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Across the destination countries of migration, i.e. migrant-receiving countries, in Europe there has been an increasing emphasis on return and reintegration programmes. These programmes particularly target rejected asylum-seekers forced to return, irregular migrants unable to legalise their stay in the migration country and migrants wishing to return of their own volition. Reintegration commonly refers to the processes that unfold after the return of migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons to their country of origin or place of residence as they set about trying to re-establish their lives. However, the reintegration trajectories of assisted and non-assisted returning migrants in different contexts have scarcely been researched. Funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) under a Special Initiative on "Tackling the root causes of displacement and (re-)integrating refugees", BICC has undertaken over the past four years (2019-2022) a qualitative research project entitled "Trajectories of reintegration" designed to tackle this desideratum. This Synthesis Report brings together selected findings of the project’s empirical studies in the Western Balkans (Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo), West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, the Gambia) and the Middle East (Iraq). The BICC project team conducted an in-depth, long-term investigation into reintegration trajectories focusing on the perceptions, experiences and strategies of returning migrants. We collected data through in-depth qualitative interviews, life-stories, informal conversations and observations. The interview sample includes returnees who were displaced persons (refugees, rejected asylum-seekers), long-term labour migrants, ‘irregular’ migrants, student migrants, and circular or seasonal migrants. We conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, including government officials, municipal actors and representatives of local NGOs and development agencies. The project team also cooperated closely with local researchers and research assistants, integrating their feedback into the ongoing research findings. To this end we ran training courses and organised several stakeholder workshops in the countries of research.

Disruption of health services due to the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to derail progress being made in tuberculosis control efforts. Forcibly displaced people and migrant populations face particular vulnerabilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which leaves them at further risk of developing TB. They inhabit environments where measures such as "physical distancing" are impossible to realize and where facilities like camps and informal temporary settlements can easily become sites of rapid disease transmission. In this viewpoint we utilize three case studies-from Peru, South Africa, and Syria-to illustrate the lived experience of forced migration and mobile populations, and the impact of COVID-19 on TB among these populations. We discuss the dual pandemics of TB and COVID-19 in the context of migration through a syndemic lens, to systematically address the upstream social, economic, structural and political factors that - in often deleterious dynamics - foster increased vulnerabilities and risk. Addressing TB, COVID-19 and migration from a syndemic perspective, not only draws systematic attention to comorbidity and the relevance of social and structural context, but also helps to find solutions: the true reality of syndemic interactions can only be fully understood by considering a particular population and bio- social context, and ensuring that they receive the comprehensive care that they need. It also provides avenues for strengthening and expanding the existing infrastructure for TB care to tackle both COVID-19 and TB in migrants and refugees in an integrated and synergistic manner.

