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Rifaximin, a semi‐synthetic derivative of rifamycin is a BCS class IV drug having poor physicochemical properties. These poor physicochemical properties pose a major challenge in dosage form production and limited bioavailability restricts the systemic use of rifaximin. This study focuses on the improvement of physicochemical properties and in‐vivo bioavailability of rifaximin by utilizing co‐crystallization approach. Co‐crystallization of rifaximin with l‐proline (amino acid) resulted in improvement of physicochemical properties like saturation solubility, dissolution rate, flow‐ability, and 1.5‐fold improvement in anti‐microbial activity as compared to pure rifaximin. Ex‐vivo permeation rate was improved approximately two‐fold and in an in‐vivo study utilizing Sprague Dawley rats, relative bioavailability was estimated to be 785.5967±55.8986. The data suggest exponential improvement of both, physicochemical properties and bioavailability in the co‐crystallized form of rifaximin. This study might be a first step for the use of rifaximin in systemic infections and may open a path for rifaximin as a drug of choice for various bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of basic research is a principal reason restricting the widespread application of aluminum phosphate adhesive, such as its reaction mechanism is not yet clear. Herein, we investigate the dissolution behavior of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) in acid aluminum phosphate (AAP) solution and the effects of Al 2 O 3 addition, calcination temperature and phosphorus to aluminum (P/Al) ratio of the AAP solution on the thermal evolution, phase development and hygroscopic behavior of aluminum phosphate adhesive. The dissolution process of Al 2 O 3 in AAP solution is controlled by external diffusion. The thermal evolution of aluminum phosphate adhesives is a complex process that is a function of Al 2 O 3 addition and calcination temperature. Although it is a linear process, many of the reactions are largely coupled and occur simultaneously. The hygroscopic mechanism of aluminum phosphate adhesives is associated to the hydrophilicity of the hydroxyl groups (P–OH). Increasing the calcination temperature and the Al 2 O 3 addition can improve the hygroscopicity resistance properties. Finally, the mechanical and dielectric properties of the quartz fiber cloth reinforced aluminum phosphate matrix composites (SiO 2f /aluminum phosphate composites) were also investigated. The results demonstrate that the composites have the characteristics of light weight, high strength, and excellent dielectric properties, suggesting that they have attractive applications in radome materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have excellent mechanical properties, however, it is still challenging to process high-qualtiy BMG structures for their widespread engineering applications. In this work, electrochemical machining (ECM) is adopted to process various small BMG structures with high geometrical precision and surface quality. Firstly, the electrochemical dissolution behavior of a Zr 57 Cu 20 Al 10 Ni 8 Ti 5 (at.%) BMG in NaNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , NaCl, and HCl solutions was investigated and discussed. The results shown that obvious corrosion occurred in HCl and NaCl solutions, while mass by-products and pitting corrosion on the workpiece surface in NaCl solution affect the corrosion continuity and surface quality. Therefore, the HCl solution is selected as the electrolyte for the following ECM process. Secondly, the effects of machining parameters on the ECM performance of BMG workpieces were investigated, where the optimal machining performance was achieved with an electrolyte of 0.1 mol/L HCl, a cathode feed rate of 3 μm/s, a machining voltage of 10 V, and a duty cycle of 15%. Finally, a small round hole with a roughness (Ra) of about 0.2 μm, a sidewall taper of less than 2.83°, and a relative error of diameters of 2.1% was obtained. Another square structure (0.899 mm × 0.891 mm) with high geometrical precision and surface quality was also achieved by the optimal parameters, which validates the feasibility to machine small BMG structures using the ECM technique with its optimal parameters. [Display omitted] • The electrochemical dissolution behavior in four solutions was investigated. • HCl solution was selected as a suitable electrolyte for the ECM process. • The effects of machining parameters on ECM performance were investigated. • Optimal processing parameters for the ECM of Zr57 BMG were obtained. • Typical small BMG structures were fabricated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ti-5Al-2Sn-4Zr-4Mo-2Cr-1Fe (β-CEZ) alloy is considered as a potential structural material in the aviation industry due to its outstanding strength and corrosion resistance. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an efficient and low-cost technology for manufacturing the β-CEZ alloy. In ECM, the machining parameter selection and tool design are based on the electrochemical dissolution behavior of the materials. In this study, the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of the β-CEZ and Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloys in NaNO3 solution are discussed. The open circuit potential (OCP), Tafel polarization, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and current efficiency curves of the β-CEZ and TC4 alloys are analyzed. The results show that, compared to the TC4 alloy, the passivation film structure is denser and the charge transfer resistance in the dissolution process is greater for the β-CEZ alloy. Moreover, the dissolved surface morphology of the two titanium-based alloys under different current densities are analyzed. Under low current densities, the β-CEZ alloy surface comprises dissolution pits and dissolved products, while the TC4 alloy surface comprises a porous honeycomb structure. Under high current densities, the surface waviness of both the alloys improves and the TC4 alloy surface is flatter and smoother than the β-CEZ alloy surface. Finally, the electrochemical dissolution models of β-CEZ and TC4 alloys are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the presence of a Ti(C,N) protective layer in molten iron is of great significance for achieving low carbon and safe production in blast furnaces. This study focuses on analyzing the high temperature dissolution experiment of TiC0.3N0.7 in molten iron to elucidate the kinetics and mechanisms