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The role of traditional media (television and magazines) in creating eating disorder risk has long been a topic of discussion and research, but the proliferation of social media and rapid increase in the use of the Internet by adolescents generates new dynamics and new risks for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Recent research describes the relationship between Internet and social media use and eating disorders risk, with the greatest associations found among youth with high levels of engagement and investment in photo-based activities and platforms. Here, we review different types of online content and how they are relevant to eating disorders and consider the theoretical frameworks predicting relationships between Internet and social media and eating disorders, before examining the empirical evidence for the risks posed by the online content in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. We describe proeating disorder content specifically and examine the research related to it; we then consider the implications of such content, highlight directions for future research, and discuss possible prevention and intervention strategies.

Eating disorders are prevalent among college student populations. Although previous iterations of the instrument did not include specific measurement of eating pathology, the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-3 (MMPI-3) now includes a specific scale (i.e., Eating Concerns [EAT]) to assess problematic eating behaviors. The current study examined the MMPI-3 assessment of eating pathology among 249 undergraduate women. A pattern emerged where symptoms of internalizing psychopathology on the MMPI-3 were generally associated with symptoms of eating disorder. However, the newly included EAT scale demonstrated the strongest associations with most areas of eating dysfunction. Further, hierarchical regression analyses suggested that the EAT scale added substantial incremental predictive utility (up to 23%) over other MMPI-3 scales combined in assessing eating pathology. Classification accuracy statistics yielded high sensitivity and specificity coefficients when predicting eating disorder risk at an EAT scale score cutoff of 75 T or higher. These findings support the use of the MMPI-3 in assessing eating pathology in college women, although its performance with men and with women not of college age remains to be studied.

Due to high rates of potentially traumatic exposure (PTE) within the firefighting profession, a large body of literature concerning firefighters’ mental health has developed over recent decades. However, given variable prevalence outcomes and the largely descriptive nature of most studies, it is unclear whether the prevalence of trauma-related mental disorders in firefighters is elevated in comparison with the general population. The present systematic review examined literature on prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in firefighters exposed to routine, duty-related PTEs to synthesize prevalence outcomes across the literature. Systematic search of 6 databases was conducted to review eligible articles published between 1980 and 2017 in any language. In all, 40 articles concerned firefighters exposed to routine work-related PTE. We report that strong evidence exists to suggest that the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression is elevated in firefighters compared with the general population of Canada, whereas moderate evidence exists for the elevated prevalence of anxiety disorders. However, measurement tool is a substantial source of variability in prevalence estimates across the literature, and few predictive factors bear consistent relationships to posttraumatic stress disorder across samples. Future work should focus on measurement variance and examine possible interactions between commonly assessed predictive factors for disorder risk in firefighters.

Background Marching band artists are a physically active population, composed of approximately 27,000 people in the United States. University marching band artists face many of the same physically active demands and mental stressors as student athletes, potentially predisposing them to injury, illness, and risk for eating disorders (EDs). The purpose of this study was to examine ED risk across sex in university marching band artists, and to determine the type of risk based on the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Symptom Check List (EDI-3 SC). A secondary aim examined marching band artists and pathogenic weight control behavior use across sex. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 150 marching band artists (female: n = 84, male: n = 66, age = 19.9 ± 1.1 years) from three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university marching bands participated in the study. We screened for ED risk using the EDI-3, and the EDI-3 SC. Results Overall, marching band artists were at risk for EDs, using only the EDI-3, 45.3% (n = 68) were at risk, with females at significant higher risk than males [χ2 = 5.228, p = .022]; using only the EDI-3 SC, 54% (n = 81) were at risk and no significant differences were found across sex. Overall, 48% of all participants reported dieting and 20.7% engaged in excessive exercise to control weight. Significant differences were found between sex and purging to control weight [χ2 = 3.94, p = .047] and laxative use [χ2 = 4.064, p = .044], with females engaging in behavior more than males. Conclusions Eating disorder risk was prevalent for both female and male marching band artists, with females displaying higher risk for EDs than males. Furthermore, marching band artists are engaging in pathogenic behaviors to control their weight. Healthcare providers (e.g., physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapist, dietitians, etc.) working in this setting should be aware of the risk factors displayed in marching band artists, and be able to provide education, prevention, and clinical interventions to this population. Additionally, marching band administrators should be aware of all medical risk factors and the benefit of having a healthcare provider (e.g., athletic trainer) to oversee the healthcare and wellness of marching band artists.

The aim of the study was to assess the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder in patients after hip acetabular fracture surgery. The study involved 42 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria. Physical ability levels of the patients were determined with the Harris Hip Score, and modified Merle d’Aubigné scale. High risk of post-traumatic stress disorder was assessed with the PTSD-C questionnaire. Patients had in PTSD-C questionnaire 42.86 ± 28,10 points. In Harris Hip Score 63.64 ± 16.06, in Merle scale 11.10 ± 2.82, that was poor results in both scales. Positive correlation with age reached the level of tendency (ρ = 0.294; p = 0.059). Patients at risk of PTSD were in worse functional state measured by HHS (U = 136.0; p = 0.034) and Merle scale (U = 132.0; p = 0.026) and they were older (U = 147.5; p = 0.068). The groups differed significantly in gender ratio (χ2 = 4.01; p = 0.045). Women (8/10) were more often than men (14/32) at risk of PTSD. Patients after surgical fixation of the acetabulum experience significant functional disability. Increased level of disability after fracture and surgery, older age and female sex make patients vulnerable to PTSD. It is advisable to make medical staff who treat accident victims aware towards aspects which may be related to disorders of the patients’ psychological health.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is characterized by the symptom levels intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal as a reaction to an exceptionally threatening event. It is a well-investigated and well-treatable mental condition; however, the frequently accompanying disturbances in sleep, cognition, affect and especially avoidance behavior represent substantial hurdles in the trauma surgery treatment as well in occupational reintegration. Basic knowledge about risk factors and the clinical phenomenology also enable early identification by the primary trauma surgeon or the accident insurance consultant (D-physician) and if necessary to initiate a qualified psychotraumatologically founded treatment.

