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To investigate the dissipation, terminal residues, and dietary exposure risk of flonicamid, a field trial was conducted in China, and cabbage samples were determined by modified QuEChERS pretreatment and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The method showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), the mean recoveries ranged from 97% to 103%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 1.5%, and the matrix effect (ME) was 5%. The field trial showed that the dissipation of flonicamid in Shanxi conformed to the first-order kinetic equation with a half-life of 2.2 days. The terminal residue results showed that the residues of flonicamid in cabbage were all lower than 0.12 mg/kg. The hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) were applied to dietary exposure risk assessment based on terminal residue and toxicology data. The HQ of different populations ranged from 0.17 to 0.37, and the RQ was 81.4%, indicating low risk of dietary intake of flonicamid in cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residue and dissipation studies of diafenthiuron, its metabolites and cyantraniliprole were carried out on okra under field conditions after two applications of Cyantraniliprole 7.3% w/w + Diafenthiuron 36.4% w/w SC @ 60 + 300 g a.i./ha. Okra fruit samples were collected at 0 (2 hr), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after second spray. The samples were processed using QuEChERS methodology and analysed on LCMS/MS. The total initial residues of diafenthiuron (diafenthiuron + CGA 177960, CGA 227352, CGA 140408) in okra fruit were 0.28 and 0.55 mg kg−1 at single and double dose, respectively. The total residues of diafenthiuron dissipated below limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg kg−1 at 10 days of application at both the doses. The initial residues of cyantraniliprole in okra were 0.23 and 0.42 mg kg−1 at single and double dose, respectively. The residues dissipated below

Herbicides are widely recognized as the most cost-effective solution for weed control, but their extensive use in both urban and agricultural settings raise serious concerns about nontarget effects. We assessed the possible hazards associated with pre-emergence herbicides such as dimethenamid–P, metazachlor, and pyroxasulfone, which are frequently applied in both urban and agricultural soils. The dissipation rate constant values (k day−1: 0.010–0.024) were positively linked to total organic carbon (TOC), silt, clay, soil pH, and Al and Fe oxides, but negatively correlated with sand content. In contrast, half-life values (DT50: 29–69 days) of the herbicides showed negative correlations with TOC, clay, silt, soil pH, and Fe and Al oxides, while sand content showed a positive impact. The selected herbicides showed minimal impact on soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). Mostly, soils with higher organic matter (OM) content exhibited increased DHA levels, highlighting the role of OM in influencing this soil enzyme across different soils. Assessment of environmental indicators like groundwater ubiquity score (GUS:1.69–6.30) and leachability index (LIX: 0.23–0.97) suggested that the herbicides might reach groundwater, posing potential risks to nontarget biota and food safety. Human non-cancer risk evaluation, in terms of hazard quotient (HQ < 1) and hazard index (HI < 1), suggests minimal or no risks from exposure to soil containing herbicide residues at 50% of the initial concentrations. Our data thus help the stakeholders and regulatory agencies while applying these pre-emergence herbicides in soils and safeguarding human and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the design and performance of several industrial processes, such as heat exchangers, combustion systems, and chemical reactors, depends heavily on the effects of binary chemical reactions on heat transfer phenomena. The free convective hydromagnetic micropolar fluid moving over a stretching sheet is investigated in this work. The combined action of dissipation and bilateral reaction enhances the flow phenomenon. The implications of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and joule heating are included in the mathematical model. The proposed problem generates a system of nonlinear partial differential equations, which are then converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The Runge–Kutta fourth-order approach combined with the Shooting scheme is used to solve these modified ODEs. Various contributing factors were analysed and illustrated through the use of graphic representations. The primary conclusions are: the non-Newtonian micropolar parameter exhibits more notable features in comparison to its Newtonian. Thermal radiation accelerates heat transport, but the magnetic parameter decelerates it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moving mirrors as analogue sources of Hawking radiation from black holes have been explored extensively but less so with cosmological particle creation (CPC), even though the analogy between the dynamical Casimir effect (DCE) and CPC based on the mechanism of the parametric amplification of quantum field fluctuations has also been known for a long time. This 'perspective' essay intends to convey some of the rigor and thoroughness of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, which serves as the theoretical foundation of CPC, to DCE, which enjoys a variety of active experimental explorations. We have selected seven issues of relevance to address, starting from the naively simple ones, e.g., why one should be bothered with 'curved' spacetime when performing a laboratory experiment in ostensibly flat space, to foundational theoretical ones, such as the frequent appearance of nonlocal dissipation in the system dynamics induced by colored noises in its field environment, the existence of quantum Lenz law and fluctuation–dissipation relations in the backreaction effects of DCE emission on the moving atom/mirror or the source, and the construction of a microphysics model to account for the dynamical responses of a mirror or medium. The strengthening of the theoretical ground for DCE is not only useful for improving conceptual clarity but needed for the development of the proof-of-concept type of future experimental designs for DCE. The results from the DCE experiments in turn will enrich our understanding of quantum field effects in the early universe because they are, in the spirit of analogue gravity, our best hopes for the verification of these fundamental processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the entrance channel and neutron shell closure (N = 126) on the pre-scission neutron emission of 212Rn is investigated using available experimental data from EXFOR and theoretical calculations. It is found that the entrance channel plays a vital role in nuclear dissipation. Further, shell closure effects on neutron emission are also investigated as a function of excitation energy and its dependence on the entrance channel. Our study on the effects of entrance channel mass asymmetry (α) shows that the pre-scission