The article focuses attention on the factors that became catalysts for the adoption of Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, which establishes the presence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC and introduces temporary protection. The above-mentioned decision became the basis for the appearance of a legal regime for the stay of Ukrainian citizens in the EU, which did not exist before - this is the regime of temporary protection. Focuses on the Council conclusions of 27 May 1999 on displaced persons from Kosovo, Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof. The article highlights all existing legal regimes of a Ukrainian citizen's stay in the EU (temporary protection; tourist; refugee) and characterizes them. It is emphasized that the regime of temporary protection is limited in time, it is not the same as permanent protection and that it provides that EU member states take measures necessary for the voluntary return of persons who enjoy temporary protection or whose temporary protection has expired - to Ukraine. If the legal regime of a tourist - a citizen of Ukraine independently ensures his stay in an EU member state, he does not have the right to work in the EU. Refugee status can be acquired by a citizen of Ukraine who proves that he has a justified danger of being persecuted because of race, religion, nationality, belonging to a certain social group or political beliefs. Under the legal status of a refugee, a person gains access to the labor market if the application for granting refugee status has not received a final review within 9 months. It is emphasized that EU law establishes only minimum standards of protection that each EU member state must ensure. National protection standards (EU member countries) are higher compared to EU standards., В статті акцентується увага на чинниках, які стали каталізаторами прийняття Імплементаційного рішення Ради (ЄС) 2022/382, що встановлює наявність масового напливу переміщених осіб з України у розумінні статті 5 Директиви 2001/55/ЄС та запроваджує тимчасовий захист. Вище зазначене рішення стало підгрунтям для появи правового режиму перебування громадян України в ЄС, якого раніше не існувало – це режим тимчасового захисту. Фокусується увага на ухвалених 27 травня 1999 року Радою висновках щодо переміщених осіб із Косово, Директиві Ради 2001/55/ЄС від 20 липня 2001 року про мінімальні стандарти для надання тимчасового захисту у разі масового напливу переміщених осіб та про заходи, що сприяють збалансованості зусиль між державами-членами щодо прийому таких осіб та відповідальності за наслідки такого прийому. В статті виокремлено всі існуючі на сьогодні правові режими перебування громадянина України в ЄС (тимчасовий захист; турист; біженець) та охарактеризовано їх. Підкреслюється, що режим тимчасового захисту є обмеженим у часі, він не тотожній постійному захисту та що він передбачає, що держави-члени ЄС вживають заходів, необхідних для добровільного повернення осіб, які користуються тимчасовим захистом або тимчасовий захист яких закінчився.- до України. Якщо правовий режим туриста – громадянин України самостійно забезпечує своє перебування в державі-члені ЄС, не має права на працю в ЄС. Статус біженця може набути громадянин України, який доведе, що у нього є обґрунтована небезпека бути переслідуваним через расу, релігію, національність, належність до певної соціальної групи чи політичні переконання. При правовому режимі біженця особа отримує доступ до ринку праці, якщо заява про надання статусу біженця протягом 9 місяців не отримала остаточного розгляду. Підкреслюється, що правом ЄС встановлено лише мінімальні стандарти захисту, які має забезпечити кожна країна-учасниця ЄС. Національні стандарти захисту (країни-учасниці ЄС) є вищими, порівняно зі стандартами ЄС.

The existing critical literature on NGOs operating in the context of European migration has interrogated their involvement in systems of state surveillance and neoliberal governmentality. We supplement this with a critical political economy perspective which reveals the implication of the humanitarian sector in broader systems of capital accumulation. We draw on two related critical literatures, on Racial Capitalism and Relative Surplus Populations (RSPs), to explore the complex role that NGOs, both large and grassroots, serve in managing displaced populations at the borders of Europe. By introducing the concepts of the ‘migration fix’, secondary exploitation and racialisation, we show how NGOs are implicated, often unwittingly, in the production and management of displaced people as surplus populations, through their dequalification, categorisation and containment. We conclude by exploring the political dilemmas generated by this situation with regard to the practice of NGOs, as well as the possibility for alternative forms of solidarity.

PurposeThis study aims to understand the contributions and challenges of voluntary organizations towards the integration of refugees into the job market.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive research with a qualitative approach based on interpretivism was used, applied to mediators of social entities in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.FindingsThe findings of this study support the importance of voluntary organizations in the employment of refugees, based on background that will contribute directly to the training of displaced persons in the Brazilian labor market. Meanwhile, difficulties such as post-employment refugee monitoring, legislative obstacles to the verification of skills, structural and human capital limitations of mediators, the national economic crisis and the lack of government support are identified as the main challenges for long-term assistance to refugees.Practical implicationsThe results of the study can foster greater participation of public policymakers and society in supporting the third sector, aiming at a greater reach in the provision of services of mediators for the effective integration of refugees in Brazil.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on the integration of refugees into the labor market by demonstrating the importance of voluntary organizations in this process. It also demonstrates how the main challenges of the third sector in the Brazilian context impact its support in facilitating and maintaining the employment of displaced persons.