Összefoglaló. A táplálkozás iránti figyelmet igénylő krónikus betegségek (így a coeliakia, az 1-es típusú diabetes és a gyulladásos bélbetegségek), valamint az evészavartünetek kapcsolata egyelőre kevéssé széleskörűen tanulmányozott terület serdülők körében. Az eddigi kutatási eredmények kiemelik a testkép- és evészavartünetek iránti magasabb kockázatot ezekben a betegségekben. Rizikótényező lehet az evési szokások megváltozása, a táplálkozásra irányuló fokozott figyelem és az ételekkel, valamint az elfogyasztásuk következményeivel kapcsolatos aggodalom. A korai felismerést nehezíti, hogy az evészavartünetek sokáig rejtve maradhatnak, és átfedést mutathatnak a krónikus betegség egyes tüneteivel (például testsúlyváltozás, hasmenés, hányás, hasfájás). A fennálló evészavar-érintettség gyengítheti a krónikus betegség hatékony terápiáját, súlyosbíthatja a szövődményeket, és növelheti a mortalitási rizikót. A tünetek korai felismerése és az adekvát terápia csak multidiszciplináris szemléletben és teammunkával, a szomatikus gondozás és a pszichoterápia összehangolásával lehet eredményes. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(44): 1872–1876. Summary. Disordered eating is not a well-understood phenomenon in diet-related chronic illnesses (e.g., celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases) among adolescents. Previous research found a higher risk for eating disorders and negative body image among these patients. Following the prescribed or suggested dietary regime may lead to increased food awareness and become an eating disorder risk factor. Further risks may be the altered eating patterns, the fear from unknown food sources and its consequences. In many cases, eating disorder characteristics may be hidden and the symptoms of chronic illness (e.g., changes in weight, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain) and disordered eating can mimic each other. Disordered eating can worsen the effective therapy of physical illnesses and increase complications and mortality. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment can only be provided through multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(44): 1872–1876.

Objective To examine differences in eating disorder (ED) risk and diagnosis by sexual orientation in a national sample of college students. Method Data from 178 U.S. colleges and universities participating in the Healthy Minds Study between 2016 and 2019 were analyzed (36,691 cisgender men, 81,730 cisgender women; 15.7% self-identifying as sexual minorities). Outcomes were ED risk (≥2 on the SCOFF) and self-reported lifetime ED diagnosis. Prevalence estimates adjusted for demographics and weight status were computed via logistic regression. Results Higher proportions of questioning (29.1%), bisexual (26.3%), and gay men (30.9%) exhibited elevated risk than heterosexual men (14.3%), and a higher proportion of gay men exhibited elevated risk than bisexual men. Higher proportions of questioning (34.5%) and bisexual women (34.6%) exhibited elevated risk than heterosexual women (27.6%); proportions of lesbian (28.1%) and heterosexual women were similar. Among those with elevated risk, higher proportions of bisexual (5.0%) and gay men (7.1%) and of questioning (14.7%), bisexual (18.1%), and lesbian women (19.6%) had been diagnosed relative to heterosexual men (2.0%) and heterosexual women (10.3%), respectively. Discussion Questioning and bisexual individuals appear to be particularly vulnerable; they may experience elevated ED risk relative to their heterosexual peers yet underdiagnosis relative to their gay or lesbian peers.

There is a consistent research that shows that adolescents have frequent concerns and worries about their body and self-image. One important factor is the biological and physiological context of development in adolescence, a stage of significant transformation in overall human development. A sample of 185 adolescent girls, aged between 18 and 21 years old, all residing in Constanta County, has been assessed with 4 questionnaires: Garner’s Eating Disorder Inventory (2004), Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (2002), The Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (Mendelson, Mendelson, & White, 2001), and the Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance Scale (Thompson, van den Berg, Roehring, Guarda, & Heinberg, 2004). The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between the risk of eating disorders and various psychological traits and variables. We examined all variables the questionnaires measured and selected only the statistically confirmed hypotheses (for p

Standardized developmentally based assessment systems have transformed the capacity to identify transdiagnostic behavioral markers of mental disorder risk in early childhood, notably, clinically significant irritability and externalizing behaviors. However, behavior-based instruments that both differentiate risk for persistent psychopathology from normative misbehavior, and are feasible for community clinicians to implement, are in nascent phases of development. Young children’s facial expressions during frustration challenges may form the basis for novel assessments tools that are flexible, quick, and easy to implement as markers of psychopathology to complement validated questionnaires. However, the accuracy of facial expressions to correctly classify young children falling above and below clinical cut-offs is unknown. Our goal was to test how facial expressions during frustration, defined by different facial muscular movements, related to individual differences in irritability and externalizing behaviors and discriminated children with clinically significant levels from peers. Participants were 79 children (ages 3–7) who completed a short, moderately frustrating computer task while facial expressions were recorded. Only negative facial expressions that included eye constriction related to irritability and externalizing behaviors and were clinically discriminating. Moreover, these expressions significantly discriminated children with and without clinically significant irritability and externalizing symptoms with high Area Under the Curve (AUC) values (> .75) indicating good clinical utility. In contrast, expressions without eye constriction showed no clinical utility. The presence of negative expressions with eye constriction in response to a short frustration prompt may serve as an indicator of early psychopathology, raising the potential for novel assessment tools that may enhance precision of early identification.

Individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders display abnormalities related to motivational salience, or the ability of stimuli to elicit attention due to associations with rewards or punishments. However, the nature of these abnormalities is unclear because most focus on responses to stimuli from broad “pleasant” and “unpleasant” categories and ignore the variation of motivational salience within these categories. In two groups at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders—a Social Anhedonia group and a Psychotic-like Experiences group—and a control group, the current study examined event-related potential components sensitive to motivational salience—the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), reflecting earlier selective attention, and the Late Positive Potential (LPP), reflecting sustained attention. Compared to controls, the Social Anhedonia group showed smaller increases in the EPN in response to erotica and smaller increases in the LPP as the motivational salience of pleasant images increased (excitinglarger increases in LPP amplitudes as the motivational salience of pleasant images increased. Also, both at-risk groups showed larger increases in the LPP to threatening images but smaller increases to mutilation images. These findings suggest that examining abnormalities beyond those associated with broad categories may be a way to identify mechanisms of dysfunction.

Most advertisements contain thin-ideal imagery enhanced by digital modification. The deleterious effects on body image and eating disorder risk of exposure to such images have been well documented. One of the proposed macro-level solutions to mitigate these effects has been the use of labels on images, primarily disclaimer labels. A growing number of studies have explored the usefulness of such labels in protecting body image against the detrimental effects of media exposure; however, findings have been divergent.The current study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature investigating the effects of including labels on media images on body image.The systematic review identified n = 22 studies that were included in a narrative review, n = 18 were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, findings provided little support for the use of disclaimer or warning labels as a means of protecting against the detrimental effects of media exposure on body image. Furthermore, findings suggested that such labels might increase state appearance comparison when exposed to media images.These findings are especially concerning in light of recent legislative efforts to mitigate media effects through the use of labels on imagery, as well as industry initiatives based on image labeling. Additional research examining alternative strategies for universal prevention of body image and eating concerns is warranted.La mayoría de las imágenes de los anuncios publicitarios presentan una figura ideal delgada que ha sido retocada digitalmente. Los efectos nocivos en la imagen corporal y el riesgo de trastorno alimentario por la exposición a dichas imágenes han sido bien documentados. Una de las soluciones a gran escala que se han propuesto para mitigar estos efectos ha sido el uso de etiquetas en las imágenes, básicamente etiquetas de exención de responsabilidad. Un número creciente de estudios ha explorado la utilidad de dichas etiquetas para proteger la imagen corporal contra los efectos perjudiciales de la exposición a los medios de comunicación; sin embargo, los hallazgos han sido divergentes. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática y un meta-análisis de la literatura existente que investiga los efectos de incluir estas etiquetas en las imágenes sobre imagen corporal en los medios de comunicación. La revisión sistemática identificó n = 22 estudios que se incluyeron en una revisión narrativa, n = 18 se incluyeron en el meta-análisis. En general, los hallazgos proporcionaron poco soporte para el uso de descargos de responsabilidad o etiquetas de advertencia como un medio de protección contra los efectos perjudiciales de la exposición de los medios en la imagen corporal. Además, las investigaciones han demostrado que dichas etiquetas pueden aumentar la comparación al ser expuestas a las imágenes mediáticas. Estos hallazgos son especialmente preocupantes a la luz de los recientes esfuerzos legislativos para mitigar los efectos de los medios mediante el uso de etiquetas en las imágenes, así como las iniciativas de la industria basadas en el etiquetado de imágenes. Se justifica una investigación adicional que examine las estrategias alternativas para la prevención universal de la imagen corporal y las preocupaciones alimentarias.