neutron multiplicity (νpre) changes when the projectile and target combine to form the same compound nucleus (CN), which is shell closed. In addition, we have observed variations in the νpre when calculating the N/Z ratio near the shell closure which has not been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted in two consecutive years to evaluate the terminal residue levels, dissipation trend of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. Analyses were carried out using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the concentration of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. The results showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.01 to 5.0 mg·L−1 (R2 = 0.9999). Average recoveries were 77.70%-105.25% for cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate at the spiked levels of 0.01, 0.1,1, and 5 mg·kg−1, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.23–7.22%. Half-lives (t1/2) of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate were 2.76–5.87 and 1.27–3.22 days in citrus and soil, respectively. The results showed that the final contents of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus peel were the highest while that of citrus pulp were the lowest. As for soil, the final contents range from < 0.010 to 4.081 mg·kg−1. The dietary risk assessment of citrus was evaluated with risk quotients. The risk quotient values were found to be significantly < 100%, indicating that using recommended doses of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus fruits poses risks to human health within acceptable risk levels. The results of this study contribute to the guidance of safe and reasonable use of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the entrance channel and neutron shell closure (N = 126) on the pre-scission neutron emission of 212Rn is investigated using available experimental data from EXFOR and theoretical calculations. It is found that the entrance channel plays a vital role in nuclear dissipation. Further, shell closure effects on neutron emission are also investigated as a function of excitation energy and its dependence on the entrance channel. Our study on the effects of entrance channel mass asymmetry (α) shows that the pre-scission neutron multiplicity (νpre) changes when the projectile and target combine to form the same compound nucleus (CN), which is shell closed. In addition, we have observed variations in the νpre when calculating the N/Z ratio near the shell closure which has not been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of a unifying measure-theoretic approach, we establish lower bounds on the Hausdorff dimension of the space-time set which can support anomalous dissipation for weak solutions of fluid equations, both in the presence or absence of a physical boundary. Boundary dissipation, which can occur at both the time and the spatial boundary, is analyzed by suitably modifying the Duchon & Robert interior distributional approach. One implication of our results is that any bounded Euler solution (compressible or incompressible) arising as a zero viscosity limit of Navier–Stokes solutions cannot have anomalous dissipation supported on a set of dimension smaller than that of the space. This result is sharp, as demonstrated by entropy-producing shock solutions of compressible Euler (Drivas and Eyink in Commun Math Phys 359(2):733–763, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-017-3078-4; Majda in Am Math Soc 43(281):93, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1090/memo/0281) and by recent constructions of dissipative incompressible Euler solutions (Brue and De Lellis in Commun Math Phys 400(3):1507–1533, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-022-04626-0 624; Brue et al. in Commun Pure App Anal, 2023), as well as passive scalars (Colombo et al. in Ann PDE 9(2):21–48, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40818-023-00162-9; Drivas et al. in Arch Ration Mech Anal 243(3):1151–1180, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00205-021-01736-2). For L t q L x r suitable Leray–Hopf solutions of the d - dimensional Navier–Stokes equation we prove a bound of the dissipation in terms of the Parabolic Hausdorff measure P s , which gives s = d - 2 as soon as the solution lies in the Prodi–Serrin class. In the three-dimensional case, this matches with the Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg partial regularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroisobromine cyanuric acid is a highly effective broad-spectrum systemic fungicide for disease control in agricultural crops. In this study, the degradation, residue levels, and potential dietary risks associated with the chloroisobromine cyanuric acid residues in two widely consumed crops, pepper and ginger, were evaluated through supervised field experiments conducted at 12 sites for pepper and 4 sites for ginger in China in 2021. A QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method was established for quantifying cyanuric acid (CYA) in both crops. The method achieved a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 mg kg−1 for ginger and 0.05 mg kg−1 for pepper, with recovery rates ranging from 91% to 96% for ginger and 84% to 89% for pepper and the relative standard deviation of 2.9% to 11.2% for ginger and 2.8%~12.9% for pepper, respectively. The results indicated that CYA had half-lives ranging from 3.1 to 8.2 days in pepper, and the terminal CYA residues at harvest were all lower than 5 mg kg−1, the maximum residue limit established in China. Furthermore, the chronic dietary risk exposure to chloroisobromine cyanuric acid in ginger and pepper, harvested at a pre-harvest interval of three days and at the normal harvesting time after the application of 50% chloroisobromine cyanuric acid soluble powder (SP), was 37.96%, which was much lower than 100%, indicating no significant health risks to the Chinese population. This study provides basic data for establishing the MRLs and serving as a reference for developing the analytical method applicable to CYA residues in different plant matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the analysis of an n -dimensional model which describes thermoviscoelastic materials. With careful use of the standard energy method, we obtain the global existence and asymptotic decay of solutions for n ≥ 1 , provided that the initial data are smooth and sufficiently small in L 2 -Sobolev space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isaac Newton once contemplated the fall of an apple, setting in motion a revolution in the understanding of gravity. In a similar spirit of curiosity and inquiry, here a journey is embarked upon to explore the intricate world of viscoelastic damping for polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS). Inspired by the notion that even the simplest of phenomena can yield profound insights, a novel approach to study damping in silicone elastomers through a simple ball drop test is introduced. This novel solution allowes for precise measuring and analyzing the material's damping characteristics under various conditions. By carefully controlling the