Since over a decade of conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin region, different measures have been adopted to regulate the mobility of displaced persons in border cities. Mubi—like other transit sites—is both a place of care and control, of incentivization and eviction and of inclusion and exclusion. To nuance these contradictions, I argue that we might have to pay attention to arrival practices in transit sites, particularly the encounter with infrastructures, which are intertwined and profoundly co-constitutive of the displaced persons’ realities. In transit sites, arrival is practised and lived temporally and relationally among the displaced persons, despite the conditions of exile and immobility. Urban infrastructures (such as marketplaces, transit camps and living rooms) transform and enact the strategy adopted by the displaced persons to navigate daily life and to ‘move on’ from conditions of exile and confinement. Moving on, in this sense, is a strategy to overcome the disruption of the temporality of arrival practices from the Nigerian state regulation of mobility through incentivization and encampment policies. I demonstrate that both incentivization and encampment aim towards a common goal, which is to render displaced persons invisible in urban centres while becoming a raw material for capital production. The regulation enables a new form of unplanned spaces to emerge that are hyper-visible and super-precarious at the urban margins. This paper calls for a critical perspective on humanitarian urbanism in the Global South.

In spite of various policy initiatives and institutional frameworks, a good number of school-age children roam the streets of Nigeria. Nigeria unduly tops the rank in the total number of out-of-school children in the global scene. Now, about 16 million Out-Of-School Children (OOSC) live in Nigeria, and this means that about one out of five OOSC in the world relate to Nigeria. The number has increased from 8.7 million in 2014 to 13.2 million and 16 million in 2015/2019, respectively. But, this number reduced to 6.95 million in 2020. The breakdown of people in the out-of-school set includes children with disabilities; nomadic groups, comprising of pastoralists and migrants fishing groups; Almajiri students and displaced people due to violent Nigeria conflicts, mostly Northern states like Adamawa, Yobe and Borno. These schools are bedecked with series of schools which have been closed, and they amount to roughly 802, out of which classrooms of about 497 were practically sabotaged, while another 1,392 were entirely damaged. It is absolutely patent that the unadulterated surge in the hiking number of out-of-school children in Nigeria is traceable to the reinforced cases of insecurity, feeble institutional and policy structure, norms and traditions of the people, poverty, and total excommunication of children with disabilities in consideration of policies. This unearthed the OOSC fragments and the plausible instigations of the growing occupants in Nigeria. While this study adopts qualitative approach, it banks largely on secondary data to find out the perplexing population of the out-of-school children. The study concludes that, albeit series of government policy interventions have helped reduce the number of OOSC in 2020, more strategic actions need to be taken to further cushion the growth of the menace of OOSC in the country. Hence, the study proposes some recommendations to reinvigorate the decreasing trend of the OOSC. Key words: Out-of-school children, causes, Nigeria educational system, legal and policy interventions.

Displaced persons are exposed to trauma and experience posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS). Many displaced Muslims come from communities that rely on religious practices to cope with traumatic experiences, and religious coping has been identified as predictive of posttraumatic growth (PTG). Discrimination may contribute to increased PTS and promote in-group identification. In this study, we hypothesized that perceived discrimination would enhance the relationship between religious coping and PTG. Results indicated that religious coping predicted PTG, but the overall interaction with discrimination was not significant. However, probing moderating effects at discrete levels of discrimination yielded enhanced relationship between religious coping and PTG at its mean and above until reaching the highest values of discrimination. For individuals who experience moderate to high levels of discrimination, religious coping increased PTG. These findings highlight the essential role of religious coping in promoting growth for many Muslims exposed to forced migration and elevated levels of discrimination.

