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Humic acid (HA), as an important part of natural organic matter (NOM), is a precursor of disinfection byproducts. HA affects the migration and transformation of inorganic substances such as metal ions, causing direct harm to the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, HA removal is an important aspect of geochemical research. In this review, research on the application of biochar and modified biochar, which exhibit excellent removal capability, in the treatment of HA-like NOM in water is summarized. The different mechanisms of HA removal via biochar are discussed by analyzing the structure-activity relationship of biochar in the removal of NOM in water under various influencing conditions. The performance and mechanism of adsorption, Fenton, photocatalysis, and electrochemical oxidation methods are analyzed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Finally, the application potential and development direction of multifunctional biochar materials for the removal of NOM, including HA, from water are reviewed. This review provides theoretical and technical support for the removal of HA-like NOM in water using biochar materials and provides a novel direction for its application in actual water bodies. Highlights: The removal of HA based on biochar is affected by the source, pyrolysis temperature, and modification method of biochar. HA is adsorbed by biochar through pore filling, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. HA is oxidized by biochar through active free radicals such as ⋅OH, ⋅O2−, SO4−⋅, and 1O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection by‐products (DBPs) have received considerable focus due to potential teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects; however, there is an evident gap in the availability of analytical methodologies for the simultaneous determination of DBPs in fish, especially iodinated DBPs. This paper developed an innovative analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 12 DBPs, including four trihalomethanes (THMs), three haloacetonitriles, and five iodinated THMs (I‐THMs), in fish muscle, utilizing solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The method incorporates tert‐butyl methyl ether as an extraction solvent, performing efficient vortex mixing, extraction, and centrifugation under reduced temperature conditions to facilitate the processing of physically disrupted fish tissues. It demonstrates sensitivity with detection limits from 0.21 to 4.02 ng/g, with recoveries from 58.7% to 129.7%. Applied to real fish samples, including bass (n = 7) and carp (n = 7), all contained detectable DBPs, with concentrations between 8.2 and 275.25 ng/g. Significantly, bass from aquaculture facility exhibited the highest contamination, particularly with chlorodiiodomethane at 194.57 ng/g. I‐THMs present in all fish samples. Notably, this is the first paper about the analytical protocol of I‐THMs in biological matrices. This developed method will facilitate further research on human exposure assessment of DBPs through consumption of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater is a long-standing remedy against a number of skin or rheumatic conditions since ancient times, now popular in many countries, where spa, thalassotherapy and seawater pools have considerably boomed. Exposure to seawater and sunlight is an essential component of thalassotherapy, defined by any controlled interaction with marine environments and their natural elements, even in the absence of skin applications of algae, sands or muds. Seawater pools therefore offer the opportunity of thalassotherapy to patients unable to go the beach or during the winter months. The evidence from various studies seems to converge on combined exposure to solar radiation and seawater as a more effective approach than irradiation alone or bathing in freshwater followed by irradiation to reduce symptoms of inflammatory skin diseases or rheumatic conditions. An unwanted consequence of chlorine-based treatment of seawater is the formation of disinfection-by-products (DBPs) due to reactions of disinfectants with organic matter of anthropogenic origin released by bathers. Whilst chlorination of freshwater predominantly generates chlorinated DBPs, the prevailing species produced by chlorination of seawater pools are brominated DBPs, reportedly more genotoxic. However, despite greater toxicity of brominated DBPs, there is evidence that DBPs concentration in freshwater pools is significantly higher (probably due to the larger number of users) compared to seawater pools. Containing the number of bathers could therefore reduce the risk of exposure to DBPs in both types of pool. The outdoor location of pools can further contribute to reducing the risk of genotoxicity thanks to volatilization, airborne dispersion and photodegradation of some DBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical pollution is an increasing worldwide concern, with children being especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. This