involved, as well as strategies for regulating its dissolution. The results reveal that the dissolution reaction of TiC0.3N0.7 is predominantly influenced by the temperature and flow speed of the molten iron. The dissolution process can be categorized into two stages: dissolution reaction and physical penetration. Diffusion mass transfer is the dominant factor controlling the dissolution of TiC0.3N0.7, with an apparent activation energy of 60.15 kJ/mol. Upon contact with molten iron, dendritic penetration of TiC0.3N0.7 particles occurs, starting from the edges. To enhance the stable presence of TiC0.3N0.7, recommendations include reinforcing furnace cylinder cooling, reducing the heat transfer coefficient of the blast furnace hearth's resistant material, increasing the carbon content of the molten iron, and decreasing the sulfur content of the molten iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous materials are widely used as an effective strategy for the solubilization of insoluble drugs. In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of low water-solubility drugs, it is necessary to prepare porous materials. Mannitol is one of the most popular excipients in food and drug formulations. In this study, porous mannitol was investigated as a drug carrier for low water solubility drugs. Its fabrication, drug loading, and drug release mechanisms were investigated. Porous mannitol was fabricated using the co-spray–antisolvent process and utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as the template agent. Porous mannitol particles were prepared by changing the proportion of the template agent, spraying the particles with mannitol, and eluting with ethanol in order to regulate their pore structure. In subsequent studies, porous mannitol morphology and characteristics were determined systematically. Furthermore, curcumin and ibuprofen, two poorly water-soluble drugs, were loaded into porous mannitol, and their release profiles were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that porous mannitol can be prepared using PVP K30 as a template and that the amount of template agent can be adjusted in order to control the structure of the porous mannitol. When the template agent was added in amounts of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the mannitol pore size increased by 167.80%, 95.16%, and 163.98%, respectively, compared to raw mannitol. Molecular docking revealed that mannitol and drugs are adsorbents and adhere to each other by force interaction. The cumulative dissolution of curcumin and ibuprofen-loaded porous mannitol reached 69% and 70%, respectively. The release mechanism of curcumin and ibuprofen from drug-loaded mannitol was suitable for the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. In summary, the co-spray–antisolvent method proved effective in fabricating porous materials rapidly, and porous mannitol had a remarkable effect on drug solubilization. The results obtained are conducive to the development of porous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of humidity on the dissolution behavior and microstructure of drugs in crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs). Using Bifonazole (BFZ) as a model drug, CSDs were prepared through spray drying with carriers such as Poloxamer 188 (P188), Poloxamer 407 (P407), and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000). The solubilization effect and mechanism were initially evaluated, followed by an examination of the impact of humidity (RH10%) on the dissolution behavior of CSDs. Furthermore, the influence of humidity on the microstructure of CSDs was investigated, and factors affecting the humidity stability of CSDs were summarized. Significant enhancements in the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of BFZ in CSDs were observed due to changes in crystalline size and crystallinity, with the CSD-P188 system exhibiting the best performance. Following humidity treatment, the CSD-P407 system demonstrated the least change in the IDR of BFZ, indicating superior stability. The CSD-P407 system was followed by the CSD-P188 system, with the CSD-PEG8000 system exhibiting the least stability. Further analysis of the microstructure revealed that while humidity had negligible effects on the crystalline size and crystallinity of BFZ in CSDs, it had a significant impact on the distribution of BFZ on the CSD surface. This can be attributed to the water's potent plasticizing effect, which significantly alters the molecular mobility of BFZ. Additionally, the compatibility of the three polymers with BFZ differs, with CSD-P407 > CSD-P188 > CSD-PEG8000. Under the continuous influence of water, stronger compatibility leads to lower molecular mobility and more uniform drug distribution on the CSD surface. Enhancing the compatibility of drugs with polymers can effectively reduce the mobility of BFZ in CSDs, thereby mitigating changes caused by water and ultimately stabilizing the surface composition and dissolution behavior of drugs in CSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behavior of AlN in three CaO–Al2O3–BaO–CaF2–Li2O non-reactive mold fluxes which were designated as N1 (low break temperature), N2 (good lubrication performance), N3 (high break temperature) for high-Al steel with different requirements was explored by static method. The sizes of AlN rods after dissolving in three slags decreased to 8.35 mm, 7.90 mm, and 9.10 mm, from the initial 10 mm, resulting in 0.59 wt.%, 1.78 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% decrease in Li2O content and 1.60 wt.%, 4.33 wt.%, 0.26 wt.% increase in Al2O3 content in the slags which were in contact with AlN, respectively. The interfaces between slags and AlN rods was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed that the widths of the element transition layer were 6.3 μm, 8.0 μm and 5.3 μm for slags N1, N2, and N3 which were in contact with AlN, respectively. Furthermore, the product at the interface close to the slag sides were Al2O3–CaO–BaO–CaF2 complexes, while close to the AlN rod sides, individual Al2O3 and AlN–Al2O3 complexes were found. The thermodynamic calculation showed that only Li2O in molten slag reacted with AlN to form Al2O3. Thus, the dissolution behavior of AlN in three slags was that AlN reacted with Li2O to form Al2O3, which then diffused into the slags and was absorbed by the slags. In addition, the slags N1 and N2 with lower initial Al2O3 content had a stronger reactivity with AlN, they have a more superior ability to dissolve AlN inclusion.

