have been achieved by the WC and rapeseed regrowth mixture. Sheep grazing should then take place. The mix is a very good sheep feed and the incorporation of nitrogen from the sheep manure into the soil balance the carbon rich residues from the harvested rapeseed (maintaining the carbon:nitrogen ratio in the soil at low level).

Problème La diversification des cultures implique d’introduire une ou plusieurs nouvelles espèces au sein d’un système de culture. Ceci nécessite d'expérimenter, d'investir et de prendre des risques. De même, la transformation et la commercialisation de nouveaux produits issus de la diversification obligent les acteurs en aval à innover, ce qui nécessite là aussi des ressources supplémentaires. Si les agriculteurs et les acteurs des filières ne perçoivent pas de valeur supplémentaire pour ces nouvelles productions par rapport aux cultures plus courantes, cela peut les décourager d’entreprendre une diversification et d'investir dans de nouvelles chaînes de valeur. Solution Dans la perspective d’encourager une diversification des systèmes de culture, le prix des nouvelles productions devrait donc fournir aux agriculteurs une valeur supplémentaire en comparaison aux cultures plus courantes. Les chaînes de valeur doivent également assurer une répartition équitable des bénéfices entre les acteurs, en cohérence avec les niveaux de risque et l'investissement qu’ils mettent en œuvre. Une liste de 14 critères permettant de définir un prix juste pour les nouvelles cultures et chaînes de valeur a été élaborée. Un questionnaire connexe aide les acteurs à discuter du niveau des prix et de questions telles que la répartition de la valeur, la transparence, etc.

Problem In order to reduce their dependence on inputs, farmers would like to build more resilient cropping systems based on innovative agro-ecological practices. This would enable a reduction in pesticide use and soil tillage. They face several barriers: The lack of knowledge adapted to the local context. This is often made worse by unvalidated theories and discussions found on social media networks; The technical and agronomical complexity of challenges, as well as social and financial risks linked to the implementation of systemic innovations at farm level; The difficulty of assessing the long-term impacts of the new system of practices on soil, crops and sustainability; The time and perseverance necessary to achieve a new profitable systemic equilibrium despite the setbacks and failures encountered. Solution Setting up a participative research group including scientists (social and agronomical), advisors (experts) and a cluster of farmers sharing the same vision (or targets). In our case: "how to reduce pesticide use and tillage intensity”. Through a collaborative agreement, every actor of the group is engaged for a minimum of 3 years to progress towards the “common vision”: “an agriculture without pesticides or soil tillage”. Each farmer provides the group with a long-term 1 ha agro-ecological experimental field (EP) chosen from within a larger field (CP). The two fields support the same crop each year, with the difference between the fields being that the practices implemented in the EP aim to reach the common vision. A sub-group composed of the farmer, agronomist and advisor take technical decisions via consensus. In return, the financial risk is distributed 50/50 between the farmer and the research institution. The scientific institution monitors the crop (seedling emergence, pest and disease occurrence, biomass production, yield) and soil (chemical, structural and biological fertility) parameters on both EP and CP fields. Different forms of group meetings are regularly organised to share and discuss the results gathered on each farm, share actors’ know-how, co-design solutions and to explore original external experiences.

Problem It is very common to use chemical herbicides to control weeds in maize. Considering the negative environmental impact of this practice and the societal pressure to reduce herbicide use, finding alternative solutions is desirable. Solution The diversification of the maize crop is a possible solution: sowing the maize in a (winter) partner crop, mowing the partner crop, and using the mulch for soil cover and weed suppression.

Problem Cooperation between farmers with different specialisations can support crop diversification and close local nutrient cycles. However, farmers from different sectors usually do not come into contact, and experience with setting up and maintaining partnerships is lacking. Solution Cooperation was stimulated through setting up regional farmers’ meetings, organising workshops around common topics and facilitating existing partnerships.

Problem Farmers that want to grow different crops and serve several market channels need to deal with complex logistics on the farm. Farm advisors usually offer technical expertise on cropping systems. This expertise is often not accepted by farmers as the right kind of knowledge to support farm-level decision making for this type of farm management. Solution Invest in a network in which farmers feel confident, set up peer-to-peer learning tools, and share results and solutions.

Problem The design of diversified cropping systems for the agroecological transition requires operational tools, adapted to local pedo-climatic conditions, to support the decision-making of farmers or advisors (Le Gal et al. 2011, Duru et al. 2015). Solution A prototype of a dashboard has been developed that can help farmers to design and evaluate innovations. The dashboard, co-developed with Case Study 14 (dealing with the diversification of arable cropping systems) addresses concrete agronomic problems, for instance how to lower rapeseed susceptibility to pest damage. Farmers/advisors can either use directly this ‘robust rapeseed dashbord’, or could construct their own.

