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Elites appropriate labor that produces and reproduces distinct lifestyles. This article shows how the practice of this type of labor—what we term the "labor of distinction"—consists of four core dimensions: (1) curatorship, in the management of employers' class symbols; (2) menialism, in freeing employers from "vulgar" practices; (3) Veblenian embodiment, in signaling employers' status through bodily display; and (4) non-personship, in procuring social distance between laborer and employer, typically through concealment. Drawing from an "enactive" ethnography of the butler profession, where the lead author trained and worked as a butler in the UK, we illustrate the operation of all four of these dimensions and how they complement one another. By situating the butler in relation to other labor roles and occupations, we theorize a division of labor to outline how types of workers are differentially poised to serve elite distinction, and how elites with varying levels of purchasing power across geographic and historical contexts may incorporate labor in their distinction strategies. Our conceptualization comes at a time when the capacity for elites to employ this labor is growing and is, we argue, important to further understand elite symbolic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how Western-educated scholars negotiate the distinction-making process and strategise the conversion of acquired cultural capital to social capital upon return to China. Building on Bourdieusian theory, it finds anti-Western distinction constructed by local scholars monopolises their privileged positions in Chinese academic reproduction. Cultural capital obtained by returnee scholars is often devalorised by nationalist rhetoric, posing obstacles to its convertibility to other forms of capital. Some returnees tactically hide their acquired cultural capital to demonstrate easiness with Chinese culture and to marginalise their returnee peers as too 'Westernised' to fit in. Others stress their cosmopolitan cultural capital as sources of distinction, claiming they do not want to play the Chinese game, but are more likely to be excluded from the core academic network, thus disadvantaging their career progression. This study highlights how transnational mobility across fields affects the revalorisation of rule-specific cultural capital in the process of distinction-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a widely cultivated tree with great economic significance. In cashew, several elite cultivars have been developed for commercial cultivation, which form the underpinning for the cashew-based industries and the several billion-dollar world trade. However, frequently the genetic purity of the planting material is not maintained, resulting in great economic losses. Therefore, there is a need to develop a reliable method for the identification of cultivars to avoid economic losses to the cultivators and the protection of cultivars by the breeders. Methods and results: In this study, 35 new microsatellite/simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed, and a set of 20 highly polymorphic and reproducible markers were used for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis in 32 cashew cultivars. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of newly developed markers varied from 0.19 to 0.67, with an average of 0.44. The probability of identifying any two genotypes with identical fingerprints using the 20 SSR markers used for fingerprinting here in cashew cultivars was less than 2.8 × 10–11. Of the set of 20 markers, eight were sufficient for uniquely fingerprinting all the cultivars. Genetic diversity analysis by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method grouped 32 cultivars into three main clusters, and the grouping had no relationship to the geographic regions or the pedigree. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for the conservation and protection of cultivars under the PVP Act for ensuring the trading of quality planting material and are also useful for cashew breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study questions how the spatial segregation that has become evident in Turkey's cities in the 21st century has deepened. The segregation of spatial as a phenomenon that gives objective appearances to class differentiations has been evaluated in urban studies by considering either objective or subjective processes, and a relational approach has not been developed. The neo-Bourdieusian approach, which is prominent among recent urban studies and adopts the relational sociological conception of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, argues that a relational approach should be developed between the combination of structural processes and class practices in the formation of urban inequalities. Thus, adopting a neo-Bourdieusian approach, this research evaluates the changing geographical aspect of spatial status in Bursa from the late 19th century to the present day by addressing the principles and mechanisms that dominated the city in different periods. It is argued that among the principles that are effective in forming spatial segregation in the Bursa urban area are the power practices that produce distinction between social classes, while the homology between labour and housing markets are among the mechanisms that mediate the spatial distribution of classes. The study results show that the interaction between the spatial practices of social classes, planning policies and housing production sectors is effective in forming urban segregation pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The issue of separation or distinction between the Church and the State has rarely been discussed. More often it has fallen prey to pragmatic solutions. When we look at the history of Church-State relations, we can observe either cooperation or hostility. The Church is looked upon with a sympathetic eye when it supports certain political solutions and with hostility when it criticizes the State. In the case of cooperation, the distinction is apparently acceptable; in the case of hostility, separation is recommended. This article primarily seeks to show the difference between separation and distinction. Both terms appeared in John Locke’s notable Letter Concerning Toleration. Unfortunately, even this philosopher failed to see the difference between the two terms. Assuming that man has many degrees of freedom within the State, the Church is needed as an institution separate from the State to help understand the profound meaning of human freedom, yet free to speak with its own voice and in accordance with its mission. The Church also needs to be aware of the fact that it is distinct from the State, being wary of any close political involvement.