The focus of this investigation was to determine the mechanism of effective glass transition temperature (TgE) on the crystallization behavior and microstructure of drugs in crystalline solid dispersion (CSD). CSDs were prepared by rotary evaporation using ketoconazole (KET) as a model drug and the triblock copolymer poloxamer 188 as a carrier. The pharmaceutical properties of CSDs, such as crystallite size, crystallization kinetics, and dissolution behavior, were investigated to provide a foundation for studying the crystallization behavior and the microstructure of drugs in CSDs. According to classical nucleation theory, the relationship of treatment temperature-drug crystallite size-TgE of CSD was investigated. Voriconazole, a compound that is structurally similar to KET but with different physicochemical properties, was used to verify the conclusions. The dissolution behavior of KET was significantly enhanced compared to the raw drug due to smaller crystallite size. Crystallization kinetic studies revealed a two-step crystallization mechanism for KET-P188-CSD, in which P188 crystallized first and KET crystallized later. When the treatment temperature was near TgE, the drug crystallite size was smaller and more numerous, which suggests nucleation and slow growth. With the increase of temperature, the drug changed from nucleation to growth, and the number of crystallites decreased and the size of the drug increased. This result suggests it is possible to prepare CSDs with higher drug loading and smaller crystallite size by adjusting the treatment temperature and TgE, so as to maximize the drug dissolution rate. The VOR-P188-CSD maintained a relationship between treatment temperature, drug crystallite size, and TgE. The findings of our study demonstrate that TgE and the treatment temperature can be used to regulate the drug crystallite size and improve the drug solubility and dissolution rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic, luminescence, and detector fields have witnessed the robust application prospects of solution‐processed halide perovskites. Deep insights into solution can pave the way toward the precise crystallization control of halide perovskites for giving full play to the advantages of those materials. Herein, the dissolution behavior of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) together with lead iodide in amide solvents with regulated coordination ability at increasing temperature and under different molar ratio between formamidinium iodide (FAI) and PbI2 is studied. The solvent coordination ability, temperature, and FAI/PbI2 molar ratio demonstrate equivalent influence on the dissolution, and increasing those factors tends to increase the solubility first and decrease it then for Pb compounds. It is proposed that there are interchangeable Pb solute forms including solvent‐containing lead complexes and solvated lead halide fragments in solution and the interconversion of both solutes driven by the above factors brings the solubility change. The modulated dissolution affects the crystallization behaviors of FAPbI3 when preparing single crystals, nanocrystal dispersions, and thin films, and allows for regulated crystallinity in printable mesoscopic solar cells which demonstrate a power conversion efficiency of 18.40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk sericin has garnered the attention of researchers as a promising biomaterial because of its good biocompatibility and high water retention. However, despite its useful properties, the poor storage stability of sericin has restricted its extensive use in biorelated applications. This study extracted sericin from silkworm cocoon, dried and stored it as a solid, and then dissolved it in hot water conditions to improve the storage stability of sericin for its use. The dissolution behavior of the extracted sericin solids was examined in conjunction with the structural characteristics and properties of dissolved sericin. Consequently, the results of solution viscosity, gel strength, crystallinity index, and thermal decomposition temperature indicated that the molecular weight (MW) of the dissolved sericin remained constant until a dissolution time of 5 min, following which deterioration was observed. The optimum condition of dissolution of the extracted sericin solid was 5 min at 90 °C. Conclusively, the extracted sericin could be stored in a dry state and dissolved to prepare redissolved sericin aqueous solution with the same MW as extracted sericin, thereby improving the storage stability of the sericin aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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58Co and 60Co are the primary radionuclides and contributors to collective dose of PWRs, which may exist in ionic, particle and colloidal state in the primary loop. The pore diameter of the most advanced filter used in chemical and volume control system (CVCS) in domestic PWRs is 0.1 μm, the removal efficiency of Co colloids with the diameter of less than 0.1 μm is very low. Activated corrosion products such as Co colloids may deposit on the surface of the primary loop and auxillary systems during shutdown, contributing to collective dose. The chemical conditions of primary loop during the oxidation operation process greatly affect the removal efficiency of radionuclides such as Co colloids. To achieve the best dissolution and removal effect of Co colloids, the dissolution behavior of Co colloids need to be studied. In this paper, simulated Co colloids were first synthesized in the laboratory. The average particle size of simulated Co colloids was characterized by TEM to be 40-50 nm. The composition of simulated Co colloids was characterized by TEM, SEM and EDS as CoO and Co. Then the effects of temperature (60-80 ℃), Li concentration (pH, 0.1-3 mg/kg), H2O2 concentration (0.20 mg/kg) and reaction time (0-6 h) on the dissolution behavior of Co colloids were investigated on simulated chemical condition of the oxidation operation process. The results show that the dissolution of Co colloids is quite fast, reaching reaction equilibrium in 0.5-1 h. The dissolution behavior of Co colloids is affected by temperature, Li concentration and H2O2 concentration. The dissolution of Co colloids is promoted by addition of H2O2 due to the weak acidity and strong oxidizing power of H2O2. However, too much H2O2 is unfavourable for the dissolution of Co colloids, which may be due to the possible formation of passive film on Co colloids. Low Li concentration or low pH is favourable for the dissolution of Co colloids. The oxidizing power of H2O2 is stronger at higher temperature promoting the dissolution of Co colloids. Yet high temperature is not favorable for the dissolution of Co colloids, as the dissolution of Co colloids is an exothermal process. Therefore a moderate temperature is the best choice for the dissolution of Co colloids. To summarize, the best chemical condition for the dissolution and removal of Co colloids during the oxidation operation process is at 70 ℃ with as low Li concentration as possible and about 10 mg/kg H2O2. The results in this paper provide important references for the improvement of the oxidation operation process of PWRs.