Problem Crop diversification experiences (CDE) aiming to enhance the sustainability of farming and agri-food systems, supported by actors all along the value chain, are being developed across Europe. In order to support the development of cropping system diversification as a lever of sustainability, there is a need to learn from these experiences and to better understand their drivers, barriers and the solutions to these barriers. Solution Modelling agro-food system players’ worldviews across a diversity of 13 European CDE mobilising value-chain innovations allows for the drivers and barriers they face in three main dimensions to be highlighted: agronomy, socio-economy and ecology.

Problem Crop diversification experiences (CDE) aiming to enhance the sustainability of farming and agri-food systems, supported by actors all along the value chain, are being developed across Europe. In order to support the development of cropping system diversification as a lever of sustainability, there is a need to learn from these experiences and to better understand their drivers, barriers and the solutions to these barriers. Solution Modelling agro-food system players��� worldviews across a diversity of 13 European CDE mobilising value-chain innovations allows for the drivers and barriers they face in three main dimensions to be highlighted: agronomy, socio-economy and ecology.

Problema La coltivazione a strisce (o strip cropping) è poco utilizzata in Italia. Le conoscenze pratiche e scientifiche devono essere sviluppate al fine di applicarla in modo appropriato, particolarmente in aree dove le aziende agricole sono molto diverse per dimensioni, topografia dei campi agricoli e disponibilità di attrezzature. L'applicazione dello strip cropping può essere di particolare rilevanza per gli agricoltori interessati a coltivare specie minori e cultivar locali che costituiscono produzioni tipiche e sono espressione della cultura alimentare locale. Soluzione Identificare le migliori combinazioni di specie vegetali, in modo che le pratiche agricole necessarie per una coltura non interferiscano negativamente con quelle dell'altra. Definire le larghezze ottimali delle strisce e dei campi, tenendo conto della larghezza delle macchine (specialmente per la lavorazione e la raccolta) al fine di ridurre le capezzagne improduttive e il tempo di lavoro.

Problem Crop diversification experiences (CDE) of actors enhancing the sustainability of farming systems are being developed across Europe. In order to support the development of diversification, there is a need to learn from existing CDE and to better understand their drivers, the barriers they face, and the solutions developed to overcome these. Solution Modelling farming system players’ worldviews across a diversity of 11 European CDE mobilising agronomic innovations to highlight drivers and barriers that they face across three main dimensions: agronomy, socio-economy and ecology.

Problem Crop diversification experiences (CDE) of actors enhancing the sustainability of farming systems are being developed across Europe. In order to support the development of diversification, there is a need to learn from existing CDE and to better understand their drivers, the barriers they face, and the solutions developed to overcome these. Solution Modelling farming system players��� worldviews across a diversity of 11 European CDE mobilising agronomic innovations to highlight drivers and barriers that they face across three main dimensions: agronomy, socio-economy and ecology.

Problem Crop diversification experiences (CDE) aiming to enhance the sustainability of farming and agri-food systems, supported by actors all along the value chain, are being developed across Europe. In order to support the development of cropping system diversification as a lever of sustainability, there is a need to learn from these experiences and to better understand their drivers, barriers and the solutions to these barriers. Solution Modelling agro-food system players’ worldviews across a diversity of 13 European CDE mobilising value-chain innovations allows for the drivers and barriers they face in three main dimensions to be highlighted: agronomy, socio-economy and ecology.

Problem Strip cropping is rarely used in Italy. Practical and scientific knowledge need to be developed in order to apply strip cropping appropriately in this region which has high levels of variation in the size and topography of farm fields and heterogeneous equipment among holdings. The application of strip cropping can be of particular relevance for farmers interested in growing minor species and local cultivars that form a part of local culinary heritage, since these crops can be made more viable through strip cropping (since it can boost their yields and decrease their cultivation needs). Solution Identifying the best combinations of plant species, so that the farming practices necessary for one crop do not negatively interfere with those of the other. Defining optimal strip and field widths, taking into account the width of machinery (especially for tillage and harvesting) in order to reduce unproductive headlands and working time.