Актуальність. Здоров’я дітей та підлітків є найбільш яскравим показником благополуччя нації, стану економічної та соціальної сфери. Тому особливо гостро на даний час стоїть питання щодо раннього виявлення і своєчасного лікування дівчаток з порушеннями статевого розвитку та розладами менструальної функції, особливо тих, які зазнали сильний психоемоційний вплив. Перебування людини в травматичній ситуації не обмежується розвитком психологічних наслідків, страждає також фізичне, соматичне, репродуктивне здоров’я. Все це вимагає комплексних і міждисциплінарних досліджень. Мета дослідження: вивчення особливостей фізичного, статевого розвитку та менструальної функції у дівчаток із зони військового конфлікту на сході країни, які знаходяться на лікуванні в ДУ «Інститут охорони здоров’я дітей та підлітків НАМН України». Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 192 дівчинки 7–17 років, які надійшли в різні відділення інституту. Проводились антропометричні дослідження за загальноприйнятими методиками з використанням центильних таблиць. Статевий розвиток визначався за інтенсивністю розвитку вторинних статевих ознак відповідно до класифікації J. Tanner. Оцінювалися час старту менструальної функції та особливості її становлення. Результати. Репродуктивний потенціал дівчаток із зони військового конфлікту має високий рівень відхилень, що виражається в погіршенні фізичного розвитку, розладах статевого дозрівання і порушеннях менструальної функції. Причому у дівчаток, які постраждали в результаті бойових дій на сході країни, він виглядає гірше, ніж у школярок з основної популяції. Виявлено особливості порушень фізичного, статевого розвитку та менструальної функції у дівчаток із зони безпосередньо збройного конфлікту, сірої зони і переселенців. Висновки. Вивчення і розуміння проблем дітей, які постраждали в результаті військового конфлікту, динамічна оцінка їх фізичного, статевого розвитку, становлення менструальної функції необхідні для розробки ефективних програм допомоги цим дітям. Це дасть можливість вчасно розпочати лікувальні заходи з відновлення репродуктивного потенціалу та попередити репродуктивні втрати в майбутньому.

Incidence of Displacement has been a common issue in the journey of development, and the people who are displaced have often been offered rehabilitation in the form of low-income housing. But those rehabilitations are rarely the coveted solutions to the everyday problems of the poor, neither are they the dream housing complex the poor are made to believe. Rehabilitations are often planned arbitrarily, without proper planning and programme, and the result of the lack of sincerity of the authorities in rehabilitation of the displaced people are paid for by the poor, displaced people. The rehabilitated people, in most cases, are given small spaces to live, notwithstanding the size of the families. This leads to an overcrowded household, sometimes a family of six people are clumped together in a one room flat. The rehabilitated also face the problem of income in the new place, where the Government moved the people, but barely thought of any economic amenities in the surrounding area. The problem of clean drinking water and sanitation has also been noteworthy problems in the rehabilitated places. If displacement could not be avoided, and the question of rehabilitation follows, it is imperative for the authorities to plan fruitful rehabilitation programmes so that the people are not further impoverished, but instead, be empowered. KEYWORDS- Displacement, Eviction, Migration and Resettlement, Rehabilitation

In the last decades, the number of natural disasters has considerably increased which has an extreme effect on the built environment. In this case, most buildings undergo severe damages and plenty of them totally breakdown which is one of the strongest impacts of a disaster. Egypt is considered as one of the countries that is exposed to unexpected natural hazards as a result of climate change, floods, earthquakes, etc. Thus, the main objective is to find solutions through temporary dwellings for displaced people to help them find an alternative residence. The paper is divided into three parts. First, it explores the fundamentals of design and construction of temporary dwellings based on diverse experiences from different contexts. Second, it analyzes the Nubian resettlement as a case study. Finally, the third part proposes a sustainable model for temporary dwelling solutions that act as a road map for flexible implementation.

Resumen En el presente artículo se analizará la legislación aplicable en torno al desplazamiento forzado interno en México en el marco de los Derechos Humanos y de la protección humanitaria que es necesaria para proteger a las personas desplazadas en el Estado por las condiciones de violencia que se viven y que son una de las principales razones de este fenómeno. Así mismo, se hará un breve análisis sobre lo que implica la violencia y la cultura en el desplazamiento interno en México. Abstract This article will analyze the applicable legislation towards the forced internal displacement in Mexico within the Human Rights’ scope, and the humanitarian protection necessary to protect displaced people in the Country due to the conditions of violence experienced by them, which are one of the main reasons for this phenomenon. Likewise, a short analysis will be made about what both violence and culture implies in this internal displacement in Mexico.