• The doses of ZIF-8 in our experiments induced similar hormesis. • ZIF-8 had significant toxic effects on benthic organism Corbicula fluminea. • The toxic effects were ascribed to nanoparticles and Zn2+ induced oxidative stress. • Low and high dosages of ZIF-8 exerted different toxicity mechanisms. • The proportion of Zn2+ and ZIF-8 in the water caused the difference in toxicity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising new materials that have been intensively studied and possibly applied to various environmental remediation. However, little is known about the fate and risk of MOFs to living organisms in the water environment. Here, the toxic effects of ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) on benthic organisms were confirmed by sub-chronic toxicity experiments (7 and 14 days) using Corbicula fluminea as the model organism. With exposure doses ranging from 0 to 50 mg/L, ZIF-8 NPs induced oxidative stress behaviors similar to the hormesis effect in the tissues of C. fluminea. The oxidative stress induced by ZIF-8 NPs and the released Zn2+ was the crucial cause of the toxic effects. Besides, we also found that the ZIF-8 NPs and dissolved Zn2+ may result in different mechanisms of toxicity and accumulation depending on the dosages. The Zn2+ release rate of ZIF-8 NPs was high at low dosages, leading to a higher proportion of Zn2+ taken up by C. fluminea than the particulate ZIF-8. Conversely, at high dosages, C. fluminea mainly ingested the ZIF-8 NPs and resulted in increased mortality. The results have important implications for understanding the fate and biological effects of ZIF-8 in natural aquatic environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ca5Mg4V6O24 compound was synthesized through solid‐state roasting routes under an air atmosphere, and its crystal structure and thermodynamic properties were determined using various methods. The cell parameters of Ca5Mg4V6O24 indicate that it crystallizes in cubic space group Ia3d with the unit cell parameters a = 12.442 ± 0.001 Å. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed that the vanadium element in the Ca5Mg4V6O24 sample is present in the +5 state. The melting of Ca5Mg4V6O24 was detected at 1442 K. The molar heat capacity (374 J mol K−1) and entropy (688.2 J mol K−1) of Ca5Mg4V6O24 at 298.15 K were determined using physical properties measurement system, and simultaneous thermal analyzer for the first time. The solubility of Ca5Mg4V6O24 in water at different temperatures was measured and its dissolution behavior in sulfuric acid and kinetics was experimentally established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behaviors of uranium oxides (UO2, U3O8, and UO2(O2)·4H2O) and the dissolved species of uranium in the carbonate-peroxide solution were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectrometry and interpreted by a theoretically calculated spectrum. The results indicate that the same dominant species (UO2(O2)(CO3)24−) in the solution was observed in spite of the differences among the three uranium oxides. Additionally, the dissolution of UO2(O2)·4H2O was found to be occurring much more rapidly in carbonate solution than those of UO2 and U3O8. The concentration of dissolved uranium for UO2(O2)·4H2O in the carbonate-peroxide solution could reach about 300 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ca5Mg4V6O24 compound was synthesized through solid‐state roasting routes under an air atmosphere, and its crystal structure and thermodynamic properties were determined using various methods. The cell parameters of Ca5Mg4V6O24 indicate that it crystallizes in cubic space group Ia3d with the unit cell parameters a = 12.442 ± 0.001 Å. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed that the vanadium element in the Ca5Mg4V6O24 sample is present in the +5 state. The melting of Ca5Mg4V6O24 was detected at 1442 K. The molar heat capacity (374 J mol K−1) and entropy (688.2 J mol K−1) of Ca5Mg4V6O24 at 298.15 K were determined using physical properties measurement system, and simultaneous thermal analyzer for the first time. The solubility of Ca5Mg4V6O24 in water at different temperatures was measured and its dissolution behavior in sulfuric acid and kinetics was experimentally established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the crystal quality of 4,8-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)difurazolo [3,4-b:3′,4′-e] pyrazine (TNBP), the solubility of TNBP in organic solvents (six pure and four mixed solvents) was determined by the laser monitoring technique from 293.15 to 353.15 K. The results showed that the solubility was positively correlated with the increase in the experimental temperature and the main solvent content, except for the co-solvent phenomenon in the DMSO + ethyl acetate solvent mixture. To explain the dissolution behavior of TNBP, the KAT-SER model was analyzed for pure solvent systems, and it was found that hydrogen bonding alkalinity and self-cohesiveness were the main influencing factors. The free energy of solvation and radial distribution function of TNBP in mixed solvents were also obtained by molecular dynamics simulation, and the effect of solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions on the solubility trend was analyzed. The experimental data were correlated using three empirical equations (van't Hoff equation, modified Apelblat equation, and λh equation), and the deviation analysis showed the good applicability of the modified Apelblat model. Furthermore, the dissolution of TNBP was heat-absorbing and not spontaneous, according to the thermodynamic characteristics estimated by the van't Hoff equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous materials are widely used as an effective strategy for the solubilization of insoluble drugs. In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of low water-solubility drugs, it is necessary to prepare porous materials. Mannitol is one of the most popular excipients in food and drug formulations. In this study, porous mannitol was investigated as a drug carrier for low water solubility drugs. Its fabrication, drug loading, and drug release mechanisms were investigated. Porous mannitol was fabricated using the co-spray–antisolvent process and utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as the template agent. Porous mannitol particles were prepared by changing the proportion of the template agent, spraying the particles with mannitol, and eluting with ethanol in order to regulate their pore structure. In subsequent studies, porous mannitol morphology and characteristics were determined systematically. Furthermore, curcumin and ibuprofen, two poorly water-soluble drugs, were loaded into porous mannitol, and their release profiles were analyzed. The results of the study indicated that porous mannitol can be prepared using PVP K30 as a template and that the amount of template agent can be adjusted in order to control the structure of the porous mannitol. When the template agent was added in amounts of 1%, 3%, and 5%, the mannitol pore size increased by 167.80%, 95.16%, and 163.98%, respectively, compared to raw mannitol. Molecular docking revealed that mannitol and drugs are adsorbents and adhere to each other by force interaction. The cumulative dissolution of curcumin and ibuprofen-loaded porous mannitol reached 69% and 70%, respectively. The release mechanism of curcumin and ibuprofen from drug-loaded mannitol was suitable for the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. In summary, the co-spray–antisolvent method proved effective in fabricating porous materials rapidly, and porous mannitol had a remarkable effect on drug solubilization. The results obtained are conducive to the development of porous materials.