release and monitoring, the response of the falling ball by simple video tracking, valuable insights into the key viscoelastic properties of silicone blends are extracted, including rebound resilience, Young's modulus, and complex modulus. Through the analysis of trajectory data generated during the sphere's interaction with the silicone damper, dynamic and static material parameters are determined. Remarkably, these outcomes closely align with results obtained from cost‐intensive and high‐maintenance industrial measurement setups such as dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA) or tensile testing. This approach not only simplifies the complexity of the system but also offers a cost‐effective and efficient means of gaining essential knowledge in material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a finite-time thermodynamics perspective, a thermoeconomic analysis of a Novikov model employing a linear heat transfer law is carried out. A new component in the cost function is proposed to examine its relationship with waste management while operating in the maximum power, ecological, and efficient power regimes. The methodology consists of optimizing the profit function by including our new waste management cost function, leveraging the same method used by DeVos ("Endoreversible thermoeconomics," Energy Convers. Manage., vol. 36, pp. 1–5, 1995) and Pacheco et al. ("Thermoeconomic optimization of an irreversible novikov plant model under different regimes of performance," Entropy, vol. 19, p. 118, 2017). Searching for the optimal thermoeconomic efficiencies for the ecological case a novel numerical method developed by the corresponding author (A. M. Ares de Parga-Regalado, "Analytical approximation of optimal thermoeconomic efficiencies for a novikov engine with a Stefan–Boltzmann heat transfer law," Results Phys., 2023) is used. Analytical expressions for the optimal efficiencies are obtained, and the impact of the proposed term on these values is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different methods are possible for estimating tidal deformations of Earth and telluric planets. On the one hand, the code ALMA 3 solves analytically the governing equations in considering symmetrical and incompressible bodies with homogeneous layers and different possible rheologies. Tidal deformations are considered with periodic excitation functions and the output of the model is frequency-dependent complex Love numbers. On the other hand, the 3-D finite element code CitcomSVE integrates numerically the governing equations with possibly lateral variations in viscoelastic structures on the regional and global scales. In this work, we present how tidal deformations have been implemented in CitcomSVE by the introduction of a periodic forcing potential. For validation and benchmarking, we realized comparisons between the ALMA 3 output for Moon tidal deformations and the numerical CitcomSVE in terms of frequency-dependent Love numbers k 2 and h 2 real and imaginary parts with 1-D viscoelastic structure. Considering two possible profiles for the Moon,we compared the frequency-dependent quality factor deduced from ALMA 3 with the one obtained with CitcomSVE. We found that with a sufficient numerical resolution for CitcomSVE (with an horizontal resolution of about 14 km and 10 - 5 for numerical accuracy), the results of the two methods for computing tidal deformations (i.e., k 2 and h 2 ) and quality factor Q are in good agreement for different periods including the monthly period (less than 0.025% for the real part of Love numbers and for the Q, about 1% for periods of excitation from 5 to 10 8 days). We also computed tidal dissipation energy from CitcomSVE and found it consistent with that expected from quality factor calculation. Our study demonstrates the potential for CitcomSVE to be applied for planetary tidal deformation calculations for a planet with a 3-D structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised field trial studies were conducted to understand dissipation kinetics and harvest time residues of a combination product of fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin in cumin plant/leaves and seeds at different locations in India. The results showed initial accumulation of fluxapyroxad at the levels of 15.4 and 20.2 mg kg−1 and pyraclostrobin at the level of 21.2 and 33.4 mg kg−1 in cumin leaves/plant in Anand, Gujarat. Fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin followed zero-order and first-order dissipation kinetics in cumin plant/leaves samples respectively. The residues translocated to cumin seeds. As the hazard quotient (HQ) was <1 in all cases consumer health risk may be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence and reduction of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd by applying quinalphos 25 EC twice at 250 g a.i./ha at 10 days intervals. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05 µg/g, recovery ranged from 97 to 113%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7%. The initial deposition of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd was 1.72 µg/g and reached below LOQ level after 15 days of application. Dissipation of the residue followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 2.32 days. The reduction of quinalphos residue was evaluated using various household processes. The greatest reduction (82%) was observed when washing was followed by cooking or boiling, while the smallest reduction (55.8%) was found when washing alone was performed. A waiting period of 9 days is recommended for safe consumption of cauliflower based on the FSSAI MRL value of 0.1 µg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tea Leaf Paradox (TLP) describes unsteady fluid motions which help entrain and deposit suspended particles at the center of rotation. Various applications depend on the TLP for particle separations—spanning orders of magnitude in length scales—making it an important problem in fluid mechanics. Despite papers describing the phenomenon, the efficacy of particle separation using the TLP remains unclear as to the relative importance of, for example, hydrostatics, particle-fluid density ratio, wall friction, liquid bath aspect ratio and the rotation speed. The dynamics involved are notably complex and require a careful tuning of each variable. In this study, we have investigated the role of the limit of the aggregation dynamics in rotational flows within 3D-printed vessels of various sizes in tandem with particle imaging to probe the dissipation effects on the particle motions. We have found that the liquid bath aspect ratio limits how much aggregation may occur for a particle-fluid density ratio greater than unity (e.g., ρp/ρf>1), where ρp is the density of the particle and ρf is the ambient fluid density.