حاولنا في البحث دراسة أهم الجوانب المتعلقة بحماية اللاجئين والمهجرين بموجب أحکام القانون الدولي الإنساني من خلال البحث في المواد القانونية التي تضمنتها اتفاقيات جنيف الأربعة لعام 1949 والبروتوکولين الإضافيين الملحقين بهما لعام 1977 التي تشکل حجر أساس للقانون الدولي الإنساني وکذلک قواعد القانون الدولي الإنساني، العرفي والاتفاقيات الدولية والمبادئ التوجيهية المتعلقة بالتشرد الداخلي (الصادرة عن الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة) من حيث تحديد المفهوم الخاص باللاجئ والمهجر وتحديد الآليات الخاصة بحمايتهم أثناء النزاعات المسلحة الدولية وغير الدولية. Abstract: The project study tries to study the most important aspects protecting displaced and refugees under the provisions of international humanitarian law by searching in the legal articles which is included in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977, which constitute the cornerstone of international humanitarian law, as well as the rules of customary international humanitarian law and international conventions. interims of specifying the concept of refugees and displaced by determining the specific way of protecting during international and non-international armed conflicts.

Background: In less time than it takes to read this sentence, someone somewhere in the world will be forcibly displaced. With exponential increases in displacement likely to continue, research into the resettlement experiences and mental health of forcibly displaced people is essential. There is an abundance of research pertaining to the mental health and wellbeing of refugee populations and research that investigates societal attitudes towards refugees. However, there is a little research on the direct impacts of societal attitudes on the mental health and wellbeing of those from a refugee-like background, particularly young people. Method: This scoping review seeks to systematically explore the academic and grey literature around both positive and negative societal attitudes in host countries, and the subsequent positive and negative impacts on young people from a refugee-like background. The search strategy consists of synonyms for the four basic constructs (youth, displaced people, mental health, attitudes). Six scholarly databases and grey literature will be searched. To be included in the Review, papers must study the affective component of attitudes in host countries, as well as reporting on the mental health impacts on young people from a refugee-like background. Findings will be thematically analysed using NVivo and presented in the full Scoping Review.

The purpose of this paper is to find out the problem of fulfilling the right to express opinions and violations of the right to health in Indonesia. This type of research is normative legal research specifically discussing human rights in the field of expressing opinions and rights to health. Data analysis in this study was carried out systematically based on the research problems described qualitatively. In relation to expressing opinions in public, such as demonstrations or demonstrations with many participants, restrictions on freedom are usually associated with "public order" or public orders. The most difficult is how to provide a balance between freedom and public order. Demonstrations by a number of doctors certainly have an impact on patient care, which in principle has harmed the public interest. In addition, the demonstration by blocking the road body certainly hurts the public interest, namely the interests of all road users. Based on the results of Komnas HAM's investigation, at least 15 types of human rights violations were affected by Lapindo mudflow victims. The problem when it is associated with the right to health is in the form of: not a few refugees whose health is disrupted resulting in people falling ill and some dying due to the absence of a proper environment for displaced people; and gas contaminated air and clean water facilities that are damaged are not handled properly by the government. Keywords: human rights, freedom of opinion, right to health

As the number of refugees and displaced people rises globally, growing from approximately 30 million in 2010 to over 80 million in 2020 (UNHCR 2021), so does the need for research that informs poli...