To prepare porous core–shell composite particles (PCPs) in order to improve the flowability and compactibility of powder materials for direct compaction (DC), as well as the dissolution of tablets. The results obtained are meaningful to boosting the development and further research of PCPs on DC. Methods: In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E3) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) were selected as shell materials, the Xiao Er Xi Shi formulation powder (XEXS) was used as the core materials, ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) were employed as pore-forming agent. Using co-spray drying method to prepare composite particles (CPs). Then, the physical properties and comparison between different CPs were characterized comprehensively. Finally, the different CPs were directly compacted as tablets to explore the effect on the dissolution behavior of DC tablets, respectively. (i) The XEXS PCPs were prepared successfully by co-spray drying, and the yield of PCPs is almost 80%; (ii) The TS values of PCP-X-P-Na, PCP-X-P-NH4, PCP-X-H-Na and PCP-X-P-Na were 5.70, 7.56, 3.98, and 6.88 times higher than that of raw material (X); (iii) The disintegration time of PCPs tablets decreased 10–25% when compared with CPs tablets; (iv) The values of Carr's index (CI), Hausner ratio (HR), Caking strength (CS), and Cohesion index (CoI) of PCP-X-H-NH4 were 19.16%, 19.29%, 40.14%, and 6.39% lower than that of X, respectively. The PCPs prepared by co-spray drying did improve the flowability and compactibility of powder, as well as the dissolution of tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic field as a simple and powerful tool is usually applied to electrochemical machining, but the influencing mechanism is a very complicated problem. Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at. %) alloy dissolution behavior without and with magnetic field was carried out. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), chronoamperometry (CA), and observation of corrosion morphology combined with energy spectrum analysis were applied. In addition, multifractal spectrum and surface roughness were used to evaluate uniformity and roughness of surface topography of the electrochemical machining (ECM) of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. The results prove that the magnetic field improves the response rate of adsorption reaction, enhances the decomposition potential and the sensitivity to local corrosion, suppresses the fluctuation of the current density, and reduces the dissolution rate during electrochemical corrosion of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. The results also verify that the improvement of magnetic field on uniformity of corrosion contributes to obtain an isotropic microscopic surface in the electrochemical machining of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy. The surface roughness of the electrochemical machined surface of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy without and with magnetic field is Ra 2.46 ± 0.14 μm and 1.73 ± 0.28 μm, respectively, which confirms that the deterioration in the preferential corrosion of γ-TiAl phase caused by magnetic field does not become a detrimental factor in obtaining a smooth machined surface. So, magnetic field has a positive effect in the electrochemical machining process of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy and can be applied to the actual production. The influence of magnetic field on electrochemical dissolution behavior and surface quality of electrochemical machining of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of humidity on the dissolution behavior and microstructure of drugs in crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs). Using Bifonazole (BFZ) as a model drug, CSDs were prepared through spray drying with carriers such as Poloxamer 188 (P188), Poloxamer 407 (P407), and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000). The solubilization effect and mechanism were initially evaluated, followed by an examination of the impact of humidity (RH10%) on the dissolution behavior of CSDs. Furthermore, the influence of humidity on the microstructure of CSDs was investigated, and factors affecting the humidity stability of CSDs were summarized. Significant enhancements in the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of BFZ in CSDs were observed due to changes in crystalline size and crystallinity, with the CSD-P188 system exhibiting the best performance. Following humidity treatment, the CSD-P407 system demonstrated the least change in the IDR of BFZ, indicating superior stability. The CSD-P407 system was followed by the CSD-P188 system, with the CSD-PEG8000 system exhibiting the least stability. Further analysis of the microstructure revealed that while humidity had negligible effects on the crystalline size and crystallinity of BFZ in CSDs, it had a significant impact on the distribution of BFZ on the CSD surface. This can be attributed to the water’s potent plasticizing effect, which significantly alters the molecular mobility of BFZ. Additionally, the compatibility of the three polymers with BFZ differs, with CSD-P407 > CSD-P188 > CSD-PEG8000. Under the continuous influence of water, stronger compatibility leads to lower molecular mobility and more uniform drug distribution on the CSD surface. Enhancing the compatibility of drugs with polymers can effectively reduce the mobility of BFZ in CSDs, thereby mitigating changes caused by water and ultimately stabilizing the surface composition and dissolution behavior of drugs in CSDs.

Titanium white waste acid (TWWA) was used to dissolve the representative elements from red mud (RM) to achieve the goal of "treating waste with waste." The leaching parameters on the leaching efficiency of Na, Sc, and Al were investigated, in which the analysis of XRD and SEM–EDS on RM and leaching residue was performed. The leaching kinetics of Na, Sc, and Al was studied with unreacted shrinking core model (USCM). The results show that the dealkalization efficiency was close to 100%, and the leaching efficiency of Sc and Al was 82% and 75%, respectively. Cancrinite was dissolved from RM, and then the elements such as Na, Al, and Ca reacted with H2SO4 of TWWA. Na existed in the leaching liquor in the form of ions. Ca reacted with sulfuric acid to form anhydrite, which existed in the leaching residue. The particles of RM became smaller and dispersed with each other by acid leaching. The leaching apparent activation energy of Na, Sc, and Al was 4.947 kJ/mol, 6.361 kJ/mol, and 31.666 kJ/mol, respectively. The leaching kinetic equation of Na, Sc, and Al was 1 − (1 − a)2/3 = 0.084·exp[− 595.05/T]·t by external diffusion, 1 − 2a/3 − (1 − a)2/3 = 0.021·exp[− 765.16/T]·t by internal diffusion, and ln(1 − a)/3 + (1 − a)−2/3 – 1 = 67.12·exp[− 3808.8/T]·t by joint action, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking pyrite as the research object, the effects of initial sulfuric acid concentration, leaching temperature, oxygen partial pressure, mineral particle size and reaction time on the oxygen pressure leaching behavior of pyrite were studied.The results show that the initial reaction of oxygen pressure leaching of pyrite is acid consuming reaction, and the consumption rate of sulfuric acid is higher than the generation rate of sulfuric acid.In the early stage of the reaction, the iron in the leaching solution is mainly divalent iron ion, and the oxidation of iron ion occurs in the later stage of the reaction, and the trivalent iron ion can be hydrolyzed and precipitated into hematite and iron vanadium in high temperature acidic solution.In the process of oxygen pressure leaching, most sulfur elements in pyrite are converted into sulfuric acid and exist in the leachate in the form of sulfate radical, while a small part exists in the form of elemental sulfur in the leaching residue, which attaches to the surface of the leaching residue and forms a coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk sericin has garnered the attention of researchers as a promising biomaterial because of its good biocompatibility and high water retention. However, despite its useful properties, the poor storage stability of sericin has restricted its extensive use in biorelated applications. This study extracted sericin from silkworm cocoon, dried and stored it as a solid, and then dissolved it in hot water conditions to improve the storage stability of sericin for its use. The dissolution behavior of the extracted sericin solids was examined in conjunction with the structural characteristics and properties of dissolved sericin. Consequently, the results of solution viscosity, gel strength, crystallinity index, and thermal decomposition temperature indicated that the molecular weight (MW) of the dissolved sericin remained constant until a dissolution time of 5 min, following which deterioration was observed. The optimum condition of dissolution of the extracted sericin solid was 5 min at 90 °C. Conclusively, the extracted sericin could be stored in a dry state and dissolved to prepare redissolved sericin aqueous solution with the same MW as extracted sericin, thereby improving the storage stability of the sericin aqueous solution.