A farm sustainability assessment can illuminate challenges (e.g. agrobiodiversity conservation) and highlight strengths (e.g. high productivity). The results can be used for learning, improvement, communication, monitoring or benchmarking. SATs should be easy to use, cover all sustainability dimensions, use qualitative and quantitative data and support strategic decisions (Pintér et al. 2012). At least 19 free SATs emerged in the past decade for farm decision-making (Arulnathan et al. 2020). They differ in goals, criteria, level of detail and ease of use (Coteur et al. 2020). Four examples are shown in Table 1. SATs can facilitate system comparisons and generate useful datasets for research, such as assessing the benefits of farm diversification.

Problem Maize is one of the most important crops in Germany (approx. 22% of arable land), especially on dairy farms and farms with biogas production. Due to an often-inefficient use of available organic fertilisers, additional inorganic fertilisers are often applied as well. This often leads to nitrate leaching. Solution Nitrogen (N) can be used more efficiently and inorganic fertiliser usage can be reduced through the use of organic fertilisers, slurry injection and catch crops (whether these are leguminous or not) in maize cropping systems. Indeed, the implementation of catch crops mitigates nitrate leaching during the winter and keeps it available for the following crop.

Problem Leguminous leys are a cornerstone of organic arable systems to support soil quality and fertility, and weed, pest and disease management. However, a typical ley of one or two legume and grass species can fail to deliver expected services under unfavourable conditions. Good establishment, weed suppression potential and controlling the quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) release can be especially challenging. Solution Different legume species have different growth characteristics and nutrient use profiles. A number of on-farm and field trials conducted in the UK have evaluated the role of functionally species-rich leys in arable rotations.

Problème Traditionnellement, les rotations dans la région sont composées de 5 séquences de culture en 4 ans (blé tendre-orge de printemps-betterave-blé tendre-colza). Ce système est assez gourmand en azote et peut souffrir de fortes pressions adventices (comme les renouées et chénopodes, gaillet et vulpins) dont certaines sont résistantes et entraînent une forte dépendance aux herbicides. Le colza est bien adapté à cette région en raison des températures hivernales douces mais ces dernières années des ravageurs comme les larves d'altises et le charançon du bourgeon terminal sont devenus de plus en plus dommageables pour cette culture. Solution On considère qu'une rotation diversifiée de 10 ans qui incorpore des légumineuses (Figure 1) fournit des services environnementaux et permet la réduction d’intrants. Dans ce système, l'introduction d'un colza associé à des légumineuses telles que les lentilles et la féverole a permis de maintenir les rendements tout en réduisant les apports d'azote ainsi que l’IFT. &nbsp

Problem Cereal crop rotation in Hungary is usually very simple, given that the economic return of new crops in the rotation is not guaranteed. Solution Soybean could provide a good income for organic farmers, whilst improving the diversity of the arable crop rotation and providing additional benefits. Outcome Farmers can use super early soybean varieties to produce soybean as a second crop in their current cereal based cropping system, limiting their economic risks.

Problème Les rotations dans la région du Berry reposent sur des systèmes triennaux (colza, blé et orge). Ce système de culture est assez gourmand en intrants azotés et phytosanitaires, en particulier en herbicides pour contrôler les adventices comme le gaillet, le vulpin, le ray grass etc., dont certaines sont résistantes et entraînent une forte dépendance aux herbicides. Les projections sur 10 ans montrent que la pression adventice pourrait encore augmenter, entraîner une augmentation de l’IFT de 2.9 à 4.0, dégrader les rendements de 8% et la rentabilité de 63%. Solution Un système de culture de 9 ans pourrait fournir des services écosystémiques et réduire l'utilisation d'apports d'azote minéral et de produits phytosanitaires (figure 1). Dans ce système de culture, associer le colza à des légumineuses (photo 1 & figure 1) telles que le trèfle d'Alexandrie, la féverole et le fenugrec a permis d'améliorer les rendements et de réduire l'utilisation d'azote minéral et de produits de contrôle.

Problem Cereal crop rotation in Hungary is usually very simple, given that the economic return of new crops in the rotation is not guaranteed. Solution Soybean could provide a good income for organic farmers, whilst improving the diversity of the arable crop rotation and providing additional benefits. Outcome Farmers can use super early soybean varieties to produce soybean as a second crop in their current cereal based cropping system, limiting their economic risks. &nbsp