ObjectivesTo measure the rate of benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BZA) dependence in older veterans with insomnia symptoms chronically using BZAs and to assess for associations between high posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk and BZA dependence.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among veterans aged 55years and older with insomnia symptoms (current or historical) and chronic use of BZAs (≥3months). Measurements included the Primary Care-PTSD screen (score >2 indicates high PTSD risk) and Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to test for associations between PTSD risk and BZA dependence.ResultsA high PTSD risk was observed in 40% of the participants (N=33). One-fifth (21.7%, N =18) of participants met the criteria for benzodiazepine dependence (score ≥23 on Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire). Veterans with high PTSD risk were significantly more likely to have BZA dependence (odds ratio 10.09, 95% CI [2.39, 42.54], p =.002).ConclusionsIn older veterans with insomnia symptoms and chronic use of BZAs, high PTSD risk is associated with elevated risk for BZA dependence, which may make discontinuation of these medications difficult.Clinical implicationsClinicians should consider the strong association between PTSD symptoms and benzodiazepine dependence when developing plans to taper a BZA in veterans with these symptoms.

Background: Studies examining the physiological consequences associated with deficits in energy availability (EA) for male athletes are sparse.Purpose: To examine male athlete triad components; low energy availability (LEA) with or without an eating disorder risk (ED), reproductive hormone [testosterone (T)], and bone mineral density (BMD) in endurance-trained male athletes during different training periods.Methods: A cross-sectional design with 14 participants (age: 26.4 ± 4.2 years; weight: 70.6 ± 6.4 kg; height: 179.5 ± 4.3 cm; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.8 kg/m2) were recruited from the local community. Two separate training weeks [low (LV) and high (HV) training volumes] were used to collect the following: 7-day dietary and exercise logs, and blood concentration of T. Anthropometric measurements was taken prior to data collection. A one-time BMD measure (after the training weeks) and VO2max-HR regressions were utilized to calculate EEE.Results: Overall, EA presented as 27.6 ± 10.7 kcal/kgFFM·d-1 with 35% (n = 5) of participants demonstrating increased risk for ED. Examining male triad components, 64.3% presented with LEA (≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1) while participants presented with T (1780.6 ± 1672.6 ng/dl) and BMD (1.31 ±.09 g/cm2) within normal reference ranges. No differences were found across the 2 training weeks for EI, with slight differences for EA and EEE. Twenty-five participants (89.3%) under-ingested CHO across both weeks, with no differences between weeks.Conclusion: Majority of endurance-trained male athletes presented with one compromised component of the triad (LEA with or without ED risk); however, long-term negative effects on T and BMD were not demonstrated. Over 60% of the participants presented with an EA ≤ 30 kcal/kgFFM·d-1, along with almost 90% not meeting CHO needs. These results suggest male endurance-trained athletes may be at risk to negative health outcomes similar to mechanistic behaviors related to EA with or without ED in female athletes.

Accepted manuscript version, licensed CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Objective - To investigate the immediate and 12-months effects of a school-based intervention aiming to reduce risk and enhance protective factors for eating disorder development in high school boys and girls. Method - In total, 4,149 adolescents from 30 high schools were eligible for inclusion and 2,446 consented to participate and were randomly allocated to the Healthy Body Image (HBI) intervention or a control group (classes as usual). The HBI intervention is multicomponent consisting of three workshops targeting body image, social media usage and lifestyle. Linear mixed model and intention-to-treat analyses were applied to investigate the effects of group, time, and gender at posttest, 3-, and 12-months follow-up. The main outcome variable was eating disorder sympomatology, and secondary outcome variables were self-esteem, mental distress, body image flexibility, thin internalization, muscular internalization, drive for leanness, perceived media pressure, protein- and creatine supplement use, and diet aid use. Results - The HBI intervention significantly reduced eating disorder risk factor scores related to eating disorder sympomatology, thin internalization and perceived pressure from media, which was particularly pronounced in girls. Positive intervention effects on body image flexibility were only observed at posttest for boys but grew increasingly larger for girls across the 12-month follow-up time span. Favorable intervention effects on protein and creatine supplement use were only present at 3-months follow-up in boys solely. A general favorable intervention effect was observed for self-esteem, mental distress, muscular internalization, and drive for leanness. Conclusion - The HBI intervention produced consistent reductions in risk factors and enhancements in protective factors associated with eating disorder development in adolescents.

The present study aimed to explore the prevalence rates of eating disorders among Greek-Cypriot adolescents and young adults and examine the role of the following variables in relation to eating disorder risk: gender, age, dieting, exercise and present-ideal weight discrepancy. One thousand and eighty-one middle, high school and university students responded to self-reported measures assessing eating disorders, weight-related concerns and behaviors. Prevalence estimates were 26% for high eating disorder risk and 14.98% for subthreshold eating disorders symptoms while 12% of participants met criteria of an eating disorder diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed well-established predictors for eating disorder risk including present to ideal weight discrepancy which had a differential effect on risk in adolescents (i.e., 6-10 kg) and young adults (11+kg). This is the first study to provide prevalence rates of the entire eating pathology spectrum among Greek-Cypriot youth. Results are discussed in terms of their implications in the development of age-specific screening tools and prevention programs. 8 1 3 18

The current study tested the role of distress tolerance between cognitive schemas (emotional inhibition, defectiveness/shame, social isolation, and insufficient self-control) and eating disorder (ED) risk in a sample of 469 college students via structural equation analysis. While research indicates maladaptive cognitive schemas are positively associated with dysregulated eating, mechanisms of this relationship are not well established. Distress tolerance has been consistently associated with bulimia behaviors and body dissatisfaction; however, few studies have evaluated the role of distress tolerance in relation to cognitive schemas. In the current study, distress tolerance mediated associations between specific schemas of social isolation and insufficient self-control and eating disorder risk. These findings provide preliminary evidence suggesting specific cognitive schemas may contribute to low distress tolerance, which increases risk of ED-related behaviors and cognitions.