One of the foundations of the current anti-corruption policy and institutional reform in the field of fighting corruption is the establishment of criminal liability for criminal offenses in the field of official activities and professional activities related to the provision of public services. The priority area of law enforcement activities in Ukraine is combating corruption offenses committed by public officials, and one of the types is acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an unlawful benefit. The article outlines the conceptual aspect of distinguishing acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an undue benefit from related corpus delicti of criminal offenses which provide for liability for offenses in the field of official activity and professional activity related to the provision of public services, namely, it contains some similar features to those of related criminal offenses such as illicit enrichment (Article 368-5 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), abuse of influence (Article 369-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), and conducting of bribery. In addition, attention is drawn to the distinction between acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an unlawful benefit and fraud (Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The article focuses on the common and distinctive features of the elements of a criminal offense under Article 368 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with related elements, namely: bribery of an official of a legal entity of private law regardless of its organizational and legal form (Art. 368-3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), bribery of a person providing public services (368-4 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), illicit enrichment (Article 368-5 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), abuse of influence (Article 369-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), provocation of bribery (Article 370 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and fraud (Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The author emphasizes the criteria of objective and subjective features which allow for the appropriate distinc tion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational motherhood and Latin-American migrants in the U.S. have been explored in the literature primarily in the context of labor migration and marginalized identities. Existing research delves into how mothers negotiate the challenges and opportunities posed by migration in their parenting journeys. However, scholars advocate to look closer at how the social location of individuals create specific sets of experiences. Using the lenses of transnationalism and translocational positionalities, I look at the motherhood identities of 32 mothers in the U.S. who belong to higher socioeconomic levels in Colombia. I find that through their motherhood practices and discourses, participants perform class distinctions to distance themselves from negative stereotypes associated with migrants from Latin America and white U.S. American culture. Addressing the nuances of motherhood, class, and race within the context of migration is a step toward understanding how identities and ideologies transcend transnational boundaries and the role they play in simultaneously fostering and hindering social inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically discusses participation by people with disabilities in the arts, drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital. It is informed by a qualitative study with representatives of organisations working on arts and disability in 22 European countries. The article highlights that experiences of inequality at various levels, including within education systems, and medicalised understandings of what disability is, continue to hamper arts participation and development of cultural capital by people with disabilities. A Bourdieusian analysis unveils how organisations working on arts and disability consciously engage in 'high' arts practices as an expression of distinction and in a way that is designed to reframe what is culturally valued within their fields. It also demonstrates the continued relevance of Bourdieu's theorising of cultural capital and of arts practices as distinction for potentially marginalised groups. Furthermore, participants often linked arts participation involving high artistic standards to potential change in how societies understand and relate to disability, connecting cultural practices and political struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper conducts a comparative analysis of EU (91 texts) and US (93 texts) discourses concerning post-peace accord Colombia (late 2016 to mid-2022). Employing a Bourdieu-influenced methodology, our proposal aims to reconcile Post-Development theories with International Relations research. This innovative and multidimensional approach illuminates both discursive continuities within Global North while concurrently providing a framework that allows to identify and interpret internal political divergences. Our findings highlight a shared commitment to a liberal conception of peacebuilding, alongside internal distinction strategies employed to legitimize respective policies towards Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the perspectives of long‐term residents in response to the influx of newcomers in two neighbourhoods in Warsaw, Poland. It addresses the crucial, yet understudied, impact of spatial changes on the local population and the diverse ways in which residents negotiate this changing urban context. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical framework and its subsequent reinterpretations in the field of urban studies, the article explores the extent to which the narratives constructed by the long‐standing residents refer to categories of social class and correspond to their class position. The central question is whether spatial changes lead them to 'internalize their inferiority' (Savage, 2008: 161), or if they possess resources that can be mobilized to navigate conflicts arising from urban transitions. Through individual and group interviews with residents from two districts in Warsaw, this research sheds light on how the symbolic divisions between 'us' (long‐term residents) and 'them' (newcomers) are framed. It demonstrates how nativity is transformed into capital, providing the possibility for symbolic dominance. Consequently, it not only enriches understanding of the social distinctions that are made within evolving cities but also underscores the ongoing relevance of Bourdieu's theoretical framework for the study of urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belligerents increasingly rely on media manipulation, propaganda, and communication to attain strategic advantages in conflict. Given the civilian propagandists' clear role in creating tactical or strategic advantages for one side in the conflict, should these propagandists be considered combatants, and can they therefore be legitimately targeted because of their activities? This article overcomes traditional binary frameworks of distinction to argue that propagandists are indirectly participating civilians, i.e. participants who cannot be intentionally or directly killed in conflict. Because of their activities, propagandists, it argues, are liable to less-than-lethal harm, of which it identifies three types (destruction of property, privation of liberty, isolation). The article then proposes a necessary criterion – necessity – to decide if less-than-lethal harm is warranted against propagandists. It then creates four new criteria – denial of agency, falsehood, influence, gratification – to serve as assessment criteria able to decide what degree of harm a propagandist may maximally face. In making this argument, the article contributes to just war literature by proposing a novel way to evaluate the ethical status of a highly diverse, yet undoubtedly influential, category of war participants: those who undertake the 'media battle', outside of the military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to confirm the characteristics in sexual homicide and to explore variables that effectively differentiate sexual homicide and nonsexual homicide. Further, newer methods that have received attention in criminology, such as the machine learning method, were used to explore the ideal algorithm for classifying sexual homicide and patterns for sexual homicide in Korea. To do this, 542 homicide cases were analyzed utilizing eight algorithms, and the classification performance of each algorithm was analyzed along with the importance of variables. The results of the analysis revealed that the Naive Bayes, K‐Nearest Neighbors, and RF algorithms demonstrate good classification accuracy, and generally, factors such as relationships, marriage, planning, personal weapons, and overkill were identified as crucial variables that distinguish sexual homicide in Korea. In addition, the crime scene information of the crime occurring in the dark (at night) and body disposal were found to have high importance. The current study proposes ways to enhance the efficacy of crime investigation and advance the research on sexual homicides in Korea through a more scientific understanding of sexual homicide that has not been thoroughly explored domestically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to address the research question of which educational strategies are employed by upper milieus to establish or maintain the 'structure of distances' in the field of higher education in late modernity. Inspired by Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction and conflict, the study examined 95 qualitative interviews conducted with master's students in Germany. In contrast to the extensive research on elite education, this study specifically focuses on the status reproduction of upper milieus in a country with a limited tradition of elite universities. The study incorporated three academic disciplines – management/business administration, medicine, and musicology – to account for the different capital compositions within the upper milieus. In this article, we discuss four exemplary strategies of distinction that appear to be particularly relevant for the upper milieus, comparing them with interviews conducted with students from middle and lower milieus. Finally, we relate the findings to current sociological diagnoses of social change in late modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay engages the theme "Manufacturing Religion: From Christian Origins to Classical Islam" by challenging scholarly assumptions about the rapid reception and cohesion of new or developing philosophical and religious movements in Greek and Roman antiquity. To illustrate this issue, I present two interrelated case studies: late Republic/early imperial Stoicism and its possible intersections with the later Christ movement of the first century. At a time when engagement with literate culture conferred a great deal of social capital, I suggest that the relative flexibility and "openness" of these two movements allowed for those seeking prestige, social mobility, or distinction – or those who were otherwise excluded from the top tiers of society – to participate in intellectual practices that emulated the standards of the elite. This model for understanding early Christianity counters traditional approaches within the study of religion that tend to foreground notions like belief, conversion and