Objectives: Atazanavir sulfate (AS), a Biosafety Cabinet (BCS) class II antiretroviral drug, shows dissolution rate-limited bioavailability, therefore, it is necessary to improve its solubility and oral bioavailability. The present investigation is intended to improve the aqueous solubility by developing AS-loaded nanoparticles (ASNPs). Additionally, the immediate release formulation of AS capsules has gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and abdominal pain, cardiovascular side effect, e.g. abnormal cardiac conduction, toxic effects on kidney and liver such as nephrolithiasis, hyperbilirubinemia, and jaundice. Therefore, ASNPs were designed to release the drug slowly for 12 h, so that these side effects could be reduced. Materials and Methods: ASNPs were prepared using gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and the crosslinker dimethyl carbonate were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the crystal characteristics of AS upon entrapment in NPs. Entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, morphology, solubility, and dissolution behavior were also determined. Results: EE%, particle size, and zeta potential varied from 14.38 ± 0.16 to 75.97 ± 0.28%, 65.4 ± 1.25 nm to 439.6 ± 2.21 nm, and 28.3 ± 0.1 mV to 41.0 ± 0.3 mV, respectively. XRD and DSC confirmed the transformation of the crystalline AS to amorphous in NPs. There was 11.717 folds rise in AS solubility in water from NPs. The formulation having AS: γ-CD, 1:1 at 10 mg/mL, depicted 88.55 ± 0.58, 91.23 ± 0.80, and 86.8 ± 0.65% drug release in water, acid buffer, and phosphate buffer, respectively, in 12 h. Conclusion: Solubility enhancement could be attributed to the decrease in crystallinity of atazanavir, when dispersed in NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO2 emissions of electric arc furnaces (EAFs) can be reduced by decreasing the electrical energy consumed in the melting of iron scraps by utilizing chemical energy. In general, the chemical energy efficiency of the EAF process can be improved using oxidation reaction heat and carbon combustion. When carbon is added to molten steel, it is not completely dissolved because of its high melting point, and it floats to the slag layer, owing to its low density. Al dross is a byproduct of aluminum smelting, and it contains over 27 mass% metallic aluminum. As the exothermic heat of aluminum oxidation is larger than that of carbon oxidation, the Al dross is a useful source of exothermic heat in the EAF process. In this study, to utilize the mixtures of cokes and Al dross as chemical energy sources in the EAF process, we investigated the dissolution concentrations, dissolution ratios, and dissolution rate constants of carbon and aluminum in molten steel. The improvement in the molten steel temperature was investigated by blowing dry air into the melt after the dissolution of the mixtures of cokes and Al dross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution of nano-sized Ni3Al-based γ′ precipitates was investigated in the newly developed polycrystalline nickel-based VDM® Alloy 780 at the surface and in the bulk region with in-situ lab-source and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These studies are important in obtaining a deeper understanding of the strengthening mechanism responsible for the stability and long service lives of such superalloys. We found that the dissolution behavior of the γ′ phase is very similar at the surface and in the bulk region, but small deviations were detected. The dissolution of γ′ starts at around 800 °C and no γ′ was found at temperatures exceeding 970 °C. As a result, the elements Al and Nb, which were bound in the γ′ phase, dissolved into the γ matrix and strongly increased the γ lattice parameter, as their atomic size is larger than the γ-forming elements Ni, Co, and Cr. However, this effect was suppressed in the surface area. A second matrix γ phase was detected at the same temperature range as that of the dissolution of the γ′ phase in the lab-source XRD measurements. The newly formed γ-2 phase had a smaller lattice parameter than that of the initial γ matrix. We propose that the γ-2 matrix phase is a result of high-temperature surface oxidation, which consumes, among other elements, Al and Nb and, therefore, leads to the smaller γ lattice parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium hydroxide autoclaving is the main method for smelting scheelite in China. In this method, sodium phosphate is added as an additive to realize the highly efficient decomposition of scheelite, and a crude sodium tungstate solution containing sodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide is obtained. In the subsequent process of ion exchange, phosphorus ions in the solution compete with the resin adsorption of tungstate, which reduces the adsorption capacity of the resin and endangers the purity of the subsequent sodium tungstate solution. To remove the phosphorus from crude sodium tungstate solution, a chemical purification method is usually adopted. The principle of the chemical purification method is to use chemical reagents to react with impurities to form precipitates to achieve the purpose of impurity removal. Because of the advantages of simple industrial implementation and high impurity removal efficiency, it has been widely used in phosphorus removal from crude sodium tungstate solution. However, in the process of phosphate removal in a crude sodium phosphate solution, the chemical purification method has some disadvantages. First, the additional cost of chemical reagents is required, and other metal impurities from chemical reagents would be introduced to crude sodium tungstate solution. Second, phosphate impurity removed by the chemical precipitation method is usually sedimented in other forms but sodium phosphate, which makes the phosphate resource unable to be recycled for tungsten smelting. Therefore, a novel phosphorus removal method needs to be developed. The dissolution behavior of sodium phosphate in a Na3PO4–Na2WO4–NaOH system was investigated in this paper. The results showed that in binary or ternary solution systems of sodium phosphate, sodium tungstate, and sodium hydroxide, the common-ion effect and salt effect exist simultaneously. The common-ion effect decreases the solubility of sodium phosphate, while the salt effect increases the solubility of sodium phosphate. Increasing the concentration of sodium hydroxide or sodium tungstate and lowering the temperature of the solution can greatly reduce the phosphorus concentration in crude sodium tungstate solution, making the crude sodium tungstate solution meet industrial requirements of ion exchange. The results of the study lay a theoretical foundation for the development of new phosphorus removal methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behavior of MgO in CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 ternary slag at the interface