study aimed to characterize the mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in indoor air across residential, educational, and recreational settings. It analyzed data on VOC concentrations from previous sampling campaigns conducted in households with children, primary schools, and indoor swimming pools (70 buildings, 151 indoor spaces) in northern Portugal. The findings reveal the co-occurrence of 16 VOCs (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene, m/o/p-xylenes, styrene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, 2-ethylhexanol, butanol, acetophenone, ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde, decanal, nonanal, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and limonene) across all three settings, primarily associated to emissions from building materials and detergents. However, distinct patterns were also observed in the VOCs detected across the three indoor environments: in homes, the predominant VOCs were primarily released from cleaning and fragranced products; in schools, from ammonia-based cleaners and occupant activities; and in swimming pools, the predominant airborne chemicals were disinfection by-products resulting from the chemical dynamics associated with water disinfection. Overall, the findings highlight the need for additional research to deepen our understanding of the risks posed by combined exposure to multiple indoor air chemicals for children. These results also underscore the importance of developing and enforcing regulations to monitor VOC levels in environments frequented by children and implementing preventive measures to minimize their exposure to harmful chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological mechanisms of exposure to Trihalomethanes (THMs) in swimming pools remain unclear. Investigation of short-term changes in metabolomic profiles due to exposure to THMs during swimming can help to understand the health effects-related mechanisms. With this in view, we aimed to assess exposure of swimmers to THMs in chlorine and ozone-chlorine swimming pools using the metabolomics approach from September 2020 to January 2021 in Tehran. Two parallel panels of 29 healthy adult subjects swam over 60 min in either of swimming pools. Blood samples were collected before and 2 h after swimming to assess metabolomic profile using Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H-NMR). Differential metabolites between the two groups were identified by multivariate analysis methods such as Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Random Forest (RF). The levels of THMs in exhaled air as a biomarker of exposure and the metabolic profile as a biomarker of the effect changed significantly between two participants of swimming pools. Based on the significant metabolites, the biochemical pathways were identified by the method of Metabolite Setts Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) and by using the Metaboanalyst platform. The pathways of tryptophan metabolism, galactose metabolism and fructose and mannose metabolism were the most important biochemically significant pathways in individuals after exposure to THMs. Finally, findings from metabolic changes in our study indicate that exposure to THMs in swimming pools can activate the mechanisms of central nervous system disorders, increased uric acid, increased risk of bladder cancer and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-ozonation can enhance the removal of algae in source water during cyanobacterial blooms; however, little is known about the influence of the co-existing allochthonous natural organic matter (NOM) on algal removal and algal organic matter (AOM) behavior during ozonation. This study aims to elucidate in the presence and absence of allochthonous NOM and the effects of varying ozone doses on Synechococcus sp. cell removal, membrane integrity, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) release and removal. The results indicate that ozone effectively disrupted algal cell membranes, reducing algal density; however, the presence of allochthonous NOM delayed cell rupture by competing for ozone due to aromatic humic-like substances. Pterin-like and protein-like fluorescent compounds were released upon cell disruption. Due to that, excess ozone led to the oxidation of the released pterin-like compounds, with characteristic fluorescence changes correlating to ozone dosage; these changes are potential to be used as an indicator to determine the optimized ozone dosage, avoiding more adverse release of intracellular AOM to form disinfection byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic chloramines are commonly used drinking water disinfectants intended to safeguard public health and curb regulated disinfection by-product formation. However, inorganic chloramines themselves produce by-products that are poorly characterized. We report chloronitramide anion (Cl–N–NO2−) as a previously unidentified end product of inorganic chloramine decomposition. Analysis of chloraminated US drinking waters found Cl–N–NO2− in all samples tested (n = 40), with a median concentration of 23 micrograms per liter and first and third quartiles of 1.3 and 92 micrograms per liter, respectively. Cl–N–NO2− warrants occurrence and toxicity studies in chloraminated water systems that serve more than 113 million people in the US alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the sodium perborate (SP)-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process was used to enhance the coagulation efficiency of cyanobacteria with polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC), aiming to efficiently mitigate the impact of algal blooms on the safety of drinking water production. The optimal concentrations of SP, PMS, and PAC were determined by evaluating the removal rate of OD680 and zeta potential of the algae. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed ternary PMS/SP/PAC process achieved a remarkable OD680 removal efficiency of 95.2%, significantly surpassing those obtained from individual treatments with PMS (19.5%), SP (5.2%), and PAC (42.1%), as well as combined treatments with PMS/PAC (55.7%) and PMS/SP (28%). The synergistic effect of PMS/SP/PAC led to the enhanced aggregation of cyanobacteria cells due to a substantial reduction in their zeta potential. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate cell integrity before and after treatment with PMS/SP/PAC. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) (sodium hypochlorite disinfection) of the algae-laden water subsequent to PMS/SP/PAC treatment declined by 57.1%. Moreover, microcystin-LR was completely degraded by PMS/SP/PAC. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis evidenced the continuous production of S O 4 • − , •OH, 1O2, and O 2 • − , contributing to both cell destruction and organic matter degradation. This study highlighted the significant potential offered by the PMS/SP/PAC process for treating algae-laden water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of two new disinfectant by-product (DBP) groups in the UK was recently shown using non-target analysis, halogenated-hydroxycyclopentenediones and halogenated-methanesulfonic acids. In this work, we confirmed the structure of 2,2,4-tribromo-5-hydroxycyclopent-4-ene-1,3-dione (TBHCD), and quantified it together with dibromomethanesulfonic acid at 122 ± 34 and 326 ± 157 ng L−1 on average in London's drinking water, respectively (n = 21). We found TBHCD to be photolabile and unstable in tap water and at alkaline pH. Furthermore, spectral and computational data for TBHCD and three other halogenated-hydroxycyclopentenediones indicated they could act as a source of radicals in water and in the body. Importantly, TBHCD was calculated to have a 14.5 kcal mol−1 lower C-Br bond dissociation enthalpy than the N-Br bond of N-bromosuccinimide, a common radical substitution reagent used in organic synthesis. TBHCD was mutagenic in Salmonella/microsome assays using strains TA98, TA100 and TA102. This work reveals the unique features, activity and toxicity of trihalogenated hydroxycyclopent-4-ene-1,3-diones, prompting a need to more comprehensively assess their risks. Halogenated disinfection by-products are a recognized health risk, but unequivocal identification and monitoring of new compounds is challenging, which prevents risk assessment. Here, the authors identify and quantify 2,2,4-tribromo-5-hydroxycyclopent-4-ene-1,3-dione in London drinking water, and describe the compound's activity and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation kinetics, reaction pathways, and disinfection by-products formation of an organic UV filter, benzophenone-4 (BP4) during UV/persulfate oxidation were investigated. BP4 can hardly be degraded by UV alone, but can be effectively decomposed by UV/persulfate following pseudo-first order kinetics. BP4 degradation rate was enhanced with increasing persulfate dosage and decreasing pH from 8 to 5. However, the degradation rate of BP4 at pH 9 was higher than that at pH 8 because of the presence of phenolic group in BP4 structure. and ${\rm SO}_ 4^- \cdot$ SO 4 − ⋅ were confirmed as the major contributors to BP4 decomposition in radical scavenging experiments, and the second-order rate constants between ${\rm HO}\cdot$ HO ⋅ and BP4 as well as those between ${\rm SO}_ 4^- \cdot$ SO 4 − ⋅ and BP4 were estimated by establishing and solving a kinetic model. The presence of ${\rm B}{\rm r}^-$ B r − and humic acid inhibited the decomposition of BP4, while ${\rm N}{\rm O}_ 3^-$ N O 3 − promoted it. The mineralisation of BP4 was only 9.1% at the persulfate concentration of 50 μM. Six degradation intermediates were identified for the promulgation of the reaction pathways of BP4 during UV/persulfate oxidation were proposed as a result. In addition, the formation of DBP in the sequential chlorination was evaluated at different persulfate dosages, pH values, and water matrix. The results of this study can provide essential knowledge for the effective control of DBP formation with reducing potential hazard to provide safe drinking water to the public. Highlights: BP4 can be effectively degraded by UV/persulfate process, following pseudo-first order kinetics. ${\rm OH}\cdot$ OH ⋅ and ${\rm SO}_ 4^- \cdot$ SO 4 − ⋅ were identified as the main contributors to BP4 degradation during UV/persulfate process. The degradation pathways of BP4 during UV/persulfate process were proposed. Initial persulfate concentration and solution pH both affected the yield of DBPs. The higher toxic DBPs can be generated in the presence of ${\rm B}{\rm r}^-$ B r − or ${\rm N}{\rm O}_ 3^-$ N O 3 − . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maine is a largely rural state where nearly half of the population uses drinking water from private wells. Arsenic (As) is present in some Maine groundwater, has been linked to cancer, and a lack of testing and treatment may expose people with private wells to elevated As levels. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) include known and suspected carcinogens that form when chlorine or chloramines are added to water. People served by public water systems may be exposed to elevated levels of regulated DBPs such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids associated with chlorine and/or unregulated nitrogenous DBPs, or N-DBPs, such as nitrite and N-nitrosodimethylamine associated with chloramines. Contrary to initial expectations, there were no significant associations between median town As in well water and bladder, lung, kidney, or skin cancer incidence. Furthermore, bladder, melanoma, and other skin cancer incidence rates were negatively correlated with the percent of the town population using private wells. Analysis of cancer incidence associated with chlorine and chloramine disinfection showed elevated melanoma, and other skin cancer with chloramine use and elevated bladder and non-melanoma skin cancer with chlorine use compared to the no disinfectant case. We recommend more research on the links between disinfectant use and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for treating solid tumors. As a genotoxic agent, cisplatin binds to DNA and forms platinum-DNA adducts that cause DNA damage and activate a series of signaling pathways mediated by various DNA-binding proteins (DBPs), ultimately leading to cell death. Therefore, DBPs play crucial roles in the cellular response to cisplatin and in determining cell fate. However, systematic studies of DBPs responding to cisplatin damage and their temporal dynamics are still lacking. To address this, we developed a novel and user-friendly stand-alone software, DEWNA, designed for dynamic entropy weight network analysis to reveal the dynamic changes of DBPs and their functions. DEWNA utilizes the entropy weight method, multiscale embedded gene co-expression network analysis and generalized reporter score-based analysis to process time-course proteome expression data, helping scientists identify protein hubs and pathway entropy profiles during disease progression. We applied DEWNA to a dataset of DBPs from A549 cells responding to cisplatin-induced damage across 8 time points, with data generated by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). The results demonstrate that DEWNA can effectively identify protein hubs and associated pathways that are significantly altered in response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage, and offer a comprehensive view of how different pathways interact and respond dynamically over time to cisplatin treatment. Notably, we observed the dynamic activation of distinct DNA repair pathways and cell death mechanisms during the drug treatment time course, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular response to DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effectiveness of the Fenton process in removing natural organic matter (NOM) from groundwater was investigated. The subject of this study is groundwater characterised by increased content of NOM and iron (II) compounds. In laboratory-scale studies, the influence of the ratio of concentrations of Fe(II) ions, which are naturally occurring in groundwater, to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as oxidation time and pH on the removal efficiency of organic matter was determined. Indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), UV absorbance at 272 nm (UV272), and specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) were used to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the organic substances present in the raw water and after oxidation with Fenton's reagent. Analysis of the results obtained showed that the highest removal efficiency of organic substances in the deep oxidation process using the Fenton reaction was obtained for a concentration ratio of Fe(II) to H2O2 = 1:5. Acidification of the water samples to a pH of about 4 and extending the oxidation time to 30 min significantly increased the removal efficiency of organic substances including mainly dissolved organic substances containing aromatic rings. The organic substances containing aromatic rings, determined at a wavelength of 254 nm, were degraded to other organic intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride ions readily react with organic matter and other ions, resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that exhibit heightened levels of toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. This study creatively employed waste walnut shells as self-templates and low-cost magnesium bicarbonate as a rigid template to successfully synthesize multifunctional porous carbon derived from walnut shells. Employing a series of characterization techniques, it was ascertained that the porous carbon material (WSC/Mg) synthesized via the dual-template method exhibited a distinct layered microscopic surface structure, with a predominance of C and O elements on the surface. The material displayed a high degree of graphitization, significant specific surface area, and abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups. The incorporation of magnesium bicarbonate as a hard template improved the structure of the walnut shell porous carbon, resulting in a significant enhancement in mass transfer efficiency for the target product on the adsorbent and a substantial improvement in removal efficiency. In comparison with walnut shell-derived carbon using only self-templating, WSC/Mg exhibited a 17.26-fold increase in adsorption capacity for 2,4-dichlorophenol. Furthermore, even after four adsorption–desorption cycles, WSC/Mg-12 maintained an adsorption efficiency above 90%. It is remarkable that WSC/Mg-12 demonstrated exceptional resistance to interference from natural organic matter and pH variations. Moreover, the adsorbed saturated WSC/Mg-12 effectively treated real coke wastewater, resulting in an 80% color removal rate, 20% COD removal rate, and 15% ammonia nitrogen removal rate. In conclusion, this study presents an innovative approach for cost-effective and versatile porous carbon materials with extensive applications in water environment purification and biomass utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, samples from the Yangtze River, Han River, and Liangzi Lake in Wuhan City were utilized to characterize the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chlorine-based disinfection residues in drinking water sources. The results indicated that the main DBPs in drinking water sources were trichloromethane (TCM) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). The generation of DBPs was significantly positively correlated with oxidative substances, aromatic compounds, pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content in the water. The concentration of TCAA increased from 0 to 2.45 ± 0.31 mg/L when the reaction time increased to 72 h. As the NaClO concentration increased from 5 mg/L to 15 mg/L, the concentrations of TCAA, TBM, and DCAN increased from 2.03 ± 0.04 mg/L, 0 mg/L, and 0 mg/L to 2.49 ± 0.34 mg/L, 0.21 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 0.10 ± 0.04 mg/L before decreasing to 1.75 ± 0.19 mg/L, 0.17 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 0.04 ± 0.05 mg/L, respectively. The orthogonal experimental results showed that Br−, NH3-N, and pH all had significant influences on the TCM generation, whereas temperature affected the formation of TCAA in the Han River. This work reveals the factors influencing the generation of DBPs from chlorine-based disinfection residues, offering a prevention and control method for DBPs in drinking water sources from a theoretical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of disinfection by-products in drinking water supplies is a global concern due to their carcinogenicity. However, the monitoring of DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water supplies is non-existent in many developing Asian, South American, and African countries. The formation of THMs during disinfection arises from a reaction between the disinfectant and natural organic matter in the water, particularly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This reaction is hastened by increases in temperature, high levels of disinfectant doses or residual, elevated water pH, long disinfection contact times, and high DOC concentrations. However, the inclusion of a granular activated carbon adsorption process in the water treatment process is the most effective method for the removal of the main precursor (DOC) for the formation of THMs in treated water. The Barekese WTP, which disinfects with chlorine, has no adsorption process for DOC removal, and supplies over 80% of pipe-borne water to the city of Kumasi in Ghana, was assessed for the THM formation potential (THMFP). A THM predictive model was used to determine the potential THM concentration in the final water. The THMFP at the Barekese WTP ranged between 22.42 and 38.94 µg/L, which was below the 100 µg/L threshold set by the WHO. The lifetime average daily doses were 3.9494 × 10−4 µg/Kg/d and 3.9294 × 10−4 µg/Kg/d for male and female consumers, respectively. The lifetime integrative cancer risks associated with consumption of the water were 1.817 × 10−5 and 1.808 × 10−5 for males and females, respectively. The cancer risk posed was acceptably