Development cooperation actors have been addressing climate change as a cross-cutting issue and investing in climate adaptation projects since the early 2000s. More recently, as concern has risen about the potential impacts of climate variability and change on human mobility, development cooperation actors have begun to design projects that intentionally address the drivers of migration, including climate impacts on livelihoods. However, to date, we know little about the development cooperation’s role and function in responding to climate related mobility and migration. As such, the main aim of this paper is to outline the policy frameworks and approaches shaping development cooperation actors’ engagement and to identify areas for further exploration and investment. First, we frame the concept of climate mobility and migration and discuss some applicable policy frameworks that govern the issue from various perspectives; secondly, we review the toolbox of approaches that development cooperation actors bring to climate mobility; and third, we discuss the implications of the current Covid-19 pandemic and identify avenues for the way forward. We conclude that ensuring safe and orderly mobility and the decent reception and long-term inclusion of migrants and displaced persons under conditions of more severe climate hazards, and in the context of rising nationalism and xenophobia, poses significant challenges. Integrated approaches across multiple policy sectors and levels of governance are needed. In addition to resources, development cooperation actors can bring data to help empower the most affected communities and regions and leverage their convening power to foster more coordinated approaches within and across countries.

Purpose of Review This commentary summarizes recent literature pertaining to healthcare challenges and needs during the current pandemic among refugees and asylum seekers residing in a host country. We conducted a literature review to identify barriers to shielding these structurally marginalized populations from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent Findings Many populations, including refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers, endure structural vulnerabilities in refugee camps and during their resettlement. These structural vulnerabilities include fear of contacting the healthcare system, cultural differences, housing insecurity, food insecurity, discrimination, lack of health insurance, health illiteracy and lack of readily available, and culturally appropriate educational materials. During pandemics, displaced persons suffer disproportionately from poorly managed chronic diseases, economic hardships isolation, and mental illnesses, in addition to the threats posed by the infectious agent. Summary Underserved groups, including refugee populations, shoulder a disproportionate burden of disease during pandemics. In order to mitigate the impact of preventable chronic illnesses and also reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other easily-transmissible and deadly viruses during pandemics, governments and public health authorities need to implement policies that allow refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced persons to be fully incorporated into their respective healthcare systems, so that they can be supported and protected and to reduce the amplifying networks of transmission.

Forced displacement and resettlement is a pervasive challenge being contemplated across the social sciences. Scholarly literature, however, often fails to engage complexities of power in understanding socio-environmental interactions in resettlement processes. Addressing Zimbabwe’s Tokwe-Mukosi flood disaster resettlement, we explore hegemonic uses of state power during the pre- and post-flood induced resettlement processes. We examine how state power exercised through local government, financial, and security institutions impacts community vulnerabilities during forced resettlement processes, while furthering capitalist agendas, drawing insights from analysing narratives between 2010 and 2021. Concerns abound that multiple ministries, the police, and the army undermined displaced people’s resilience, including through inadequate compensation, with state institutions neglecting displaced communities during encampment by inadequately meeting physical security, health, educational, and livestock production needs. We explore how forcibly resettling encamped households to a disputed location is not only an ongoing perceived injustice regionally but also a continuing reference point in resettlement discussions countrywide, reflecting concerns that land use and economic reconfigurations in resettlement can undermine subsistence livelihoods while privileging certain values and interests over others. Policy lessons highlight the need for reviewing disaster management legislation, developing compensation guidelines and reviewing encampment practices. Analytically, lessons point to how state power may be studied in relation to perspectives on the destruction of flood survivors’ connections to place, people and livelihoods, underscoring the critical need for theorising the relationships between power dynamics and diverse experiences around displacement.

Flannery O’Connor’s “The Displaced Person” is her longest short story, but it stands out in other ways. For one thing, it bumps up against the legal framework of Jim Crow—in the form of anti-misceg...

For forcibly displaced people, high educational attainment is economically and socially empowering. Using experiences of African refugee youth in Australia as an empirical case and drawing on the c...

Around the world, we are seeing the highest number of displaced people to date, with an increasing trend since 2012. With the U.S. historically being leaders as a receiving country for refugee rese...