This paper is concerned with the generalized Korteweg–de Vries equation ∂tu + ∂xu + up∂ xu + ∂x3u = 0 in the supercritical case p > 4. For such values of p, it is expected that large, smooth initial data can lead to locally smooth solutions that blow up in finite time.The question raised here is whether or not the addition of a suitable dissipative term could mitigate this putative blowup. The dissipative addition considered is of the form (−1)mν∂ x2mu where ν > 0 and m is a non-negative integer. It turns out that for m ≥ 2, there are values of p > 4 for which global well-posedness obtains for arbitrarily large initial data for any ν > 0, no matter how small. In general, it is shown that for any value of p and initial data u0 whose norm is bounded by M, say, there is a ν0 depending on M such that if ν > ν0, then the solution emanating from u0 is global. However, if p > 4m − 2, numerical simulations show that solutions can still blow up even in the presence of dissipation if ν is not large enough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the effect of organic amendments on the dissipation and nitrification inhibition activity of 2-amino 4-chloro 6-methyl pyrimidine (AM), a laboratory study was conducted on a sandy loam soil (Typic Hapludoll) receiving no organic amendments (Control) or application of farmyard manure (FYM) or pine needles biochar (PNB) @ 5 t ha−1. Dissipation of AM was initially faster during the first 7 d, and then it slowed down. Dissipation kinetics of AM conformed to the first-order model (R2 values = 0.973 to 0.981, significant at p ≤ .01). The conventionally estimated time for the dissipation of half the amount of initially detected AM (half-life) was 15.9, 23.6, and 12.1 d for the control, FYM, and PNB treatments, respectively. All treatments receiving AM had numerically lower NO3−–N concentrations compared to no AM but significantly lower NO3−–N concentrations were recorded under, especially the PNB + AM treatment at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 d. The higher effectiveness of AM under PNB could be attributed to the sorption of AM in the micro-pores of PNB with slower release. Percent distribution of sorbed AM onto FYM and PNB revealed that desorption of sorbed AM from PNB was comparatively very limited. FTIR spectra revealed that both FYM and PNB strongly retained AM. Application of AM @1 mg kg−1 soil (equivalent to 2.24 kg ha−1) seems to effectively retard the nitrification of urea in soil amended with PNB and help reduce the leaching losses of NO3−–N in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on synthesizing a composite material comprising of nickel ferrite and carbon derived from cotton, to exhibit exceptional microwave absorption capabilities over a wide frequency range. By adopting a mechanical alloy method, the microwave-absorbing composite is developed. The microwave absorption characteristics of the developed composites are further unearthly in terms of their permittivity and permeability. Combining magnetic and dielectric phases produces better eddy current loss and polarization, which are primarily responsible for absorption characteristics. The developed composites are cast into rectangular pallets to evaluate microwave absorption characteristics and examined using a vector network analyzer within the 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range. With a pallet thickness of 2.55 mm, the entire X-band frequency is effectively covered, yielding a remarkable minimum reflection loss of −20.46 dB at 10.01 GHz. The current work's findings, owing to the synergistic combination of nickel ferrite and carbonized carbon provide a practical approach for developing a hybrid material with remarkable electromagnetic performance. [Display omitted] • The composite comprising of both magnetic and non-magnetic phases has been developed with the mechanical alloying method. • Impedance matching characteristics of the developed lightweight NCF tailored effectively with varying weight percentages. • Achieved minimum reflection loss of −20.46 dB for NCF25 composition at 10.01 GHz with 2.55 mm coating thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the importance of mixing arising from dissipating internal waves (IWs), vertical profiles of internal‐wave dissipation from a high‐resolution regional ocean model are compared with finestructure estimates made from observations. A horizontal viscosity scheme restricted to only act on horizontally rotational modes (such as eddies) is introduced and tested. At lower resolutions with horizontal grid spacings of 2 km, the modeled IW dissipation from numerical model agrees reasonably well with observations in some cases when the restricted form of horizontal viscosity is used. This suggests the possibility that if restricted forms of horizontal viscosity are adopted by global models with similar resolutions, they could be used to diagnose and map IW dissipation distributions. At higher resolutions with horizontal grid spacings of ∼250 m, the dissipation from vertical shear and horizontal viscosity act much more strongly resulting in dissipation overestimates; however, the vertical‐shear dissipation itself is found to agree well with observations. Plain Language Summary: Oceanic mixing impacts circulation, stratification (layering by density), and the uptake and transport of heat and nutrients. Over most of the ocean, mixing is caused by the breaking (turnover) of internal waves lying on the interfaces of density layers. Most ocean models do not contain a resolved internal wavefield, and therefore must parameterize internal wave (IW) mixing based upon external information. Recently developed high‐resolution ocean models with credible representations of internal waves may make it possible to map and understand global IW mixing without use of external information. Here we compare vertical profiles (profiles in depth) of IW dissipation in a regional model, which can be used to understand sensitivities to numerical schemes and grid spacings. With grid spacings that are attainable in global models, modeled dissipation profiles lie somewhat close to observed profiles, as long as certain choices are made within the numerical schemes. One numerical dissipation scheme is designed to realistically remove energy from eddy fields, which are the non‐wavelike motions in the ocean, and we have adapted this scheme to act less strongly on internal waves. Using this modified scheme, we find that high‐resolution global models may already be able to map IW dissipation. Key Points: Vertical profiles of internal wave (IW) dissipation in high‐resolution regional ocean simulations are compared with observed profilesProfiles in runs with a restricted form of horizontal viscosity and resolutions attainable in global models are close to observationsResults suggest high‐resolution global models can be used to map IW dissipation after numerical sensitivities are tested in regional models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungicide pyraclostrobin is the main measure used to control apple alternaria blotch in production. To evaluate the potential dietary risks for consumers, the dissipation and terminal residues of pyraclostrobin were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Pyraclostrobin in apples was extracted by acetonitrile with 2% ammonia and then purified using primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The method showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0.005–0.1 mg L−1, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9958. The recoveries ranged from 96.0% to 103.