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Methods for geometric calibration of cameras in close-range photogrammetry are established and well investigated. The most common one is based on test-fields with well-known pattern, which are observed from different directions. The parameters of a distortion model are calculated using bundle-block-adjustment-algorithms. This methods works well for short focal lengths, but is essentially more problematic to use with large focal lengths. Those would require very large test-fields and surrounding space. To overcome this problem, there is another common method for calibration used in remote sensing. It employs measurements using collimator and a goniometer. A third calibration method uses diffractive optical elements (DOE) to project holograms of well known pattern. In this paper these three calibration methods are compared empirically, especially in terms of accuracy. A camera has been calibrated with those methods mentioned above. All methods provide a set of distortion correction parameters as used by the photogrammetric software Australis. The resulting parameter values are very similar for all investigated methods. The three sets of distortion parameters are crosscompared against all three calibration methods. This is achieved by inserting the gained distortion parameters as fixed input into the calibration algorithms and only adjusting the exterior orientation. The RMS (root mean square) of the remaining image coordinate residuals are taken as a measure of distortion correction quality. There are differences resulting from the different calibration methods. Nevertheless the measure is small for every comparison, which means that all three calibration methods can be used for accurate geometric calibration.

This paper presents empirical research on coordinate transformation models that enable coordinate transformations between the historical astro-geodetic datums and datums related to the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS), through a case study of the Republic of Croatia. Thirteen models were investigated for the transformation from the historical Croatian State Coordinate System (HDKS) to the Croatian Terrestrial Reference System (HTRS96): Molodensky 3 and 5 parameter (standard and abridged) conformal transformation models, 7 parameter transformation models (Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas model), Affine transformation models (8, 9, 12 parameter), Multiple Regression Equation approach, and several transformation models that include extending of the aforementioned 7 parameter and 8, 9, 12 parameter Affine transformation models with distortion modelling. Most of the models were investigated for the first time over the Croatian territory. Analysis of transformation models performance was conducted using an independent data set of reliable geodetic points. The study provides mutual comparison of the models and their comparison with the official Croatian transformation model called T7D. Furthermore, the most appropriate transformation model(s) were defined regarding the required accuracy and the available resources for the coordinate transformation models implementation. In addition, the paper provides a brief theoretical background and equations of each transformation model and summarises the bibliography on the research topic.

Several coordinate transformation models enable coordinate transformations between the historical astro-geodetic datums and datums related to the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS). The decision on the most appropriate coordinate transformation model is influenced by required accuracy, nature of the networks (1D, 2D, 3D), possibility of the model application regarding the size and shape of the territory, coordinate distortion that very often exist in historical astro-geodetic datums, etc. This research simultaneously investigates transformation models and distortion models, which usually extend transformation models in transformation process. Models included in the study are conformal transformation models, such as: Molodensky 3-parameters (p) and 5-p (standard and abridged) transformation models, 7-p transformation models (Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas model), Affine transformation models (8-, 9-, 12- p), and Multiple Regression Equation approach. Besides, included are transformation models that extend conformal transformation with distortion modeling. Figure 1 presents usual transformation process for the Croatian case.

We consider an interactive browsing environment for 3D scenes, which allows for the dynamic optimization of selected client views by distributing available transmission resources between geometry and texture components. Texture information is available at a server in the form of scalably compressed images, corresponding to a multitude of original image views. Surface geometry is also available at the server in the form of scalably compressed depth maps, again corresponding to a multitude of original views. Texture and depth components are both open to augmentation as more content becomes available. At any point in the interactive browsing experience, the server must decide how to allocate transmission resources between the delivery of new elements from the various original view bit-streams and new elements from the original geometry bit-streams. The proposed framework implicitly supports dynamic view sub-sampling, based on rate-distortion criteria, since the best server policy is not always to send the nearest original view image to the one which the client is rendering. In this paper, we particularly elaborate upon a novel strategy for distortion-sensitive synthesis of both geometry and rendered imagery at the client, based upon whatever data is provided by the server. We also outline how the JPIP standard for interactive communication of JPEG2000 images, can be leveraged for the 3D scene browsing application.