so forth as an explanatory model for membership over sociological and material motivations. This discussion also troubles understandings of Stoicism that tend to link it anachronistically with its later and more exalted imperial associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of The Planner & Development is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the maturation of fan studies as a field, longitudinal approaches to fandom across time have been gaining more attention. Both the ageing of participants within fandoms and the ageing of fandoms as collectives have been topics for study. Popular music fandoms are particularly relevant for such studies, due to the strong connections between music and memory that often endure over years. This article investigates the negotiation of subcultural capital in one ageing music fandom, grounded in enduring and long-term experience of older participants, as it is held in tension with the construction of a cross-generational 'we-sense', which includes younger and less experienced participants. The fan forum under study is the subreddit r/falloutboy, which was selected as a stable archive dating back over a decade; as well as the applicability of a band fandom that has enjoyed varying degrees of popularity of over twenty years. I argue that fans in this this ageing fandom, on the one hand, remain invested in a sense of distinction based in age and enduring fandom and on the other hand recognize the need for change and adaptability for any fandom to survive, including an influx of new and young members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that neither customary international law nor international treaties have specifically addressed the legality of autonomous weapons from the point of view of international humanitarian law, the law on autonomous weapons should be analyzed under the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law. The first purpose of this study is to explain the autonomous weapons and then to analyze the legality of such weapons through the lens of international humanitarian law. The basic question of the paper is whether the deployment of autonomous weapons is legal in light of technological and legal limitations? On the other hand, the paper also seeks to examine the legalization of autonomous weapons. In fact, the findings of our study will show that although autonomous weapons currently violate international humanitarian law, they have the potential to be more consistent with the principles of international humanitarian law in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burial of the dead in churches is a practice specific to medieval society, unthinkable in ancient Rome and forbidden in contemporary society. It is not, however, simply a variant of the ad sanctos burial, in that it is frequently manifested by the existence of a more or less ornate sepulchre, making the defunct visible in the church. Initially reserved for clerics and founders of ecclesiastical establishments, this practice became more widespread from the 12th century onwards. Having one’s tomb in a church is generally interpreted either in religious terms – piety, fear of death a.s.o. –, or as a form of social distinction – generic arguments that fail to consider the medieval system of representation. The article proposes a different interpretation of this practice, starting from a specific empirical terrain – secular lords in Upper Germany in the late Middle Ages – and considering seriously the caro/spiritus schema – instead of the common, albeit dated profane/sacred binomial couple –, not only as a discursive system but also and above all as the actual ideational matrix of social practices. We can then deduce the generic correlation established in this society between social – secular as well as ecclesiastical – domination and the attribution of a more spiritual character to the dominant than to the dominated, who are relegated to the carnal.

Four events that took place in the medieval Islamic West (al-Andalus and North Africa west of Egypt, second/ninth–eighth/fifteenth centuries) illustrate how rulers intentionally drew clear boundaries between individuals and between groups in ways that were sometimes striking. The first case has to do with the ruler's body, the second with the way horses were mounted in the army, and the third and fourth – less surprisingly – with clothing and naming. The rulers who strove to make boundaries clear in such cases were the ethnically Arab Cordoban Umayyads (138/756–422/1031) and the ethnically Berber Almohad/Muʾminid caliphs (524/1130–668/1269). The aim of this article is to analyse what the contexts behind the rulers' actions, the groups affected by their decisions and the boundaries they erected reveal about their concerns and anxieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection in times of armed conflict has raised serious concerns to the global community due to its devastating impact; therefore, the need to protect the environment cannot be over-emphasized. The environment has remained the silent victim of armed conflict and damages caused to it either as a victim as seen in Israel Hamas crises or as a weapon as seen in Vietnam is tremendous. It is in view of this that this paper examines the protection of the environment under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) regime. The paper adopts the doctrinal approach and examines the existing relevant provisions of the laws, rules, guidelines and policies on armed conflict protecting the environment. The paper finds that there are rules protecting the environment directly in times of armed conflict but the challenge is that these rules have imprecise provisions in addition to having very high threshold of applicability. Due to these, they have