Veterans using civilian health care may suffer from undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder and have barriers to care. Through a primary care and nonprofit partnership, we trialed a posttraumatic stress disorder risk screening tool and referral process. Of almost 850 screened patients, 100 self-identified as veterans. Of those, 15 were deemed at-risk and referred, and 13 requested and received services from the nonprofit. Postimplementation feedback from staff and provider focus groups was positive, but inconsistent screening compliance and nonprofit organizational instability were barriers to optimal implementation and evaluation.

Objectives: This study examined how goal orientation, motivational climate, and exercise could be used to predict college students' eating disorder symptomology. Participants: Recruited in February 2017, the participants included 275 college-aged students from a university in the southeastern United States. Methods: Using achievement goal theory as the framework to conceptualize motivations behind eating disorder behaviors, each participant filled out questionnaires related to goal mindsets, perceptions of the social climate in the university recreation center, and exercise habits. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses, with R coefficients being used to evaluate prediction models. Results: The results of the study suggested that goal orientation and ego-involving climate were the only significant predictors of eating disorder symptomology, accounting for 3.4% of the total variance. Conclusions: This study provided preliminary evidence of the importance of studying achievement goal theory-related variables that contribute to our understanding of eating disorder symptomology in the collegiate population.

A better understanding of the individual difficulties reported by adolescents presenting with anorexia nervosa seems like an interesting avenue to refine our understanding of their psychological functioning. This study aimed to: (1) describe the behavioral and affective profile of difficulties of inpatient adolescent girls presenting a restricting type of anorexia (ANR); and (2) investigate the presence of a relationship between behavioral and affective problems and severity of the disorder. The sample consisted of 52 inpatient adolescent girls presenting an ANR. The youth self report assessed the behavioral and emotional profile of difficulties of participants while the Eating Disorder Risk Composite of the Eating Disorder Inventory measured the symptomatology of the disorder. A ratio between body mass index at admission and at the end of the treatment served as an indicator of weight gain. The sample presented an internalized profile of problems. Individual differences were found and three profiles of difficulties were present in the sample: normative, pure internalizing and mixed (clinical on the internalizing and externalizing clusters). This study provides information on the heterogeneity of this specific population otherwise quite similar and demonstrates how severity of the disorder can be associated with a wide range of other behavioral and affective difficulties. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

The purpose of this present study was to examine gender differences in overall scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college athletes in “lean” sports versus “non-lean” sports. Using a self-report survey design, this study examined eating disorder risk in 121 NCAA college athletes, using the EAT-26. We expected that female athletes and athletes in “lean” sports would report higher scores on the EAT-26. There was a significant effect of sport type (lean vs. non-lean) on eating attitudes and behaviors, with those in non-lean sports reporting higher scores, on average, on the attitudinal measure and those in lean sports reporting, on average, higher scores on the behavioral measure. There was an interaction between gender and sport type (lean vs. non-lean) on eating attitudes and behaviors. Male athletes in non-lean sports had the highest overall average scores on the attitudinal portion of the EAT-26, and males in lean sports had the lowest scores. However, on the EAT-26 behavioral portion, men in lean sports reported significantly higher scores than did men in non-lean sports. Female athletes, regardless of sport type, reported similar scores on both the EAT- 26 attitudinal and behavioral sections. Our findings suggest that athletes, regardless of sport type and gender, may be affected by eating disorder symptomatology. Gender differences may be smaller in athletic populations than previously thought. Sport type may affect whether disordered eating symptomatology presents as attitudinal or behavioral in nature, especially in male athletes. Descriptive study, Level V.

In the recent decades, raw materials and resources have been remarkable issues for researchers; in other words, they play an important role in manufacturing industries or service organizations. On the other hand, the population is increasing every day. An increase in the population means the increased demand for goods or services. Therefore, more resources are needed to deliver services or goods. For this reason, government agencies and environmental agencies have developed and enforced stringent laws against producers and service providers who have exceeded the permissible limits for the environment; in some cases, the use of resources has been even restricted. In the meantime, the supply chain has become one of the major issues that can greatly influence this issue. In this research, the supply chain of the closed loop has been modeled due to uncertainty, disturbances and cost of production. The purpose of this problem has been to minimize the cost of the system in question based on the location decisions, and flow rates between levels and sales. The Lagrangian liberation solution method is used to solve this NP-hard problem. In the end, a numerical example has been employed to test the model and the proposed solution method. The results show that the time of implementation of the large-scale problem with GAMS is higher than that of the proposed method.

The majority of advertisements contain thin-ideal imagery that have been digitally modified. A robust body of research has suggested that exposure to these retouched images has negative effects on body image and increases eating disorder risk. Furthermore, these concerns are known to be highly gendered both in nature and in their extent, with women revealing higher levels of concerns predominantly related to thinness. Although not supported as a useful approach by empirical data, in 2017, France introduced a law requiring advertisers to label images featuring models whose weight and/or shape have been altered. These images must bear the label “photographie retouchée”, or “retouched image”. However, this legislation has been difficult to enforce, as unlike other French legislation related to labeling advertising, its lack of specificity makes it difficult to identify violations. Paradoxically, given its intentions, where applied, uses of the label disproportionately focus on women’s bodies in the media, as compared to men’s bodies. These findings highlight the need for legislation that is enforceable and supported by the allocation of sufficient resources. In addition, findings highlight the importance of grounding legislation and policy in the extant relevant data and involving strategic stakeholders in its creation.

OBJECTIVES: Both mental health and eating disorders are increasing health concerns for college students. This study aimed to examine associative links between psychological distress, eating disorder risk, food addiction, and weight related concerns among first semester college students. METHODS: Freshman students 18 years or older in all majors in a southeastern university were invited to take an online survey. The measures included demographic characteristics, psychological behaviors and eating disorder risks. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess associations. RESULTS: Ninety-two students (79.3% female, 61.5% white) completed the survey. Psychological distress significantly correlated with higher eating disorder risk (stress r = 0.28, anxiety r = 0.28, depression r = 0.42; P's

Vaping is common among college-age young adults. Preliminary research has shown associations between vaping and eating disorder symptoms, however, there remain gaps in this knowledge among college students. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between vaping and a self-reported lifetime eating disorder diagnosis and eating disorder risk among a large sample of college students. Cross-sectional data from the 2018-2019 national (U.S.) Healthy Minds Study (n = 51,231) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the unadjusted and adjusted associations between vaping or e-cigarette use in the past 30 days and a self-reported lifetime eating disorder diagnosis (any diagnosis, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder) and eating disorder risk (SCOFF). Among the sample, 19.0% of participants reported vaping or e-cigarette use in the past 30 days, 3.7% self-reported any lifetime eating disorder diagnosis, and 25.0% were at elevated risk for an eating disorder. Vaping or e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of all eating disorder measures, including the self-reported lifetime eating disorder diagnosis items (any diagnosis, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder) and elevated eating disorder risk, while adjusting for demographic and confounding variables. Among a large sample of college students, vaping or e-cigarette use was associated with a self-reported lifetime eating disorder diagnosis and elevated eating disorder risk, which may exacerbate the many medical complications associated with eating disorder behaviors. Clinical professionals should screen for eating disorder behaviors among college students who report vaping or e-cigarette use to monitor symptoms and medical complications.