Problem Zwalczanie szkodnik��w oparte na stosowaniu syntetycznych insektycyd��w jest bardzo skuteczne, ma jednak szereg negatywnych skutk��w dla ��rodowiska, zw��aszcza dla bior����norodno��ci, szczeg��lnie bezkr��gowc��w, w��r��d kt��rych jest wiele organizm��w po��ytecznych. Innym wa��nym problemem jest obecno���� pozosta��o��ci insektycyd��w w wodach powierzchniowych i gruntowych oraz w produktach rolnych. Rozwi��zanie Pasy kwietne dostosowane do okre��lonych upraw i warunk��w glebowo-klimatycznych mog�� znacz��co wspiera�� naturalne zwalczanie szkodnik��w i zapylanie. Pasy kwietne s�� rodzajem ekologicznego obszaru kompensacyjnego i definiuje si�� je jako powierzchnie bogatych gatunkowo mieszanek ro��linnych na gruntach ornych. Opr��cz wspomnianych us��ug ekosystemowych, ich wa��nym zadaniem jest tak��e ochrona bior����norodno��ci.

Problem Zwalczanie szkodników oparte na stosowaniu syntetycznych insektycydów jest bardzo skuteczne, ma jednak szereg negatywnych skutków dla środowiska, zwłaszcza dla bioróżnorodności, szczególnie bezkręgowców, wśród których jest wiele organizmów pożytecznych. Innym ważnym problemem jest obecność pozostałości insektycydów w wodach powierzchniowych i gruntowych oraz w produktach rolnych. Rozwiązanie Pasy kwietne dostosowane do określonych upraw i warunków glebowo-klimatycznych mogą znacząco wspierać naturalne zwalczanie szkodników i zapylanie. Pasy kwietne są rodzajem ekologicznego obszaru kompensacyjnego i definiuje się je jako powierzchnie bogatych gatunkowo mieszanek roślinnych na gruntach ornych. Oprócz wspomnianych usług ekosystemowych, ich ważnym zadaniem jest także ochrona bioróżnorodności.

Problem Heterogeneous actors often do not realise the importance of working together to change a system, as it is perceived to be time consuming and/or difficult to understand each other. Solution An interactive and visual puzzle exercise to share and understand the needs, expectations and benefits of the different actors interacting in a group, based on a Reflexive Interactive Design approach.

Problème :Le secteur agricole est confronté à des défis mondiaux en matière de durabilité, notamment la surutilisation de produits agrochimiques, l’augmentation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la dégradation des sols, la «simplification» des paysages, les mauvaises conditions de travail, la baisse de la rentabilité et la perte des moyens de subsistance (IAASTD 2009, Poore et Nemecek 2018). Solution :Pour relever ces défis, plusieurs «outils d’évaluation de la durabilité» (SAT) liés à l’exploitation ont été développés pour permettre aux agricultrices et agriculteurs d’évaluer leurs performances et de prendre de meilleures décisions en matière de gestion

Problem The Belgian climate is not suitable for growing yellow peas in monoculture. This is due to the combination of wind and rain that causes the peas to lodge. Solution One solution is to combine the yellow peas with wheat. This allows for a good exchange of services between these two crops, as the peas provide nitrogen to the cropping system while the wheat acts as a support for the pea.

Problème La mise en place d'une filière de cultures associées pour des cultures qui ont été pratiquées de manière conventionnelle pendant des années est souvent un défi de taille. Pour y parvenir, il est nécessaire de travailler sur plusieurs fronts : économique, environnemental en plus du changement de mentalité. Solution La mise en place d'une chaîne de valeur de cultures associées (dans notre cas, pois-blé) peut être abordée de la même manière que la mise en place d'une chaîne de valeur classique. Cela commence par la mise en place de la culture à petite échelle, qui est ensuite progressivement étendue (par exemple dans une ferme expérimentale privée, un centre de recherche ou une université). Cela vous permet de comprendre les aspects pratiques de la culture associée et de voir si elle est réalisable à grande échelle.

Problem Diversified cropping systems can be time consuming for the farmer, finding techniques that can save farmers time is therefore a key goal. For the Syppre experiment in the Champagne region, France, crop diversification involves the use of diverse cover crops, to protect the soil, improve soil fertility, and store carbon. The planting of crops and cover crops must be always done under favourable conditions, and some crops such as sugar beet need deep soil loosening. This means more time spent for soil tillage and drilling, with possible conflicts between primary interventions and risks of emergence failure. Solution Strip tilling to loosens soils layers in 25cm wide rows that are to be drilled, and keeps the 45cm wide inter-rows untouched. It simplifies soil tillage, reduces work time and energy consumption, and protects the soil by keeping a living cover crop or residues on the surface. It is applied in the Syppre innovative system on light chalky soils, for both sugar beet and rapeseed.