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In this article, we define the technical requirements for a light field display to provide effective depth cues such as binocular disparity, motion parallax, and accommodation at a pixel resolution expected by the eye. These requirements are evaluated with respect to existing technologies (e.g.,integral imaging displays) or expected future ones (e.g., micro-light-emitting diode (LED) displays). Simulation of light field displays are proposed for different display sizes (smartphone, desktop, or TV), resolution per view, and pixel pitch. These simulations convey the main impact of the pixel pitch to reach the light field display goal in terms of depth cue requirements. The last part of the paper focusses on data generation issues: how to generate the necessary amount of views at the display side and what the adapted data formats are for such a purpose. The paper is associated with supplementary videos that will illustrate the view generation topic using a dedicated data format that is optimized for current graphics processing unit (GPU) processors. Video capture of early-stage light field displays will also be provided .

Haitham Jahrami,1,2 Mona Rashed,1,2 Maha M AlRasheed,3 Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,4 Zahra Saif,1 Omar Alhaj,5 Ahmed S BaHammam,6,7 Michael V Vitiello8 1Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; 2Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; 5Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan; 6Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11324, Saudi Arabia; 7The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 8Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, and Biobehavioral Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6560, USACorrespondence: Haitham JahramiMinistry of Health, Manama, Bahrain, P.O. Box: 12 Tel +973 17286334Fax +973 17270637Email hjahrami@health.gov.bhPurpose: NOMOPHOBIA (NO MObile PHone PhoBIA) or problematic smartphone use is a psychological disorder in which people are afraid of being cut off from their mobile phones. Currently, there has been no direct assessment of mobile phone screen size in the home setting and its effect on nomophobia and related symptoms, such as insomnia. Thus, we investigated the association between nomophobia, insomnia, and mobile phone screen size in a young adult population in Bahrain.Patients and Methods: Using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, we surveyed participants aged 18 to 35 between August and September 2020 using an online questionnaire. Participants completed demographic questions and questions about personal mobile phones, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The mobile phone screen size was determined using an open-source online database. Crude and adjusted regression analyses were fitted to examine the associations between the study variables.Results: A total of 549 individuals, 54% females, were included in the final analyses. One hundred and fourteen participants (21%) had severe nomophobia, and 81 (14%) had clinical insomnia. A strong positive pair-wise linear association was observed between NMP-Q and ISI β 0.15, P = 0.001. Age, sex, BMI, and mobile phone screen size showed no association with the NMP-Q.Conclusion: Nomophobia is very prevalent in young adult men and women, and it is closely associated with insomnia, regardless of mobile phone screen size, suggesting that mobile phone screen size should not be used as a proxy for hazardous usage.Keywords: blue light, insomnia, ISI, no mobile phone phobia, problematic smartphone use, sleep problems

Strong evidence supporting the top-down modulation of attention has come from studies in which participants learned to suppress a singleton in a heterogeneous four-item display. These studies have been criticized on the grounds that the displays are so sparse that the singleton is not actually salient. We argue that similar evidence of suppression has been found with substantially larger displays where salience is not in question. Additionally, we examine the results of applying salience models to four-item displays, and find prominent markers of salience at the location of the singleton. We conclude that small heterogeneous displays do not preclude strong salience signals. Beyond that, we reflect on how further basic research on salience may speed resolution of the attentional capture debate.

Responsive web design is a website design that can adjust each size on each device. Based on the results of several respondents, 60% of respondents agreed that some websites were not able to adjust the display size on the web, 50% of respondents agreed that design affects the convenience factor, 58% of respondents agreed that the main content and functionality of websites that are difficult to access via mobile devices, 53% of respondents agreed that the appearance of a website that was not attractive had a bad effect on the comfort factor of the respondents, 50% of respondents also agreed that the website was not able to adjust the size on every mobile device. From the results of this review, it can be concluded that an unresponsive website greatly affects the inconvenience of users in accessing information through the website.