The passion of bodybuilding athletes for a symmetric, lean, heavily muscled body leads them to carry out exhausting exercise programs and restrictive eating regimens, sometimes resulting in disordered eating behaviors. This study investigates potential exacerbators on the development of disordered eating in bodybuilding and strength athletes. The study involved 103 Cypriot bodybuilding athletes of both sexes, performing at three levels: professional, recreational and strength athletes. The Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) and The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) were used to evaluate disordered eating and eating behaviors respectively. The current study was performed under the auspices of the Hellenic Center of Education & Treatment of Eating Disorders (KEADD). The degree of deviation between the perceived ideal body weight and the actual body weight was associated with increased risk of eating disorder. Athletes who desired a lower body weight recorded higher scores on EAT-26 overall, and the subscales of dieting and bulimia. Cognitive restraint and emotional eating scales of TFEQ-R21 were more pronounced in the non-professional athletes. The emotional eating score was higher in women. There is a need for appropriate sport-specific, gender-specific preventive intervention to deescalate the risk of eating disorder, in both professional and non-professional bodybuilding athletes.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease in children. Allergic symptomsaffect daily activities and increase risk of psychosocial emotion and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Immunotherapy has been proven in improving AR symptomsObjective: To identify prevalence of the risk of psychosocial emotion disorder and ADHD and its relationwith immunotherapy duration in AR children.Methods: A cross-sectional study was held in AR children aged 4-18 years at Allergy Immunology OutpatientClinic, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, during March 2017. Immunotherapy duration categorized into 0-6 months, 6months-1 year, 1-2 years, 2-3 years. Psychosocial emotion disorder risk assessed using Pediatric SymptomsChecklist 17 (PSC-17), scored into four different subscales: Internalizing, Externalizing, Attention, andTotal Score. ADHD risk was assessed using Abbreviated Conner’s Rating Scale (ACRS). Statistical analysisusing One-Way ANOVA and Eta test, with a value of p< 0.05 considered as significant.Results: Total of 37 children included. Based on immunotherapy duration 0-6 months, 6 months-1 year, 1-2years, and 2-3 years, prevalence risk of ADHD are 20.6%, 15.4%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, and prevalence ofpsychosocial emotion disorder risk are only in immunotherapy duration 6 months-1 year 12.5%. There wereno correlation between immunotherapy duration with risk of psychosocial emotion disorder (p = 0.945) andsignificantly correlated to ADHD (p = 0.049, r = 0.326).Conclusion: Prevalence risk of ADHD decrease as the immunotherapy duration increase and immunotherapyduration weakly correlated with risk of ADHD.

Context Research exists on energy balances (EBs) and eating disorder (ED) risks in physically active populations and occupations by settings, but the EB and ED risk in athletic trainers (ATs) have not been investigated. Objective To assess ATs' energy needs, including the macronutrient profile, and examine ED risk and pathogenic behavioral differences between sexes (men, women) and job statuses (part time or full time) and among settings (college or university, high school, nontraditional). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Free living in job settings. Patients or Other Participants Athletic trainers (n = 46; male part-time graduate assistant ATs = 12, male full-time ATs = 11, female part-time graduate assistant ATs = 11, female full-time ATs = 12) in the southeastern United States. Main Outcome Measure(s) Anthropometric measures (sex, age, height, weight, body composition), demographic characteristics (job status [full- or part-time AT], job setting [college/university, high school, nontraditional], years of AT experience, exercise background, alcohol use), resting metabolic rate, energy intake (EI), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), EB, exercise energy expenditure, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats), the Eating Disorder Inventory-3, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Symptom Checklist. Results The majority of participants (84.8%, n = 39) had an ED risk, with 26.1% (n = 12) engaging in at least 1 pathogenic behavior, 50% (n = 23) in 2 pathogenic behaviors, and 10.8% (n = 5) in >2 pathogenic behaviors. Also, 82.6% of ATs (n = 38) presented in negative EB (EI < TDEE). Differences were found in resting metabolic rate for sex and job status (F1,45 = 16.48, P = .001), EI (F1,45 = 12.01, P = .001), TDEE (F1,45 = 40.36, P < .001), and exercise energy expenditure (F1,38 = 5.353, P = .026). No differences were present in EB for sex and job status (F1,45 = 1.751, P = .193); χ2 analysis revealed no significant relationship between ATs' sex and EB (\(\def\upalpha{\unicode[Times]{x3B1}}\)\(\def\upbeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B2}}\)\(\def\upgamma{\unicode[Times]{x3B3}}\)\(\def\updelta{\unicode[Times]{x3B4}}\)\(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3B5}}\)\(\def\upzeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B6}}\)\(\def\upeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B7}}\)\(\def\uptheta{\unicode[Times]{x3B8}}\)\(\def\upiota{\unicode[Times]{x3B9}}\)\(\def\upkappa{\unicode[Times]{x3BA}}\)\(\def\uplambda{\unicode[Times]{x3BB}}\)\(\def\upmu{\unicode[Times]{x3BC}}\)\(\def\upnu{\unicode[Times]{x3BD}}\)\(\def\upxi{\unicode[Times]{x3BE}}\)\(\def\upomicron{\unicode[Times]{x3BF}}\)\(\def\uppi{\unicode[Times]{x3C0}}\)\(\def\uprho{\unicode[Times]{x3C1}}\)\(\def\upsigma{\unicode[Times]{x3C3}}\)\(\def\uptau{\unicode[Times]{x3C4}}\)\(\def\upupsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3C5}}\)\(\def\upphi{\unicode[Times]{x3C6}}\)\(\def\upchi{\unicode[Times]{x3C7}}\)\(\def\uppsy{\unicode[Times]{x3C8}}\)\(\def\upomega{\unicode[Times]{x3C9}}\)\(\def\bialpha{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bibeta{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\)\(\def\bigamma{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bidelta{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\)\(\def\bivarepsilon{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bizeta{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bieta{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\)\(\def\bitheta{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\)\(\def\biiota{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\)\(\def\bikappa{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\)\(\def\bilambda{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bimu{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\)\(\def\binu{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\)\(\def\bixi{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\)\(\def\biomicron{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\)\(\def\bipi{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\)\(\def\birho{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\)\(\def\bisigma{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\)\(\def\bitau{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\)\(\def\biupsilon{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\biphi{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\)\(\def\bichi{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\)\(\def\bipsy{\boldsymbol{\psy}}\)\(\def\biomega{\boldsymbol{\omega}}\)\(\def\bupalpha{\bf{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bupbeta{\bf{\beta}}\)\(\def\bupgamma{\bf{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bupdelta{\bf{\delta}}\)\(\def\bupvarepsilon{\bf{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bupzeta{\bf{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bupeta{\bf{\eta}}\)\(\def\buptheta{\bf{\theta}}\)\(\def\bupiota{\bf{\iota}}\)\(\def\bupkappa{\bf{\kappa}}\)\(\def\buplambda{\bf{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bupmu{\bf{\mu}}\)\(\def\bupnu{\bf{\nu}}\)\(\def\bupxi{\bf{\xi}}\)\(\def\bupomicron{\bf{\micron}}\)\(\def\buppi{\bf{\pi}}\)\(\def\buprho{\bf{\rho}}\)\(\def\bupsigma{\bf{\sigma}}\)\(\def\buptau{\bf{\tau}}\)\(\def\bupupsilon{\bf{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\bupphi{\bf{\phi}}\)\(\def\bupchi{\bf{\chi}}\)\(\def\buppsy{\bf{\psy}}\)\(\def\bupomega{\bf{\omega}}\)\(\def\bGamma{\bf{\Gamma}}\)\(\def\bDelta{\bf{\Delta}}\)\(\def\bTheta{\bf{\Theta}}\)\(\def\bLambda{\bf{\Lambda}}\)\(\def\bXi{\bf{\Xi}}\)\(\def\bPi{\bf{\Pi}}\)\(\def\bSigma{\bf{\Sigma}}\)\(\def\bPhi{\bf{\Phi}}\)\(\def\bPsi{\bf{\Psi}}\)\(\def\bOmega{\bf{\Omega}}\)\({\rm{\chi }}_{1,46}^2\)= 0.0, P = 1.00) and job status and EB (\({\rm{\chi }}_{1,46}^2\) = 2.42, P = .120). No significant relationship existed between Daily Reference Intakes recommendations for all macronutrients and sex or job status. Conclusions These athletic trainers experienced negative EB, similar to other professionals in high-demand occupations. Regardless of sex or job status, ATs had a high ED risk and participated in unhealthy pathogenic behaviors. The physical and mental concerns associated with these findings indicate a need for interventions targeted at ATs' health behaviors.