never been successfully applied in protecting the environment against real war time environmental damages. Some other existing rules protect the environment indirectly. The ICRC Updated Guidelines of 2020 on environmental protection in times of armed conflict offers valuable interpretative resource to the existing grey areas of the law. It also sheds light on the contributions and impacts of weapons and armed conflict to climate change. The paper recommends the adoption and implementation of the 2020 Guidelines by all States Parties to the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. It further recommends that States should endeavour to respect and ensure respect of rules on environmental protection in armed conflict situations. This is a due diligence requirement on all parties. The paper concludes that the duty to protect the environment is a responsibility on all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of distinguishing oneself is a common practice in any complex society, where difference and hierarchy serve as regulatory bases. Focusing on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this article examines the distinctive discourses of silversmith artisans, whether through individual or group initiatives, as a professional group of seemingly higher social standing. Using a wide range of documentary sources, from legal proceedings to personal wardrobes, this perspective applies a social approach to a subject rooted in cultural history, as these discourses must be evaluated in terms of their societal acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of autonomous weapons systems ('AWS') is the source of extensive discussions within the international legal community and beyond. After years of discussing definitions, the discourse is slowly moving on to discuss AWS in light of existing law of armed conflict ('LOAC') rules. This article aims to support these discussions by providing a military legal perspective. AWS offers great potential benefits to both soldiers and civilians, and control mechanisms already in place for military operations may be employed to define when and how AWS can lawfully be used. AWS can reduce the exposure of soldiers to dull, dirty and dangerous environments and the risk of incidental civilian harm. To exploit these potentials and ensure legality, regulators need to understand how military forces employ and control the use of force to support their operations, and military planners and decision-makers need to understand the limits of and possibilities within LOAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rule of proportionality strikes a bargain in launching attacks. It demands that military commanders suspend or cancel operations if collateral damage anticipated from an attack exceeds the potential military advantage offered. The definitional phrase military advantage has been the subject of a rich debate, varyingly interpreted to expand or limit the scope of attacks. This paper participates in the debate, advocating that military advantage must be limited to exclude attacks on objects that indirectly contribute to military potential, such as, economic, social, psychological or political advantage, which invariably target civilians or civilian enterprises. It critically engages with the principles and precedents invoked to legitimise a broader understanding of military advantage. It posits that such attacks disregard belligerents' privileges, and render unbound categories of civilian objects susceptible to destruction. Pursuantly, the rule of proportionality, originally articulated to nuance and improve the rule of distinction, is usurped to violate the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational class formation has been a subject of considerable interest in recent years. This article provides the theoretical and thematic framework to the special theme on 'Transnational class formation: identities, practices and symbolic classifications' and presents a review of current literature on transnational social classes, arguing that we need to complement this literature by also considering transnational class‐making. We introduce several theoretical approaches and concepts, emphasizing the role of (self‐)classification, distinction, symbolic boundaries and intersectionality for analyses of transnational class‐making. Drawing on the contributions collected in this special theme, we conclude by presenting some potential challenges and unresolved questions concerning the issue of transnational class formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the loss of regional distinctiveness across the southeastern UK is well studied and largely undisputed, there is less consensus about class-based divisions. This paper investigates this question through an updated analysis of the variety emblematic of Britain's upper class: Received Pronunciation (RP). While previous studies have suggested levelling in RP to a broader standard southeastern norm, our findings indicate that the most recent advances in the variety show it (re)differentiating itself from other varieties in the region. Investigating both individual vowel movements and broader system-wide properties, we argue that the changes observed in RP today result from speakers adopting a particular articulatory setting (lax voice), which has subsequent ramifications on vowel realizations. We suggest that speakers make strategic use of this articulatory setting as a way of embodying an elite persona in the British context, an interpretation that resonates with the social distributions of similar changes in other varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how Chinese rural migrant workers are subject to the contradictory integrated regimes of capitalist advocates of migration and urbanisation, which