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.8% and 2.3%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg−1. Pyraclostrobin dispersible oil suspension was applied in 12 apple fields across China according to good agricultural practices (GAPs). In Beijing and Shandong, the dissipation of pyraclostrobin followed first-order kinetic equations, with a half-life of 11 days. The terminal residues ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg kg−1. The national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of pyraclostrobin was compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), resulting in risk quotient (RQc) of 80.8%. These results suggest that pyraclostrobin poses a low health risk to consumers under GAP conditions and according to recommended dosages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclosan (TCS) is an anti-microbial widely used in personal care and medical antibacterial products. Despite the widespread occurrence of TCS in municipal sewage sludge, understanding toward the fate of TCS within sewage treatment and environmental risks in the eventual land application is still limited. This review summarizes the TCS loads and transfer mechanisms in the sewage treatment process, sludge management process, land application, and its potential environmental impacts. TCS transfer from sewage to sludge mainly occurs in the primary sedimentation process, representing 2.50 to 4.58 times more compared to the secondary sedimentation process. This transfer is facilitated through adsorption because of the presence of humic acid-like and protein-like substances in sludge. Both anaerobic digestion and aerobic composting contribute to the degradation of TCS with aerobic composting being more effective, exhibiting TCS degradation rates 1.04–2.87 times higher than those observed in anaerobic digestion. After sludge land application, TCS majorly dissipates in the soil through biodegradation by fungi and bacteria, potentially posing environmental risks, such as inhibiting the seedling growth of plant species. Additionally, the degradation of TCS, coupled with the formation and subsequent degradation of MeTCS, is observed, with MeTCS exhibiting a higher half-life and greater toxicity than its parent compound (TCS). Overall, this research offers vital insights to enhance understanding of TCS's migration and degradation processes in sewage treatment and soil. It also provides guidance in environmental protection and sustainable resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen, as a renewable and clean energy carrier, has the potential to play an important role in carbon reduction. Crucial to achieving this is the ability to produce clean sources of hydrogen and to store hydrogen safely. With the rapid development of the hydrogen industry, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) is increasing. However, hydrogen safety at HRS is of great concern due to the high risk of hydrogen leakage during storage. This study focused on an integrated hydrogen production and refueling station (IHPRS) in Weifang, China, and numerically simulated a hydrogen leakage accident in its storage area. The effects of the leakage aperture, the leakage direction and the ambient wind direction and speed on the leakage and dissipation characteristics of hydrogen were investigated. The results showed that the volume, mass and dissipation time of the flammable hydrogen cloud (FHC) increased with an increase in the leakage aperture. The installation of a canopy or densely packed equipment near the hydrogen storage area will seriously hinder the dissipation of the FHC. Ambient winds in the opposite direction of the leakage may cause high-concentration hydrogen to accumulate near the hydrogen storage tanks and be difficult to dissipate, seriously threatening the safety of the integrated station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tea Leaf Paradox (TLP) describes unsteady fluid motions which help entrain and deposit suspended particles at the center of rotation. Various applications depend on the TLP for particle separations—spanning orders of magnitude in length scales—making it an important problem in fluid mechanics. Despite papers describing the phenomenon, the efficacy of particle separation using the TLP remains unclear as to the relative importance of, for example, hydrostatics, particle-fluid density ratio, wall friction, liquid bath aspect ratio and the rotation speed. The dynamics involved are notably complex and require a careful tuning of each variable. In this study, we have investigated the role of the limit of the aggregation dynamics in rotational flows within 3D-printed vessels of various sizes in tandem with particle imaging to probe the dissipation effects on the particle motions. We have found that the liquid bath aspect ratio limits how much aggregation may occur for a particle-fluid density ratio greater than unity (e.g., ρ p / ρ f > 1 ), where ρ p is the density of the particle and ρ f is the ambient fluid density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Supervised field trials were conducted to study dissipation of combination product of beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid (Solomon) in various samples of lemon and onion. The pesticides were extracted and analysed using QuEChERS (with some modifications) based methods after validation of the method. Linearity, accuracy and precision data showed that the results were in the acceptable range as per SANTE 2019. The results of dissipation revealed that the initial accumulation of beta-cyfluthrin was 0.6 and 1.1 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.24 and 0.97 mg kg−1 in onion samples at standard and double dose respectively. The residues of imidacloprid were 2.61 and 4 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.36 and 0.53 in onion at two doses. The residues of beta-cyfluthrin followed first order dissipation in both the crops at standard dose and showed biphasic dissipation in double dose in both lemon and onion samples. Imidacloprid followed first-order dissipation in lemon in both the doses. Half-life of beta-cyfluthrin ranged from 3.6 to 23.2 days in lemon samples and that of imidacloprid was 15.1 and 21.5 days in two different doses. In onion the half-life ranged from 2.1 to 4.0 for beta-cyfluthrin and 2.8 to 5.2 days for imidacloprid in different doses. Theoretical maximum residue concentration (TMRC) was always less than maximum permissible intake (MPI) in all the samples suggesting that the use of combination product is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii) is a unique, edible, medicinal fruit rich in vitamin C found in Southwest China. Triadimefon (TDF) is a triazole fungicide that is widely used to control powdery mildew in R. roxburghii. To assess the safety of TDF in R. roxburghii, an LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of TDF and its major metabolite, triadimenol (TDN) in R. roxburghii. Both TDF and TDN showed high correlation coefficients (>0.999) for the solvent- and matrix-matched calibrations. The recovery rates of TDF and TDN in R. roxburghii ranged from 90.18% to 100.42%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.25%–9.22%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg·kg−1. The half-life of TDF in R. roxburghii was between 2.74 and 3.07 days, with terminal residues ranging from < LOQ to 1.84 mg·kg−1. Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs) and safe pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) for TDF in R. roxburghii were 0.5 mg·kg−1 and 21 days, respectively. This study provides essential data for TDF's safe and judicious use in R. roxburghii production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a mapping between a Schrödinger equation with a shifted nonlinear potential and the Navier–Stokes equation. Following a generalization of the Madelung transformations, we show that the inclusion of the Bohm quantum potential plus the laplacian of the phase field in the nonlinear term leads to continuity and momentum equations for a dissipative incompressible Navier–Stokes fluid. An alternative solution, built using a complex quantum diffusion, is also discussed. The present models may capture dissipative effects in quantum fluids, such as Bose–Einstein condensates, as well as facilitate the formulation of quantum algorithms for classical dissipative fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop an action principle for producing a single-fluid two-constituent system with dissipation in general relativity. The two constituents in the model are particles and entropy. The particle flux creation rate is taken to be zero, while the entropy creation rate is non-zero. Building on previous work, it is demonstrated that a new term (the proper time derivative of the matter space "metric") is required in the Lagrangian in order to produce terms typically associated with bulk and shear viscosity. Equations of motion, entropy creation rate, and energy–momentum–stress tensor are derived. Using an Onsager approach of identifying thermodynamic "forces" and "fluxes", a model is produced which delivers the same entropy creation rate as the standard, relativistic Navier–Stokes equations. This result is then contrasted with a model generated in the spirit of the action principle, which takes as its starting point a specific Lagrangian and then produces the equations of motion, entropy creation rate, and energy–momentum–stress tensor. Unlike the equations derived from Onsager reasoning, where the analogs of the bulk and shear viscosity coefficients are prescribed "externally", we find that the forms of the coefficients in the second example are a direct result of the specified Lagrangian. Furthermore, the coefficients are shown to satisfy evolution equations along the fluid worldline, also a product of the specific Lagrangian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imazethapyr is the most common herbicide used for weed management in pulses. A field trial was carried out with imazethapyr 10% SL formulation at 100 and 150 g a.i./ha application rates, as pre-and post-emergence, to study dissipation of imazethapyr in soil, persistence in urdbean plant, terminal residues in urdbean grains and effect on soil microbes. An acetate buffered- quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was validated for imazethapyr residue analysis. The half-life of imazethapyr in soil ranged from 15.12 to 18.02 days. The residues of imazethapyr persist up to 60 days in soil and up to 7–15 days in urdbean plant. Residues were not detected in grains at the time of harvest. Persistence of imazethapyr residues in soil significantly impact soil microbial populations depending on herbicide application rates and timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equations of quantum hydrodynamics were obtained from the Schrödinger equation considering dissipation, which in the semiclassical limit are reduced to the conventional equations of hydrodynamics of an ideal fluid. An analytical solution to the hydrodynamic equations was found in the quantum shock wave approximation in one- and two-dimensional cases. The dissipative function can be found using a nonequilibrium approach. A comparison was made with experimental data to describe the emission of protons in collisions of medium-sized atomic nuclei of intermediate energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of Ar and N2 densities at 160–250 km altitude from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) during February 2015–February 2023 are analyzed to provide a comprehensive analysis of their diurnal‐ and zonal‐mean (DZM) structures, and ZM (solar‐synchronous) diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) tides. After applying a solar flux trend correction, multi‐year binning and averaging with respect to longitude, local solar time (LST), latitude and Ls at each height results in the first full global picture of these components of the ZM thermosphere for a single climatological Mars year. The following new observational insights into Mars thermosphere are obtained: The DZM N2 latitude versus Ls (latvsLs) structures contain a prominent latitudinally‐symmetric annual component (∼±25%–35%) due to the eccentricity of Mars orbit around the Sun, and an antisymmetric component (∼±30%–45%) below about 190 km that is seasonally‐symmetric and thus consistent with the tilt of Mars rotation axis. Aperiodic deviations from these symmetries increase with height and are tentatively attributed to dissipation of waves originating in the lower atmosphere. DW1 and SW2 maximize around 200–220 km altitude, suggesting existence of an unknown dissipation mechanism at higher altitudes. The DZM, DW1 and SW2 components of Ar generally exceed those of N2 by factors of 1.4–2.5. The scale heights of Ar and N2 between 205 and 245 km are also employed to derive DZM exosphere temperatures, which reflect aperiodic ∼±15K deviations from the annual‐mean in the latvsLs frame. Key Points: DZM of N2 and Ar densities (160–250 km) at Mars contain periodic latitude‐Ls variabilities due to Mars eccentric orbit and its axial tiltAperiodic latitude‐Ls variabilities in DZM N2 and Ar are potentially attributable to dissipation of waves from the lower atmosphereDZM exosphere temperatures derived from N2 and Ar scale heights (205–245 km) are aperiodic in the latitude‐Ls frame and are of order ±15K [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTrihybrid nanofluid exhibits significantly higher thermal conductivity compared to individual nanoparticles. This enhanced thermal conductivity is especially notable at low concentrations, leading to improved heat transfer efficiency. Hence, trihybrid nanofluids have potential practical applications in various heat transfer systems, cooling, and heating processes. This study investigates the entropy-based thermal aspects of MHD trihybrid nanofluid composed of MgO, TiO2, and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in combination with water as the base fluid. The analysis is conducted between two parallel plates that are subjected to squeezing motion. Novel aspects encompassing thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, reaction, and