Purpose of review This review scoped recent (2019-2020) literature investigating the association between urbanization and eating disorders, and the putative role of urbanization as a direct or indirect risk factor. Recent findings There are few epidemiological studies which investigated adequately direct or indirect association between urban domicile and eating disorders. Findings suggest that urbanization is a complex phenomenon and its effects on eating behaviour are indirect, for example, because of other important social and environmental features, such as the amount of 'green' space, 'Western' thin idealization, and poverty. The review also supports others indicating an increase of eating disorders in Africa and Asia. The majority of research includes only adolescent and young woman. Summary It does not seem likely that metropolitan dwelling in itself is a major risk factor for developing an eating disorder. However, when accompanied by other sociodemographic effects, there may well be an increase in eating disorder risk. There are opportunities for planners to design cities to be supportive of peoples' eating and mental health in general. More research investigating moderating and mediating effects on the associations between urban dwelling and eating disorder is needed as well as studies of more sexually and age diverse populations.

To evaluate whether the use of electronic medical record (EMR) to prompt universal eating disorder screening with a short questionnaire improved risk detection in a college gynecology clinic. Desig...

Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of significant associations between genetic variants and complex traits. Inferring biological insights from these associations has been challenging. One approach attempted has been to examine the effects of individual variants in cellular models. Here, I demonstrate the feasibility of examining the aggregate effect of many variants on cellular phenotypes. I examine the effects of polygenic scores for cross-psychiatric disorder risk, schizophrenia, body mass index and height on cellular morphology, using 1.5 million induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from 60 European-ancestry donors from the Human iPSC Initiative dataset. I show that measuring multiple cells per donor provides sufficient power for polygenic score analyses, and that cross-psychiatric disorder risk is associated with cell area (p = 0.004). Combined with emerging methods of high-throughput iPSC phenotyping, cellular polygenic scoring is a promising method for understanding potential biological effects of the polygenic component of complex traits.

Introduction: It is difficult to detect athletes at risk of eating disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to create a predictive equation for eating disorder risk behaviors (EDRB) in female athletes. Methods: 484 athletes participated in the study. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to assess EDRB. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 was used to analyze the sociocultural influence on body image. The Body Shape Questionnaire and the Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire were used to assess body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness, and body checking, respectively. Skinfold thickness, body weight and height were also measured. The demographic data collected were age and weekly training regime. Results: The findings indicate that body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), sociocultural influence, body checking and body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness explain 23% of the EDRB variance (p = 0.001). The results showed no difference between the EAT-26 scores and the predictive equation (p = 0.27). Conclusion: It was concluded that the predictive equation is reliable for evaluating EDRB in female athletes. Level of evidence III; study case-control.

Objective To identify patterns of technology-based weight-related self-monitoring (WRSM) and assess associations between identified patterns and eating disorder behaviors among first year university students. Methods First year university students (n = 647) completed a web-based survey to assess their use of technology-based WRSM and eating disorder behaviors. The cross-sectional data were analyzed using gender-stratified latent class analysis to identify patterns of WRSM, followed by logistic regression to calculate the predicted probability of eating disorder behaviors for each pattern of WRSM. Results Technology-based WRSM is common among first year university students, with patterns of WRSM differing by student gender. Further, unique patterns of WRSM were associated with differing probability of engaging in eating disorder behaviors. For example, compared to the 67.0% of females who did not use technology-based WRSM, females engaging in high amounts of technology-based WRSM (33.0%) were more likely to report fasting, skipping meals, excessively exercising, and using supplements. Among males, those who reported all forms of WRSM (9.5%) were more likely to report fasting, skipping meals, purging, and using supplements but those who only used exercise self-monitoring (11.9%) did not have increased likelihood of eating disorder behaviors. Conclusions Using multiple forms of technology-based WRSM is associated with increased likelihood of engaging in eating disorder behaviors among both female and male, first year university students. Assessing technology-based WRSM may be a simple method to screen for elevated eating disorder risk among first year students.

Background:Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain ageing. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure aging trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk.Methods:Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well,n= 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well,n= 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD,n= 35).Results:At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β= -0.60,pcorrected< 0.001) and HR-well (β= -0.36,pcorrected= 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β= -0.24 years,pcorrected= 0.06). Conclusions:These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure aging trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.