of single-crystal, dense poly-crystal, and porous poly-crystal MgO was investigated to evaluate the effect of the surface properties of the MgO. The experimental results revealed that a detached spinel layer formed at the MgO interface due to the change in thermodynamic condition of the slag, which was independent of the surface properties. On the other hand, it was also confirmed that the growth rate and morphology of the detached spinel layer strongly depended on the surface properties, such as porosity and curvature of MgO. During the formation of the spinel layer at the interface during MgO dissolution, a kinetic approach adopting parabolic relation theory was employed to determine the correlation between the surface properties and the spinel growth mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• N-ethyl-2,2-diisopropylbutylamide (WS-27) is highly soluble in alcohol solvents. • Hydrogen bond interactions play a significant role for the dissolution of WS-27. • KAT-LSER regression indicates the solvent effect has a great influence on solubility. • Dissolution properties and enthalpy-entropy compensation are deeply discussed. N-ethyl-2,2-diisopropylbutylamide (WS-27) is a new cooling agent with a soothing, long-lasting cooling effect, widely used in personal care and cosmetic products. The dissolution behavior of WS-27 in fourteen mono solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, dichloromethane, cyclohexanone, and acetone) was measured using a dynamic laser monitoring method from 263.15 K to 298.15 K under 101.6 ± 1.2 kPa. In these selected solvents, the solubility of WS-27 increased with increasing temperature. The van't Hoff equation, λh equation, modified Apelblat equation, Wilson model, and NRTL (non-random two-liquid) model were applied to correlate the experimental solubility data of WS-27, and the modified Apelblat equation showed the best-fitting results. In addition, the intermolecular interactions and solvent effect were analyzed using the Hirshfeld surface analysis, molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis, and KAT-LSER model analysis to understand the dissolution behavior of WS-27. The results indicate that the solubility of WS-27 is influenced by multiple factors, and there can be other factors as well. These fundamental data can provide essential information for the crystallization and purification process of WS-27. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the crystal quality of 4,8-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)difurazolo [3,4-b:3′,4′-e] pyrazine (TNBP), the solubility of TNBP in organic solvents (six pure and four mixed solvents) was determined by the laser monitoring technique from 293.15 to 353.15 K. The results showed that the solubility was positively correlated with the increase in the experimental temperature and the main solvent content, except for the co-solvent phenomenon in the DMSO + ethyl acetate solvent mixture. To explain the dissolution behavior of TNBP, the KAT-SER model was analyzed for pure solvent systems, and it was found that hydrogen bonding alkalinity and self-cohesiveness were the main influencing factors. The free energy of solvation and radial distribution function of TNBP in mixed solvents were also obtained by molecular dynamics simulation, and the effect of solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions on the solubility trend was analyzed. The experimental data were correlated using three empirical equations (van’t Hoff equation, modified Apelblat equation, and λh equation), and the deviation analysis showed the good applicability of the modified Apelblat model. Furthermore, the dissolution of TNBP was heat-absorbing and not spontaneous, according to the thermodynamic characteristics estimated by the van’t Hoff equation.

The addition of basic additives in steelmaking processes is essential because these lead to slag adaptation and enable refining reactions. In calcination treatment, the process parameters temperature and dwell time influence the decomposition of dolomite as a magnesium‐containing lime substitute. It results in specific properties such as varying residual fractions of carbonates CaCO3·MgCO3 and porosity. The properties affect the dissolution kinetics, and the fast and complete dissolution is of interest. Hence, the static high‐temperature dissolution tests using dolomite‐based samples in diverse conditions (raw, modified, soft‐burnt, and hard‐burnt) are executed to determine the impact of the calcination state. The specimens are immersed in synthetic electric arc furnace slag, including 10 wt% Al2O3, 25 wt% SiO2, 25 wt% CaO, 8 wt% MnO, and 32 wt% FeO. The dolomite or dolime dissolves in the stagnant oxidic melt within the reaction time of 10 min at 1450 °C. The resulting chemistries of quenched slags, representing the current dissolution status, are examined by scanning electron microscopy using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis on metallographically prepared cross‐sections and via X‐ray fluorescence analysis of mechanically extracted slag fractions. The dissolution performance is characterized and compared for the different additive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MgO-P2O5 glass system exhibits atypical behavior in the relationship between physical properties around the metaphosphate composition (MgO/P2O5 = 1) when used as a glass matrix during the vitrification of radioactive waste. The dissolution of phosphate glasses is usually dominated by hydration reactions. However, the solidified glass waste exhibits higher water resistance than the parent glass matrix because of the presence of strong P-O-M bonds (M being the waste element) within the cross-linked elemental structure of the glass waste, indicating that the dissolution of the solidified glass waste form is controlled primarily by the hydrolysis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-fortification using poorly water-soluble mineral-containing compounds is a common approach to deliver iron. However, it comes with the challenge of ensuring iron bio-accessibility and limiting iron-phenolic interactions that can change organoleptic properties. Mixed Ca-Fe(III) pyrophosphate salts with the general formula Ca2(1-x)Fe4x(P2O7)(1+2x) were designed as a system for simultaneous delivery of iron and calcium. The salts were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and characterized by TEM-EDX, XRD, and FT-IR. All mixed salts with 0.14 ≤ x ≤ 0.35 yielded homogenous amorphous particles. The iron dissolution from these mixed salts showed a fourfold increase at gastric pH compared to Fe(III) pyrophosphate. In the food-relevant pH range, the salts with x ≤ 0.15 showed up to an eight-fold decrease in iron solubility. Despite this, reactivity of the mixed salts in tea was similar to that of FePP. Our results indicate that these mixed salts are potential dual-fortificants with tunable iron content and solubility.