are, in reality, distinctive integrating constraints. Online platform work has become a key site for rural migrant workers in China to experience and experiment with obfuscating sets of promotions and disciplines about labour, migration and urbanness. We propose the concept of platformed distinction work to explain how platforms have played a complex and multifunctional role that enhances migrant workers' participation in the digital economy while concurrently defining and conditioning their labour as disadvantaged distinct work. This dual process of migrant workers' social integration and distinction in platform work reveal the multilayered, complicated relations between migration and platformisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction, the article examines whether international student mobility (ISM) is still a distinctive educational strategy of upper-milieu students in the 21st century. As a result of the Bologna process, ISM has become widespread in Europe. Does this also mean that international mobility loses its distinctive character? Based on current studies that point to a differentiation within ISM, we investigate to what extent students from upper milieus may strive to re-establish the 'structure of distances' - as Bourdieu puts it – in the field of higher education. Our research design consists of 95 qualitative interviews with Master's students in Germany. The study conducts a comparative analysis to differentiate between lower, middle and upper milieus (vertical axis), with the main focus of the research being directed towards the upper milieus. In addition, the differences within upper milieus (horizontal axis) are examined by including three academic disciplines in the research design: management/business administration, medicine, and musicology. The results of our study suggest that, even within the context of a knowledge society, characterised by an increased participation in higher education, there remain numerous symbolic, spatial, and cultural opportunities for students from upper milieus to distinguish their educational paths in distinct ways, e.g. the destinations chosen, the rhetorical framing of international mobility experiences, and the integration with work-related practices beyond the course of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, novels by Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton serve to elucidate more widely resonant value-laden distinctions between publicly embodied and quietly internalized responses to pain and pleasure. This fictional archive denigrates the demonstrativeness it associates with people marginalized by ascriptive identities of race and class while endorsing the uncommonly vibrant inner lives of particular elite white subjects. Pain and pleasure are valued for arousing hidden depths of feeling that distinguish a singular subject's affective life from purportedly commonplace and conformist incarnations. Conceptions of selfhood and otherness hinge on distinctions between a subject afforded a purportedly uncommon, deeply vibrant affect molded by an equally uncommon responsiveness to hedonic stimuli and a person or set of persons whose discernable, often simulated or conventional hedonic feelings are represented as typifying a comparatively depreciated racialized, classed, or gendered norm, or some combination of the three. This high-cultural literary investment in a nonnormative, nonreproducible affective interiority strengthened amid debates about privacy rights, an increasing cultural preference for performative self-presentations, and efforts to standardize the US population into types. Drawing on this context along with both affect theory and affective science, the essay demonstrates these novels' importance to understanding how an unexpressed inner vitality emerged as distinction's volitionally unattainable vital sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This article proposes a framework that captures the logic of status seeking and reassesses the influence of one of its key drivers: nationalism. Inspired by Bourdieu’s logic of distinction, the article conceptualises status as a form of social distinction and argues that nationalism influences status seeking based on variations in its external dimension. By examining the case of German nationalism, we illustrate how status-seeking practices such as overseas expansion, involvement with the League of Nations, and participation in European integration were determined by the interplay between a state’s position, national habitus and rules of status politics.

Theories of cultural stratification argue that a widely shared cultural hierarchy legitimizes status differences and inequality. Yet, we know little about this hierarchy empirically. To address this limitation, we collected survey data in Denmark and asked respondents to rate the implied social rank of 60 activities, genres, and objects belonging to six lifestyle domains (music, food, performing arts, leisure, sport, and literature). We use ratings of social rank to infer about the cultural hierarchy, arguing that higher ratings imply higher perceived status. First, respondents link activities often considered highbrow (e.g., opera, caviar, and golf) with higher social rank than activities often considered lowbrow (e.g., heavy metal, nuggets, and boxing), suggesting that a cultural hierarchy exists. Second, ratings of implied social rank differ little by respondents' objective and subjective socioeconomic position, suggesting that the cultural hierarchy is widely shared. Third, respondents bundle the 60 activities in a perceived highbrow, middlebrow, and lowbrow lifestyle, suggesting that "brows" are salient in distinguishing lifestyles. Overall, our results support the idea that a cultural hierarchy exists.