CONTEXT: Research exists on energy balance (EB) and eating disorder (ED) risk in physically active populations and occupations by settings, but EB and ED in athletic trainers (ATs) has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To assess ATs' energy needs, including macronutrient profile, and to examine ED risk and pathogenic behavior between sex (males, females), job status (part-time=PT-AT; full-time=FT-AT) and setting (college/university, high school, non-traditional). DESIGN: Cross-sectional and descriptive. SETTING: Free-living in job settings. PARTICIPANT: ATs (n=46; males PT-AT n=12, males FT-AT n=11; females PT-AT n=11, female FT-AT n=12) in Southeastern United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometric measurements (age, height, weight, body composition), resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy intake (EI), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), exercise energy expenditure (EEE), EB, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats), Eating Disorder Inventory-3, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Symptom Checklist. RESULTS: Majority (84.8%, n=39) had ED risk, with 26.1% (n=12) engaging in at least 1 pathogenic behavior, 50% (n=23) in 2 pathogenic behaviors, and 10.8% (n=5) in more than 2 pathogenic behaviors. 82.6% of ATs (n=38) presented in negative EB (EI

From its long history in the field of embryology to its recent advances in genetics, Xenopus has been an indispensable model for understanding the human brain. Foundational studies that gave us our first insights into major embryonic patterning events serve as a crucial backdrop for newer avenues of investigation into organogenesis and organ function. The vast array of tools available in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis allows interrogation of developmental phenomena at all levels, from the molecular to the behavioral, and the application of CRISPR technology has enabled the investigation of human disorder risk genes in a higher-throughput manner. As the only major tetrapod model in which all developmental stages are easily manipulated and observed, frogs provide the unique opportunity to study organ development from the earliest stages. All of these features make Xenopus a premier model for studying the development of the brain, a notoriously complex process that demands an understanding of all stages from fertilization to organogenesis and beyond. Importantly, core processes of brain development are conserved between Xenopus and human, underlining the advantages of this model. This review begins by summarizing discoveries made in amphibians that form the cornerstones of vertebrate neurodevelopmental biology and goes on to discuss recent advances that have catapulted our understanding of brain development in Xenopus and in relation to human development and disease. As we engage in a new era of patient-driven gene discovery, Xenopus offers exceptional potential to uncover conserved biology underlying human brain disorders and move towards rational drug design.

Injury risk is multifactorial including non-modifiable and modifiable factors such as nutrition and mental health. The purpose of this study was to estimate eating disorder risk and body image (BI) dissatisfaction among Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. A total of 102 (male: n = 75, female: n = 27, age: 20 &plusmn, 2 years) ROTC cadets self-reported height, current and ideal weight, and completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and self-perceived BI current and perceived sex-specific figural stimuli. The overall eating disorder risk for ROTC cadets was 32.4%. No significant differences were found when comparing sex, ethnicity, or military branch. Overall risk of pathogenic behaviors included 11.8% who reported binge eating, 8.8% who used laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills, 8.8% who exercised for &gt, 60 min to control their weight, and 8.8% who lost 9.1 kg or more within the last 6 months. We identified significant interactions (p &le, 0.01) between sex of the solider, overall perceptions of male and female soldiers, and BI self-perceptions. The ROTC cadets in this study displayed eating disorder risk and BI dissatisfaction, which is concerning for tactical readiness, long-term behavioral health issues, and injury from pathogenic behaviors. Education and quality healthcare are necessary to mitigate the increased risk of eating and BI dissatisfaction within this population.

Hi-C coupled multimarker analysis of genomic annotation (H-MAGMA) was initially developed to advance MAGMA by assigning non-coding SNPs to their cognate genes based on threedimensional chromatin architecture. Yurko and colleagues raised concerns that the SNP-wise mean gene-analysis model of MAGMA may allow inflation in type I errors. Accordingly, we updated MAGMA and found that the updated version (MAGMA v.1.08) effectively controls for error rate inflation. Intrigued by this result, H-MAGMA was also updated by implementing MAGMA v.1.08. As expected, H-MAGMA v.1.08 detected a smaller set of risk genes than its original version (v.1.07), but the overall statistical architecture remained largely unchanged between v.1.07 and v.1.08. H-MAGMA v.1.08 was then applied to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of five psychiatric disorders, from which we recapitulated our previous findings that psychiatric disorder risk genes display neuronal and prenatal enrichment. Therefore, issues raised by Yurko and colleagues can be overcome by using (H-)MAGMA v.1.08.

This study aimed to determine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on social network sites (SNS) use and to explore whether SNS use is associated with body image disturbances and low self-esteem. A total of 2601 women living in Spain aged 14-35 years completed questionnaire measures of SNS use, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. In the survey, participants were asked about their use of SNS at the moment of answering the survey and before lockdown. A statistically significant increase was found in the frequency of use of all studied SNS (Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter and Facebook) during lockdown, as well as in the number of women following appearance-focused Instagram accounts. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the frequency of Instagram use and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and low self-esteem in the younger age group (14-24), and between the frequency of Instagram use and drive for thinness in the older age group (25-35). Following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram was related to body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness in the younger group, and only to drive for thinness in the older group (25-35). Following appearance-focused accounts on Instagram and a higher frequency of use of Instagram significantly predicted higher levels of drive for thinness. These results suggest that lockdown has had an impact on SNS use, and this might be linked to increased drive for thinness and eating disorder risk among adolescents and young women.

Background Occupational groups operating in dangerous environments may witness the development of acute stress reaction (ASR) in team members. Witnessing ASR in team members may increase the risk of developing subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Aims To describe ASR symptoms that individuals witness, assess the relationship between witnessing a team member exhibiting ASR symptoms and an individual's own PTSD symptoms, and describe common intervention responses by peers. Method Cross-sectional, anonymous surveys were conducted with US soldiers who were previously deployed (sample 1; n = 176) and currently deployed sample 2; n = 497). Surveys assessed combat experiences, PTSD (PTSD Checklist-5), ASR exposure and intervention responses. Analyses included frequencies and binary logistic regression. Results Witnessing at least one ASR symptom during a combat-related event was reported by 51.7% in sample 1 and 42.4% in sample 2; the most commonly observed symptoms were being unable to function or being detached. Controlling for combat experiences, high levels of witnessing a team member exhibit ASR symptoms was associated with increased risk of subthreshold PTSD or PTSD in sample 1 (odds ratio (OR) = 8.69, 95% CI 2.29–42.60) and approached significance in sample 2 (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 0.98–2.81). Common intervention responses included providing a directive or yelling; many also reported being unsure how to respond. Conclusions Witnessing team members who exhibit ASR symptoms appears to be associated with screening positive for subthreshold PTSD or PTSD. Results suggest the need for further research into how to prepare individuals to manage ASR in team members and to examine ASR in other high-risk occupations.