Classic research in perception has suggested that visual context can impact how individuals perceive object characteristics like physical size. The current set of studies extends this work to an applied setting by examining whether smartphone display size can impact the perception of objects presented on smartphones. Participants viewed several target items, on two different sized virtual device displays based on actual consumer devices and were asked to make simple judgments of the size of presented objects. Results from both experiments confirm that display size impacts perceived size, such that larger displays cause users to significantly underestimate the size of objects moreso than smaller displays. This is the first study to confirm such an effect, and suggests that beyond aesthetics or cost, one’s personal choice of device might have additional performance consequences.

To better understand the impact of different screen sizes in cognitive training, study subjects performed an adaptive training task at three separate visual angles using a head-mounted display (HMD). Cognitive load was assessed using EEG and compared with task performance (accuracy and response time) for each condition. While previous studies found performance benefits corresponding to increased screen size in memory and learning tasks, our results suggest such benefits may only apply up to a visual angle of approximately 20°, after which increases in size become inversely correlated with task performance.

Smartphones are essential personal belongings today. However, smartphone buyers (SBs) are often hesitant in deciding what the best smartphone and rate plan to choose offered by telecom providers. Among many new smartphones, it is often difficult for users to choose the most suitable one in consideration of reaching the salient success aspiration level (SSAL) as close as possible, e.g., large battery capacity, and avoiding falling below the survival aspiration level (SAL) as far as possible, e.g., budget limitation, simultaneously. A novel hybrid weighted SSAL-SAL fuzzy goal programming (FGP) is proposed to assist SBs in finding satisfactory smartphones of their preferences with suitable rate plans. To meet different preferences, SBs can easily set different weights for each smartphone selection goal with linguistic terms, such as high, average, and low. In addition, these linguistic terms can easily be transformed into trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The weights are then attached to goals in the objective function in the weighted SSAL-SAL-FGP model for choosing the most suitable smartphone. Moreover, this study also allows SBs to set the goal satisfaction levels as a preemptive priority for each goal in the FGP to find the most suitable rate plan option for the selected smartphone. The proposed approach allows SBs to select the best smartphones with suitable rate plans considering their priority preferences. In addition, SBs can save costs and precious time in finding their ideal smartphones and rate plan options. Finally, various examples are used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed weighted SSAL-SAL-FGP model, which allows SBs to set different weights for each goal with the intuitive method, such as linguistic terms or preemptive priority to select appropriate smartphones with suitable rate plans to match their habits and budgets. Besides, this study distributed an online questionnaire to investigate smartphone owners and found that female smartphone owners consider the battery capacity and the weight of the smartphone more crucial than the other criteria, while male smartphone owners prefer a smartphone with bigger screen size.

The rapid development of technology, especially in the digital field, has had a huge influence on the development of laptop features and specifications today. With the development of increasingly diverse features and specifications, it often makes users confused in choosing a laptop that suits user needs. Based on this, the authors are interested in creating a decision support system to assist users in choosing a laptop that fits the desired criteria using the Topsis method. The type of data used by the author is primary data obtained through interviews and direct observation of laptop users. The purpose of this study is to assist laptop users in choosing a laptop that suits their needs. There are 10 criteria obtained based on observations and interviews, namely price (C1), RAM (C2), Hard drive (C3), processor (C4), screen size (C5), VGA (C6), battery (C7), Laptop Weight (C8), and Warranty (C9). Secondary data were obtained through literature study and scientific writing related to laptop selection and the TOPSIS method. This research produces output that meets the objectives, which can assist users in choosing the laptop that best suits their needs and can facilitate users in the decision-making process so as to produce accurate, effective and efficient information.