This paper discusses the possibility to apply polyharmonic distortion modelling, used for nonlinear characterisation of microwave systems, to acoustic characterisation of samples with non-linear properties such as perforates and other facing sheets used in aircraft engine liners and automotive mufflers. In some previous papers multi-port techniques using sinusoidal excitation for characterization of samples with non-linear properties were developed and experimentally tested. These techniques aimed at taking non-linear energy transfer between sound field harmonics into account. Essentially linear system identification theory was however used assuming that superposition applies and that the functions studied are analytical. Polyharmonic distortion modelling does not assume that the function relating waves incident and reflected or transmitted is analytic nor does it assume application of normal superposition. This technique is tested on experimental data obtained from measurements on a perforate mounted in a duct. The similarity to the previously developed nonlinear scattering matrix techniques is demonstrated. It is shown how the results obtained can be used to analyse nonlinear energy transfer to higher harmonics. © 2011 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a novel adaptation technique for optimisation of the source and error protection rates in response to varying channel conditions in wireless networks. The optimisation methodology is based on accurate modelling of video frame distortion at the encoder. An optimal value for the quantisation parameter is calculated for video frames based on these estimates, and then video packets are mapped to one of a number of different priority radio bearers, according to their expected distortion. The algorithm performance is demonstrated for object based MPEG-4 video transmission over a UMTS/FDD system. The results demonstrate that a significant performance gain is achieved with the proposed scheme, compared with the equal error protection scheme for video transmission over a fixed bandwidth channel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 magnajr_jp_me_prud.pdf: 1562358 bytes, checksum: 707020e37c54b516d7377926b9cefee2 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Os avanços tecnológicos nos métodos de posicionamento, sobretudo os sistemas de posicionamento por satélite, fizeram com que diversos países atualizassem e/ou revisassem suas estruturas geodésicas fundamentais. Na busca de explorar a total potencialidade das novas tecnologias, as principais mudanças convergiram para a adoção de referenciais geocêntricos, de caráter global e cuja origem coincide com o centro de massa da Terra. A atualização de uma rede geodésica implica na mudança de coordenadas e, consequentemente, alteração da geometria da rede, evidenciando as distorções nela existentes. Para manter a integridade e topologia da rede geodésica é necessário que se proceda a uma modelagem das distorções. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de modelagem de distorções entre realizações de sistemas de referência geodésicos, baseada na utilização de grades regulares. Amplamente utilizada, a modelagem baseada em grades é uma forma padronizada de se realizar a conversão entre referenciais sem a necessidade de aplicação de modelos complexos por parte dos usuários. Nessa dissertação, foram geradas grades de distorção com diferentes espaçamentos, cobrindo todo o território brasileiro, para a modelagem das distorções entre as redes SAD 69 (realização de 1996) e SIRGAS 2000. A geração e aplicação das grades esta pautada no desenvolvimento de aplicativos computacionais com utilização do método de Shepard na geração da grade e da função bilinear na interpolação das distorções a partir dos pontos da grade. A metodologia foi avaliada através de estações de teste, onde os resultados mostraram-se promissores. Nos melhores casos, houve redução de aproximadamente 50% no erro médio quadrático das coordenadas após a modelagem com um indicador médio de precisão de 0,179m. The technological advances in the positioning methods, mainly in the satellite positioning systems conduced several countries to update and review their fundamental geodetic networks. In order to explore the full potential of these new technologies, the main changes converged to the adoption of geocentric reference systems, that are global and whose origin coincides with the Earth mass center. The geodetic network update implies in coordinate changes and, consequently, the network geometry changes, evidencing the existent distortions. To preserve the data set integrity and topology it is required a modeling of the distortions. In this context, this work presents a distortion modeling methodology between reference frames based on regular grids. Widely used, the modeling based on grids is a standardized and less complex way to accomplish the conversion between frames without the necessity to apply rigorous models by the user. In this research, distortion grids were generated with different sizes and covering all Brazilian s territory to model the distortion between the SAD 69 (1996) and SIRGAS 2000 frames. The grid generation and application are based on computational software development by the use of the Shepard s method in the grid generation and the bilinear function in the distortion interpolation from the grid points. The methodology was evaluated through test stations where the results were promising. In the best cases, the root mean squared error in the coordinates was reduced 50% after the modeling with an average precision indicator of 0,179m.