temperature-dependent viscosity are taken into consideration. The governing PDEs are transformed into a system of ODEs using appropriate similarity transformations. The numerical solution is achieved through the implementation of the RKF method with a shooting technique. The effects of emerging parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration profiles, and engineering quantities are investigated and discussed through graphs and tables. The outcomes indicate that suction and magnetic fields cause a 7.50% decrease in nanofluid velocity due to augmented squeezing and medium factors. The temperature increases by 8% in trihybrid nanofluids with stronger radiation. An increase in the reaction leads to a decrease in the concentration of CoFe2O4/H2O nanofluid by 5.53%. An escalation in the Brinkman number results in simultaneous increments of 6.04% in entropy and 4.83% in the Bejan number. Magnetic field strength reduces friction by 2.46% on both plates. Enhancing the radiation parameter leads to a 7.31% rise in heat transfer at the lower plate, but it declines by 4.49% at the upper plate. Higher concentration ratios lead to 5% higher Sherwood numbers on both plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field and lab experiments explored tetraniliprole dissipation in chili plants. A supervised trial in Devarayapuram village, Coimbatore, assessed the CO2 chili variety (December–March 2018–2019). Using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), samples were collected up to 15 d post-application. Initial tetraniliprole deposits on chili fruits, 1-h post-spray, were 0.898 and 1.271 μg g−1 at single and double doses. Over 80% dissipated within 5 d, reaching below detection limits by day 7 and 10 for single and double doses, respectively. Transformation analysis favored first-order kinetics. Tetraniliprole half-life on chili fruit was 1.49 and 1.53 d at recommended and double doses. The safe waiting period was 4.16 and 5.04 d for 60 and 120 g a.i ha−1. This study provides insights into tetraniliprole dynamics in chili plants, crucial for effective pesticide management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the dissipation pattern, risk assessment, and waiting period of myclobutanil on apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) under temperate conditions in Kashmir, India. The study involved the application of myclobutanil 10 WP at a single recommended dosage (125 g a.i. ha−1) and double dosage (250 g a.i. ha−1) on Red Velox apple trees, 2 months before harvest. GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used to analyze myclobutanil residues in fruit samples. The study revealed that myclobutanil, at both recommended and double recommended doses, dissipated rapidly and became nondetectable after 55 and 60 days, respectively. The waiting period for myclobutanil application was determined to be 12.41 days for the single dose and 25.58 days for the double dose, respectively. These waiting periods were based on the maximum residue limit of 0.6 ppm as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, and European Commission. The study concludes that myclobutanil 10 WP is safe for consumers at both recommended and double recommended doses when applied 2 months before harvest. Risk assessment, considering the average daily apple consumption in India and theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs), indicates negligible health hazards even at double the recommended dosage. The calculated TMRC values at Day 0 were significantly below the maximum permissible intake. For average and maximum myclobutanil residues at single and double doses, the TMRC values were found to be 0.0069 and 0.0070 mg day−1 person−1 and 0.0105 and 0.0106 mg day−1 person−1, respectively. These results indicate that myclobutanil, when used according to recommended dosages and waiting periods, poses minimal health risks to consumers. The study emphasizes the importance of prudent fungicide use to minimize fungicide residues on fruits, thereby ensuring their safety for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by a paper by Puglisi and Truskinovsky (P&T) on dissipation in plastic behavior of materials, I briefly revisit an article of mine on fluid foams, showing that the kind of dissipation by instability discussed by P&T applies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference (Ericksen in Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 45:545–554, 1992), a short and dense paper by J.L. Ericksen, is taken as a primary source of terms frequently used in continuum thermodynamics, in an attempt to make their significance as precise as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the insecticide tolerance and dissipation potential of five Trichoderma isolates, namely T. asperellum (4 isolates) and T. harzianum (single isolate), to thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole in treated liquid medium and tomato fruit. The isolates were identified using ITS gene amplification and sequencing regions. In vitro tolerance was assessed using a poisoned medium technique, with mycelial placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA.) media supplemented with commercial insecticides at recommended doses. Dissipation potential was determined using the isolates after independently inoculating them into PDB liquid media with Actara and Voliam Flexi. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole was almost zero, and the five isolates were competent to reach 9 cm growth like the control after 96 h of incubation at 25°C ± 2°C. Mycelial fresh weights of T. harzianum EGY-T4 and T. asperellum EGY-T5 were significantly equal to their respective control without insecticide. T. asperellum EGY-T1 had the highest dissipation rate of 36% and 30% for thiamethoxam in Actara and Voliam Flexi when applied at the higher dose of 100 mg L-1. The dissipation rate of thiamethoxam was recorded at 92.2% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1, reducing the PHI from 7 to 4 days. Chlorantraniliprole was dissipated to the extent of 51.3 and 99.5% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1 and T. harzianum EGY-T4, respectively, with residues reaching up to 0.12 and 0.21 mg kg-1 after one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Impacts of mineral resource use on the availability of resources can be assessed using a broad range of methods. Until recently, life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) models have been based on resource extraction. As extracted resources are not necessarily "lost" for future use, recent methodological developments have shifted the focus from resource extraction to resource dissipation. This paper aims at reviewing dissipation-based LCIA methods, testing them in a case study, analyzing potential implications for the product environmental footprint (PEF), and providing recommendations for future method development. Method: Five recently developed LCIA methods have been reviewed and compared based on 22 criteria, such as the forms and time horizons of dissipation considered, scientific publication, and number of characterization factors (CFs). Additionally, the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) method has been included to serve as a non-dissipation-based reference. All methods are tested in a case study on a theoretical product, designed solely for demonstration purposes, and consisting of 1 kg of the metals aluminum, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. In addition to the absolute LCIA results, the contributions of metal production stages and individual resource extractions/emissions have been investigated. Finally, normalization and weighting have been carried out to analyze consequences of replacing ADP with the new dissipation-based methods in the context of PEF. Results and discussion: Most recently developed LCIA methods take a long-term perspective, cover emissions of resources to the environment (and partly technosphere), and vary in the number of CFs and resources covered. The case study results obtained by ADP are dominated by the molybdenum dataset; the results of the dissipation-based LCIA methods are strongly influenced by the cobalt dataset. All results are strongly sensitive to the LCI database used (ecoinvent or GaBi). Normalization and weighting revealed that the mineral resource use impact result dominates the aggregated PEF score (57%), when using the currently recommended ADP model. Shifting from the resource extraction-based ADP to dissipation-based models can reduce the contribution to 23% or < 1% depending on the method. Conclusion: The development of methods addressing mineral resource use in LCIA has shifted from resource extraction to dissipation. The analyzed methods are applicable and lead to different findings than the extraction-based ADP. Using the newly developed methods in the context of PEF would significantly change the relevance of the mineral resource use impact category in comparison to other environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: When resources are extracted and used by society, they are not necessarily lost for future generations. Therefore, recent publications on impact assessment of abiotic resource use in life cycle assessment focus on a decreased accessibility of resources due to dissipation, rather than depletion. In a previous study, dissipation was defined as a function of the global change in accessible stock due to human actions, and the global amount of the accessible stock, assuming a very long-term time perspective (more than 500 years). In this paper, a short-term time perspective (25 years) is adopted. Methods: The same generic characterization model is used, but different choices are outlined to derive characterization factors for a short-term perspective (25 years). To illustrate how the short term might be approached, a preliminary set of characterization factors is developed, based on assumptions and estimates. Results: The problem of resource use is defined as follows: the decrease of accessibility on a global level of primary and/or secondary elements over the short term due to the net result of compromising actions (i.e., emissions, dissipation in the technosphere, occupation in use, and exploration for new stocks). Characterization factors are derived based on assumptions, like the following: the accessible stock is based on present estimates of accessible stocks in the environment and the technosphere; estimates of accessible stocks in the technosphere are based on past extractions and generic recycling rates; all flows that are presently not recycled are assumed to be inaccessible. Finally, weighting between elements and the functions they have for the present society is based on the added value of the economic sector that is affected due to the decreased accessibility. Discussion and conclusion: A preliminary set of characterization factors is proposed for 55 elements. They assess the impact of the present use of resources on the decreased accessibility in the short term due to emissions and dissipation in the technosphere. However, calculation of impact category scores is still hampered by a lack of appropriate data for dissipative flows in life cycle inventory databases. The presented calculations are based on several simplifications and proxies. A more detailed distinction of dissipative flows and estimates of stocks in the technosphere may be possible based on (dynamic) SFA modelling of elements in different applications. To derive a more mature set of characterization factors, it is recommended to use the presented model as a basis and further elaborate or replace the proxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissipative and constrained dynamical systems model various physical phenomena comprising damping and constraining forces. These forces give rise to specific geometric properties of the dynamical system's governing equations. In this paper, we reduce and solve high-dimensional parameterized constrained and damped nonlinear differential equations with structure-preserving algorithms. These algorithms preserve the constrained equation's geometric properties, such as conformal symplecticness and phase-space, through model order reduction and numerical integration. We develop a reduced model based on an orthosymplectic reduced basis and establish the well-posedness and conformal symplecticness of the reduced model. Moreover, we derive a priori error bounds for state space and constraints errors. Subsequently, we utilize two RATTLE-based integrators to simulate the full and reduced models while preserving their geometric properties. Numerical experiments on constrained damped oscillators and a constrained lattice grid justify theoretical results and demonstrate the advantages of the structure-preserving computational methods for constrained dynamical systems.

Abstract Isaac Newton once contemplated the fall of an apple, setting in motion a revolution in the understanding of gravity. In a similar spirit of curiosity and inquiry, here a journey is embarked upon to explore the intricate world of viscoelastic damping for polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS). Inspired by the notion that even the simplest of phenomena can yield profound insights, a novel approach to study damping in silicone elastomers through a simple ball drop test is introduced. This novel solution allowes for precise measuring and analyzing the material's damping characteristics under various conditions. By carefully controlling the release and monitoring, the response of the falling ball by simple video tracking, valuable insights into the key viscoelastic properties of silicone blends are extracted, including rebound resilience, Young's modulus, and complex modulus. Through the analysis of trajectory data generated during the sphere's interaction with the silicone damper, dynamic and static material parameters are determined. Remarkably, these outcomes closely align with results obtained from cost‐intensive and high‐maintenance industrial measurement setups such as dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA) or tensile testing. This approach not only simplifies the complexity of the system but also offers a cost‐effective and efficient means of gaining essential knowledge in material science.