Objectives: Computer usage has rapidly grown. This is because it helps to resolve problems, i.e., encountered in daily life by individuals. Various monitor screens that have been developed affect the user’s eyes. Screen size is one of the relevant impacts. Thus, this study compared the immediate effects of two computer screen sizes on visual fatigue in Video Display Terminal (VDT) users. Methods: Twenty female VDT users participated in this study. Using a randomized block design for the study, the study participants randomly drew a ballot to determine the order of using an 18.5-inch and 23-inch computer screen size. The research participants were assessed by a visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score before and after using both computer screen sizes. They were tested in an ergonomic computer workstation for 2 hours. Besides, where they rested between each workstation for ≥30 minutes or until presetting no eye fatigue symptoms. The relevant data were compared between before and after using the computers and between the two different screen sizes. Results: The collected results suggested no significant difference in the visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score between using either computer screen sizes (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in the visual fatigue score, critical flicker frequency, and dry eye score between before and after computer screen usage (P

Mobile- and web-based psychological research are a valuable addition to the set of tools available for scientific study, reducing logistical barriers for research participation and allowing the recruitment of larger and more diverse participant groups. However, this comes at the cost of reduced control over the technology used by participants, which can introduce new sources of variability into study results. In this study, we examined differences in measured performance on timed and untimed cognitive tests between users of common digital devices in 59,587 (Study 1) and 3818 (Study 2) visitors to TestMyBrain.org , a web-based cognitive testing platform. Controlling for age, gender, educational background, and cognitive performance on an untimed vocabulary test, users of mobile devices, particularly Android smartphones, showed significantly slower performance on tests of reaction time than users of laptop and desktop computers, suggesting that differences in device latency affect measured reaction times. Users of devices that differ in user interface (e.g. screen size, mouse vs. touchscreen) also show significant differences (p

Smartphones nowadays have become the most globally demanded electronic devices. Each year, almost thousands of new smartphone models are launched by different brands having diverse specifications and variable price range. Due to the availability of large smartphone quantity in the market, sometimes the buyers get confused about the most appropriate model to buy at low price with respect to descent hardware specifications. This research article states such a type of decision problem and solves it using multi-criteria decision-making techniques that enable the mobile users to select the best smartphone model. The main objective of the study is to choose the best smartphone model among 10 selected models available in the market with the help of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE) where FAHP based on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is used to evaluate the criteria weights and PROMETHEE is used to propose the preference ranking order of the alternatives. Seven important specifications (i.e., criteria), namely price, storage capacity, RAM, battery, screen size, camera and clock speed, are considered based on which the selection procedure is carried out. PROMETHEE I provides the partial alternatives ranking and shows the mode of preference of each model over other models, whereas PROMETHEE II delivers the complete ranking of the alternatives which recommends Realme 5i and Samsung J6 Plus as the best and worst model, respectively, among the group.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers are facing unprecedented challenges that affect our ability to run in-person experiments. With mandated social distancing in a controlled laboratory environment, many researchers are searching for alternative options to conduct research, such as online experimentation. However, online experimentation comes at a cost; learning online tools for building and publishing psychophysics experiments can be complicated and time-consuming. This learning cost is unfortunate because researchers typically only need to use a small percentage of these tools' capabilities, but they still have to deal with these systems' complexities (e.g., complex graphical user interfaces or difficult programming languages). Furthermore, after the experiment is built, researchers often have to find an online platform compatible with the tool they used to program the experiment. To simplify and streamline the online process of programming and hosting an experiment, I have created SimplePhy. SimplePhy can save researchers' time and energy by allowing them to create a study in just a few clicks. All researchers have to do is select among a few experiment settings and upload the stimuli. SimplePhy is able to run most psychophysical perception experiments that require mouse clicks and button presses. In addition to collecting online behavioral data, SimplePhy can also collect information regarding the estimated viewing distance between the participant and the monitor, the screen size, and the experimental trial's timing-features not always offered in other online platforms. Overall, SimplePhy is a simple, free, open-source tool (code can be found here: https://gitlab.com/malago/simplephy ) aimed to help labs conduct their experiments online.