The aesthetic artistic expression of Islamic arts represents a vital form in the decorative arts. Islamic arts realize the beauty of things. From this concept, Islamic civilization provided its artists and children with the need for serenity and beauty of the inner spirit and the development of their external visual enjoyment, The research problem includes the need to change the view of the consumer and the owners of ready-made garments printing factories, and the development of the visual culture of the print designer, the consumer, and the factory owners of ready-made garments by making use of the basics of aesthetic artistic expression in Islamic decorative arts, Employing the aesthetics of Islamic arts in the work of contemporary print designs that carry new formal values and achieve excellence and individuality, and study the basic concepts that emphasize the promotion of creativity and link the innovative aspect to the applied aspect in the field of textile printing for ready-made clothes, Design plays an important role in the development of the aesthetic aspect in the life of the individual and the design of the printed uniform is the first source of consumer attraction, The research aims to study the essential characteristics and features that raised the manifestations of Islamic aesthetic art and to reach how to take advantage of the concepts that link the innovative aspect and practical application to obtain print designs for ready-made clothes that carry distinction and individuality and show the extent of benefit from the aesthetic thought of Islamic arts in terms of its decorative vocabulary, Reviving the innovative aspect of the contemporary designer artist to create innovative contemporary print designs that change the external visual enjoyment of the consumer and owners of printing factories and ready-made clothes. The research depends on the descriptive analytical approach with applied study, From the results of the research the researcher proved that the Islamic decorative artworks were distinguished by their individuality, which resulted in the purity and beauty of the inner spirit and the visual enjoyment of the outer, Which helped the researcher to achieve the goal of the research and to know the textile printing designer how to revive his innovative side in obtaining new, contemporary creations for the printing of ready-made garments that help develop the visual culture of producers, factory owners and consumers, And there is a statistically significant relationship between benefiting from the aesthetics of the aesthetic expression of Islamic decorative arts and making innovative print design applications for ready-made garments of an Egyptian character with a distinct individuality and occasion.

Questo articolo ritorna sulla dibattuta questione dei rapporti fra sostanza ed attributo principale proponendo un approccio diacronico per la sua soluzione e, segnatamente, individuando nelle Tertiae responsiones la genesi della suddetta distinzione. Hobbes contesta a Descartes un errore categoriale nel passaggio da cogitatio a res cogitans, stigmatizzando l’uso della nominazione del concreto cogitans mediante termini astratti. Descartes riconosce l’uso, nelle Meditationes, di un vocabolario di termini astratti, segnatamente di cogitatio per nominare il soggetto pensante, spiegandolo con l’opportunità di distinguere l’essenza della sostanza pensante da ciò che ad essa non pertiene; ma, per neutralizzare l’errore categoriale denunciato da Hobbes, introduce una distinzione, fra res cogitans e cogitatio quale ratio communis degli atti cogitativi, che modifica tacitamente l’insegnamento delle Meditationes e che avvia la transizione verso l’ontologia dei Principia. Tale distinzione, che di lì in poi sarà utilizzata nelle Responsiones, è all’origine della distinzione di ragione fra sostanza ed attributo principale teorizzata nei Principia, e del tutto inoperante nelle Meditationes, dove agisce un’identificazione senza ulteriori specificazioni della res cogitans con la cogitatio, come conferma altresì l’assenza, nell’opera nel 1641 e negli anni precedenti, di una teoria della distinzione di ragione applicata alla sostanza e del concetto di ‘attributo’, inteso quale proprietà specifica della sostanza, che sarà operante nei Principia.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyberspaces can be significantly influenced by simple tools and tactics, and offer cost-effective solutions for states to achieve their objectives. However, it can also be used for conducting cyberwarfare, and its effects remain in gray areas. The spectrum of cyberwarfare activities ranges from minor web disruptions to crippling attacks on critical national infrastructures. Nevertheless, cyberattacks present a unique challenge in applying well-established humanitarian legal principles, particularly regarding the distinction between civilian and military targets. This is because of the interconnectedness and shared infrastructure of cyberspace between civilian and military entities, which blurs the lines between combatants and civilian populations. This article seeks to shift the general perception of the problems associated with this manner of conducting hostilities by building on the learning of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Furthermore, the authors examine the cyber activities that occurred during the conflict and the legal and ethical challenges that arise from classifying these activities and applying international law. They try to distinguish cyber activities as an act of force or armed attack, with a focus on determining the criteria that played a role in this classification, in light of Articles 2 (4) and 51 of the UN Charter. With reference to the United Nations (UN) Charter and the principles of self-defence, the concept of attack is scrutinised. Furthermore, the article addresses the principles of distinction and proportionality in relation to qualified cyber activities as an armed attack in the same conflict, emphasising the importance of the principle of proportionality in assessing cyber warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using notions from race, class, migration and decolonial literature, this article explores the discursive strategies adopted by post-recession Italian migrants in London when trying to overcome the socioeconomic and cultural divides that separate them from the dominant British society, namely transnational boundaries of distinction. In doing so, it reflects on the nature of these boundaries, shedding light on how migrants' subjectivities become connected to wider cultural and historical processes of coloniality, Europeans' racialization and the contingent hierarchies of whiteness. The analysis suggests that to increase their proximity to the British majority, Italian migrants disclose strong beliefs in meritocracy and cosmopolitanism, perceived as inner features of Britain's more "modern" value system. These findings contribute to new thinking about migrants' social locations in host societies and support the development of theoretical tools, which are apt for making sense of migrants' subjectivities in relation to nuanced forms of racialization and intersecting inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber optic sensors, including Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) networks, are widely used to monitor the structural health (SHM) of infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, and tunnels. However, their multiple sensitivities make it difficult to isolate the specific impacts of each measured parameter on FBG, compromising the accuracy of the data. To overcome this challenge, we propose an innovative approach that combines FBG with the principle of Fluorescence Intensity Ratio (FIR). This combination allows for a more accurate analysis of wavelength variations in FBG, thus facilitating the distinction between temperature and deformation impacts. Additionally, we are developing a matrix formula to accurately determine temperature and deformation from FBG and FIR data, thereby improving the reliability of structural monitoring. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid approach through experiments and simulations, highlighting its importance in optimizing the performance of SHM devices. By integrating these two technologies, our method allows for a better understanding of parameter variations, leading to more reliable and accurate monitoring of infrastructure structural health.