Counter-rotating electrochemical machining is an effective method for machining thin-walled revolving parts with concave-convex structures. In this process, the anode workpiece and cathode tool rotate oppositely at the same rotational speed, and the material is dissolved under a periodic machining current with long off-time. This special periodic current results in serious pitting corrosion when a titanium alloy workpiece is involved. An experimental system with a programmable power supply has been developed to understand the periodic dissolution behavior. An auxiliary electrode with positive potential near workpiece is proposed to prevent the pitting corrosion. Experimental results indicate that the surface quality is improved remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO2 emissions of electric arc furnaces (EAFs) can be reduced by decreasing the electrical energy consumed in the melting of iron scraps by utilizing chemical energy. In general, the chemical energy efficiency of the EAF process can be improved using oxidation reaction heat and carbon combustion. When carbon is added to molten steel, it is not completely dissolved because of its high melting point, and it floats to the slag layer, owing to its low density. Al dross is a byproduct of aluminum smelting, and it contains over 27 mass% metallic aluminum. As the exothermic heat of aluminum oxidation is larger than that of carbon oxidation, the Al dross is a useful source of exothermic heat in the EAF process. In this study, to utilize the mixtures of cokes and Al dross as chemical energy sources in the EAF process, we investigated the dissolution concentrations, dissolution ratios, and dissolution rate constants of carbon and aluminum in molten steel. The improvement in the molten steel temperature was investigated by blowing dry air into the melt after the dissolution of the mixtures of cokes and Al dross.

The dissolution of nano-sized Ni3Al-based γ′ precipitates was investigated in the newly developed polycrystalline nickel-based VDM® Alloy 780 at the surface and in the bulk region with in-situ lab-source and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These studies are important in obtaining a deeper understanding of the strengthening mechanism responsible for the stability and long service lives of such superalloys. We found that the dissolution behavior of the γ′ phase is very similar at the surface and in the bulk region, but small deviations were detected. The dissolution of γ′ starts at around 800 °C and no γ′ was found at temperatures exceeding 970 °C. As a result, the elements Al and Nb, which were bound in the γ′ phase, dissolved into the γ matrix and strongly increased the γ lattice parameter, as their atomic size is larger than the γ-forming elements Ni, Co, and Cr. However, this effect was suppressed in the surface area. A second matrix γ phase was detected at the same temperature range as that of the dissolution of the γ′ phase in the lab-source XRD measurements. The newly formed γ-2 phase had a smaller lattice parameter than that of the initial γ matrix. We propose that the γ-2 matrix phase is a result of high-temperature surface oxidation, which consumes, among other elements, Al and Nb and, therefore, leads to the smaller γ lattice parameter.

Although resveratrol (RES) possesses potentially attractive activities, it has poor oral bioavailability due to its poor solubility. Solid dispersion (SD) is an efficient strategy to address the restricted dissolution rate and poor bioavailability of compounds that have poor water solubility. In this study, resveratrol solid dispersion (RES-SD) was prepared with mixture carriers through the melt method and optimized by an orthogonal array experimental design. The physicochemical properties and oral absorption of RES-SD formulations in vivo were measured. Analyses indicated that RES was dispersed in the optimal RES-SD formulation in the form of amorphous molecularly dispersed particles; as a result, the optimal SD exhibited a more than 80-fold increase in solubility and the dissolution rate was significantly improved relative to RES. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies in mice indicated that the optimal RES-SD formulation exhibited significantly improved RES oral bioavailability. Based on these findings, RES–SD developed through melt method was suitable for industrial production and avoid solvent remained. Moreover, the RES-SD with PEG6000 and F68 appears to be a promising approach to enhance the dissolution, bioavailability of RES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the comprehensive properties of regenerated protein fibers, the tussah silk / cellulose blend fiber was prepared by dry and wet spinning with 1-ally1-3-methylimidazole chloride ([Amin]Cl) as solvent and tussah silk waste and cotton pulp as raw materials, the co-dissolution behavior of tussah silk/cellulose was investigated, and the structure and properties of regenerated blend fiber were studied. The results showed that the tussah silk has good solubility in [Amin]Cl under microwave irradiation and the dissolution rate of tussah silk in [Amin]Cl could be controlled by adjusting the microwave time. With the increase of shear rate, the shear viscosity of tussah silk/cellulose spinning liquid with different blend ratio showed a trend of gradual decline and obvious thinning of shear force. It illustrated that this spinning liquid was a typical pseudoplastic fluid. The supermolecular structure of regenerated blend fiber was the same as that of natural tussah silk fiber, both of them have β-fold structure and α-spiral structure, and the regenerated blend fiber has loose network structure on the surface and compact structure on the cross-section. The regenerated fiber has good mechanical property which its breaking strength and initial modulus was 8.46% and 21.45% higher than those of natural tussah silk fiber, respectively. Compared with the cellulose fiber, the regenerated blend fiber has better thermo -mechanical properties and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Voriconazole nanoparticles (API-NPs) were prepared by nanospray drying to improve the solubility of voriconazole and reduce its interindividual variability. Methods: The preparation procedure was optimized by central composite design-response surface methodology. The properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. The solubility, dissolution, and stability of the API-NPs were determined experimentally. The pharmacokinetics were assessed based on rat plasma levels of voriconazole. An acute oral toxicity test of the API-NPs was performed in mice. Results: The powers were formulated using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as the carrier material. SEM and particle size results showed that the API-NPs had a narrow particle size distribution. The XRD, DSC, and FTIR analyses show a decrease in crystallinity and a polymorphic transformation of the nanoparticles after nanospray drying. The solubility in water was approximately 15 times higher than that of voriconazole. The API-NP tablets exhibited significantly higher plasma exposure, namely, longer acting times and lower variability. The acute administration of voriconazole showed no toxic histopathological effects on organ tissue. Conclusion: The solubility of voriconazole was greatly improved, it showed higher bioavailability and safety, and the interindividual variability in voriconazole pharmacokinetics was reduced by nanospray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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