BackgroundWhether hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases the risk of rheumatic disorders and whether the associated risk is reversed by anti-HCV therapy remain elusive. We aimed to investigate these topics. MethodsA nationwide population-based cohort study of Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (TNHIRD) was conducted. ResultsOf 19,298,735 subjects, 3 TNHIRD cohorts (1:4:4, propensity score-matched), including HCV-treated (6,919 HCV-infected subjects with interferon and ribavirin therapy > 6 months), HCV-untreated (n=27,676) and HCV-uninfected (n=27,676) cohorts, were enrolled and had been followed since 2003 to 2015. HCV-uninfected cohort had the lowest 11-year cumulative incidence of rheumatic disorders [9.535%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.416~10.734%] (pp=0.8316). Multivariate analyses showed, HCV infection [hazard ratio (HR):1.671; 95% CI HR: 1.562-1.788, pp> 49 years (1.168; 1.088-1.253, p> 1 (1.156; 1.074-1.245, p=0.0001), liver cirrhosis (0.795; 0.674-0.937, p=0.0062), chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (1.244; 1.134-1.364, pp=0.0326), diabetes mellitus (0.91; 0.835-0.993, p=0.0333) and dyslipidemia (1.205; 1.108-1.31, ppp=0.1796). ConclusionsHCV infection, baseline demographics and comorbidities were associated with the risks of rheumatic disorders. Although HCV-associated risk of rheumatic disorders might not be reversed by interferon-based anti-HCV therapy, which reduced the overall mortality in HCV-infected patients.

Background: Eating disorders refer to a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits. It has impact on both physical and socio-emotional health of young people. The study will help in early identification of eating disorders. Addressing eating disorders at the early stage can prevent further physical and psychological complications. Objectives: To assess the risk of eating disorders among college students using Eating Attitudes Test- 26(EAT-26) screening tool. To determine their behaviors and its association with eating disorders. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among students studying in pre-university and degree colleges. The colleges were selected by simple random sampling technique. A total of 500 students participated in the study. Eating Attitudes Test-26(EAT-26) screening tool developed by Garner et al was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was self administered to the students to assess the risk of eating disorders and behavior pattern. Results: The mean age of the students was 17.60±1.13years.Risk of disorders was present among 94(18.8%) students. Behavior patterns for development of eating disorders were present among 313(62.1%) students. Among 313 students 73(23.3%) had eating disorder risk .The association between the risk of eating disorders and behavior patterns was found to be statistically significant (p

Background Body dissatisfaction influences women’s mental and physical health. To date, most research has focused on body dissatisfaction in relation to the ‘thin-ideal’. Thus, the association between body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptomatology and muscularity-ideal in women is less clear. Lack of understanding is underpinned by the lack of reliable and valid muscularity-related assessments for women. To address this need, we developed, tested and re-tested two new body dissatisfaction scales: The Female Body Scale (FBS; adiposity dimension) and Female Fit Body Scale (FFITBS; muscularity dimension). Methods One hundred and fifty-two women in the United Kingdom rated which body figure best represented their current and ideal body, completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0), and their body composition was measured. During re-test, the EDE-Q 6.0 and Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) were completed. Results Both the FBS and the FFITBS were found to be valid and reliable, and distinct types of body dissatisfaction were identified. Higher EDE-Q scores corresponded with greater body dissatisfaction scores on both the FBS and FFITBS. Thin-ideal (FBS) and larger/muscularity-ideal (FFITBS) body dissatisfaction predicted higher scores on the DMS. The muscularity scale (FFITBS) uniquely revealed that 28% of participants indicated body dissatisfaction toward the larger-muscularity-ideal. Conclusions Results reveal distinct dimensions of body dissatisfaction. These new, validated scales may be utilized to quickly identify eating disorder risk in women as a preventative assessment for clinicians and inform female-focused body-image and eating disorder research.

The current COVID‐19 pandemic has created a global context likely to increase eating disorder (ED) risk and symptoms, decrease factors that protect against EDs, and exacerbate barriers to care. Three pathways exist by which this pandemic may exacerbate ED risk. One, the disruptions to daily routines and constraints to outdoor activities may increase weight and shape concerns, and negatively impact eating, exercise, and sleeping patterns, which may in turn increase ED risk and symptoms. Relatedly, the pandemic and accompanying social restrictions may deprive individuals of social support and adaptive coping strategies, thereby potentially elevating ED risk and symptoms by removing protective factors. Two, increased exposure to ED‐specific or anxiety‐provoking media, as well as increased reliance on video conferencing, may increase ED risk and symptoms. Three, fears of contagion may increase ED symptoms specifically related to health concerns, or by the pursuit of restrictive diets focused on increasing immunity. In addition, elevated rates of stress and negative affect due to the pandemic and social isolation may also contribute to increasing risk. Evaluating and assessing these factors are key to better understanding the impact of the pandemic on ED risk and recovery and to inform resource dissemination and targets.

Most risk variants for brain disorders identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reside in non-coding genome, which makes deciphering biological mechanisms difficult. A commonly used tool, MAGMA, addresses this issue by aggregating SNP associations to nearest genes. Here, we developed a platform, Hi-C coupled MAGMA (H-MAGMA), that advances MAGMA by incorporating chromatin interaction profiles from human brain tissue across two developmental epochs and two brain cell types. By employing gene regulatory relationships in the disease-relevant tissue, H-MAGMA identifies neurobiologically-relevant target genes. We applied H-MAGMA to five psychiatric disorders and four neurodegenerative disorders to interrogate biological pathways, developmental windows, and cell types implicated for each disorder. Psychiatric disorder risk genes tended to be expressed during mid-gestation and in excitatory neurons, whereas degenerative disorder risk genes showed increasing expression over time and more diverse cell-type specificities. H-MAGMA adds to existing analytic frameworks to help identify the neurobiological consequences of brain disorder genetics.

Research supports an association between altered interoceptive accuracy, or the ability to accurately monitor sensations from the body, and disordered eating. However, the behavioral mechanism through which interoceptive accuracy may influence eating behaviors is unclear. Intuitive eating, the ability to regulate food intake according to visceral cues of hunger and satiety, is positively related to interoceptive accuracy and negatively related to disordered eating. Therefore, we hypothesized that interoceptive accuracy would be negatively associated with intuitive eating which would, in turn, influence eating disorder risk. A mediation analysis was performed to test this hypothesis in a sample of 41 undergraduate women who completed a heartbeat counting task to assess interoceptive accuracy, followed by self-report measures of intuitive eating ability and eating disorder risk. We found that eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and reliance on hunger and satiety cues, two aspects of intuitive eating, mediated the relationship between interoceptive accuracy and eating disorder risk. Although further research is necessary, it is possible that findings regarding the association between interoceptive accuracy and intuitive eating may inform the development of eating disorder prevention efforts.

Telomere shortening is one hallmark of cell ageing that can limit the proliferative capacity of cell populations and increase risk for age-related disease. It has been hypothesized that short telomeres, and subsequently a limited proliferative capacity of hippocampal progenitor cells, could contribute to smaller hippocampal volumes and impaired cognition, amongst psychiatric disorder patients. The current study employed a systematic, multidisciplinary approach which aimed to model the effects of telomere shortening on human hippocampal neurogenesis, and to explore its relationship with cognition and psychiatric disorder risk. We modelled telomere shortening in human hippocampal progenitor cellsin vitrousing a serial passaging protocol that mimics the end-replication problem. Aged progenitors demonstrated shorter telomeres (p