The dual use of satellite services raises the question about the legitimacy of the counter actions against their functionality during the armed conflict. This article focused on the examination of the content of the key principles of international humanitarian law, i.e. distinction and proportionality, concerning their application to the space activity. In this context, the criterions of pre and post evaluation of input of space services to the military operation were analysed. The risk of creation of a cloud of space debris because of a breach of humanitarian law was also observed. As a result, the suggestion to develop and ratify Additional Protocol IV that would distinguish what constitutes a civilian object from a military objective and determine the scope and extent of damage proportional to the attack, is argued as a means that able to save outer space resource and space services during the space and cyber wars.

Walking is a specifically urban activity, its origin being from paseo culture, a geo symbol of Spanish urban style. The simple micro-space activity functions as an ambulatory system, an alleyway. This inclusive place of socialization and interaction with others, a place of social convergence, is gradually used nowadays by certain human groups as a place of public speech, a place of showing of and showing differences. This linear public space become human filled under the effect of movement of human body (walker, stroller, pedestrian, and tourist) and has been globalized with intrusion of electronics allowing permanent connection to the world (walkman, mobile phones).

The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been characterized by a considerable number of cyber operations by States and non-State actors in support to either party to the conflict. One year since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the 'Russia-Ukraine cyber conflict' offers valuable insights for estimating the effectiveness of International Humanitarian Law in regulating the status and the conduct of individuals engaging in cyberspace operations during wartime. By discussing the status of hackers groups and individuals who have conducted cyber operations in support of Ukraine, this Article claims that the relevance of the concept of combatancy is diminished in the cyber domain, and that the notion of direct participation in hostilities must be adapted to the specific features of cyberspace. Furthermore, the article focuses on the issues relating to the targeting of individual who directly participate in hostilities by conducting cyber operations in support of Ukraine. By doing so, the Article argues that cyber direct participants place themselves at an increased risk of being attacked, even though the Russian armed forces are limited in their targeting decisions by the principles of proportionality and precaution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to examine and respond to Leibniz's objection to E1p2 and E1p5. The objection is well known: it is false, according to Leibniz, that two substances of different attributes have nothing in common (i. e., E1p2) and, consequently, that in nature there cannot be two or more substances of the same attribute (i. e., E1p5). Here I claim that E1p2, and therefore E1p5, resist Leibniz's objection. To do so, I first address the meaning and function of E1p2 in order to determine two possible contexts in which the demonstration is valid: the context delimited by the Cartesian doctrine of the principal attribute, and the scholastic context of the logical doctrine of essential diversity. Second, I examine Leibniz's objection, by which I determine more precisely the epistemic framework of both E1p2d and Leibniz's objection. Third, I propose a critical analysis of Leibniz's objection to show that, although this objection has some semblance of validity, if we consider only what Spinoza stated in the definitions and axioms prior to E1p2, it entails a contradiction. Finally, I indicate the most difficult point in the proof of E1p2 in order to propose a small rectification that renders it immune to Leibniz's objection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]