low. However, direct measurement of DBPs is required to corroborate these findings and verify the cancer risk posed to the consumers of treated water from the Barekese WTP to inform policies, regulations, public health interventions, and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water serves as a critical vector for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, playing a pivotal role in the emergence and propagation of numerous diseases. Ozone (O3) disinfection technology offers promising potential for mitigating the spread of these pathogens in aquatic environments. However, previous studies have only focused on the inactivated effect of O3 on a single pathogenic microorganism, lacking a comprehensive comparative analysis of various influencing factors and different types of pathogens, while the cost-effectiveness of O3 technology has not been mentioned. This review synthesized the migration characteristics of various pathogenic microorganisms in water bodies and examined the properties, mechanisms, and influencing factors of O3 inactivation. It evaluated the efficacy of O3 against diverse pathogens, namely bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi, and provided a comparative analysis of their sensitivities to O3. The formation and impact of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the O3 inactivation process were assessed, alongside an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of this method. Additionally, potential synergistic treatment processes involving O3 were proposed. Based on these findings, recommendations were made for optimizing the utilization of O3 in water inactivation in order to formulate better inactivation strategies in the post-pandemic eras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One key aspect of ensuring water safety in water distribution systems (WDS) is the controlled use of disinfectants like chlorine within these systems. The number of disinfectant levels in WDS directly impacts the quality and safety of the water supplied to consumers, thus chlorine/disinfectant regulation in WDS is paramount. An upper residual chlorine limit controls the formation of disinfection byproducts, whereas a lower residual chlorine limit guarantees that the water remains free of organic contaminants. However, accurately modeling the chlorine reaction in WDS is a complex task due to various influencing factors, including pipe material, pipe age, water pH, temperature, and more. The variability in the chlorine reaction rate in WDS poses a significant challenge in accurately predicting water quality provided to the consumers and also affects the optimal scheduling of chlorine booster injections. To ensure the water quality remains within the acceptable range, we consider the chlorine reaction rate as an uncertain parameter and propose an approximate robust reformulation approach for the booster chlorination scheduling problem. We utilize two benchmark WDS systems to perform rigorous testing and analysis of our methodology. The proposed approach provides a systematic and robust method to obtain chlorine injection scheduling that adheres to predefined aims to maintain safe water quality levels while considering the uncertain reaction rate coefficients to be within ellipsoidal uncertainty sets. Practical Applications: Water utility managers face the critical challenge of maintaining safe and effective disinfection levels across water distribution systems. Variability in chlorine reaction rates—due to factors like temperature, pipe material, and water pH—adds complexity to this task. This study proposes a robust methodology that helps managers optimize the dosage schedule of chlorine injections, ensuring consistent water safety. By using robust optimization approach, the uncertainties in reaction rates are accounted, to ensure the maintenance of chlorine levels within safe thresholds. Balancing the risks of bacterial contamination or harmful disinfection by-products. The methodology's robust optimization techniques also reduce computational demands compared with the stochastic approach, making it suitable for large urban water networks where real-time decision-making is crucial. In urban areas with aging infrastructure, this methodology enhances public health by ensuring a reliable supply of safe drinking water, meeting water quality standards, and boosting public confidence in the safety of the water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process showed excellent degradation efficiency of CBZ. • The UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process can effectively control the consumption of oxidants. • The main active species were HO • and Cl • at high ratios of ClO 2. • The UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process can reduce the formation of chlorate and chlorite. A mixed oxidant of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and NaClO was often used in water treatment. A novel UVA-LED (365 nm)-activated mixed ClO 2 /NaClO process was proposed for the degradation of micropollutants in this study. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was selected as the target pollutant. Compared with the UVA 365 /ClO 2 process, the UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process can improve the degradation of CBZ, with the rate constant increasing from 2.11×10−4 sec−1 to 2.74×10−4 sec−1. In addition, the consumption of oxidants in the UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process (73.67%) can also be lower than that of UVA 365 /NaClO (86.42%). When the NaClO ratio increased, both the degradation efficiency of CBZ and the consumption of oxidants can increase in the UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process. The solution pH can affect the contribution of NaClO in the total oxidant ratio. When the pH range of 6.0-8.0, the combination process can generate more active species to promote the degradation of CBZ. The change of active species with oxidant molar ratio was investigated in the UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process. When ClO 2 acted as the main oxidant, HO• and Cl• were the main active species, while when NaClO was the main oxidant, ClO• played a role in the system. Both chloride ion (Cl–), bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 –), and nitrate ion (NO 3 –) can promote the reaction system. As the concentration of NaClO in the reaction solution increased, the generation of chlorates will decrease. The UVA 365 /ClO 2 /NaClO process can effectively control the formation of volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs), and with the increase of ClO 2 dosage, the formation of DBPs can also decrease. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OPN5 is one of the main deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs), converting photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals to regulate reproduction in birds. This study investigated the mechanism of OPN5-mediated photoperiodic regulation of reproduction by active immunization against OPN5. 96 female quail were divided into OPN5-immunized and control group under the same photoperiod: 16 L:8 D (d 1 to d 35), 8 L:16 D (d 36 to d 70) and 12 L:12 D (d 71 to d 126). OPN5-immunized group was conducted with OPN5 protein vaccination and control group was given a blank vaccine. Samples were collected on d 1, d 30, d 60, and d 126. Results showed switching photoperiod to 8 L:16 D decreased the laying rate, GSI%, numbers of YFs and WFs, serum levels of PRL, P4 and E2, and pituitary PRL and TSHβ protein expressions in both groups (P < 0.05). Whereas the OPN5-immunized group exhibited higher laying rates than the control group (P < 0.05). The control group showed reduced GnRHR and TSHβ gene expressions in the pituitary and increased GnIH and DIO3 transcript and/or protein abundance in the hypothalamus. (P < 0.05). The OPN5-immunized group had lower DIO3 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. (P < 0.05). Switching photoperiod from 8 L:16 D to 12 L:12 D increased the laying rates, GSI%, numbers of YFs and WFs, serum levels of PRL, and PRL protein expression in both groups (P < 0.05), and the responses were more pronounced in OPN5-immunized group (P < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, quail with OPN5-immunization had higher OPN5 and DIO2 transcript and/or protein levels but lower DIO3 expressions in the hypothalamus along the transition photoperiods (P < 0.05). The results revealed that OPN5 responds to photoperiod transition, and its activation mediates related signaling to up-regulate TSH-DIO2/DIO3 pathway and VIP-PRL secretion to prime quail reproductive functions. • OPN5 immunization slowed down the Inhibition of short-photoperiod on reproduction. • OPN5 immunization enhanced the stimulation of prolong-photoperiod on reproduction. • OPN5 immunization enhanced OPN5 signaling to promote follicular development in quail. • OPN5 may have a regulatory effect on PRL while mediating photoperiod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the seasonal performance of the Koka water treatment plant in removing natural organic matter (NOM) and the implications for disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential. Raw and treated water samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons and analyzed using physicochemical parameters and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results revealed significant seasonal variations in raw water (RW) quality, with higher turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254 absorbance during both seasons and across treatment processes. The NOM removal efficiency of the treatment plant was poor, with mean TOC removal of 46 and 43% and DOC removal of 15.8 and 15.2% during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The sedimentation unit demonstrated negative TOC removal, indicating NOM accumulation likely due to biochemical reactions in the unit. Fluorescence analysis and the correlation between specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and DBP formation potential suggest a higher risk of DBP formation in chlorinated drinking water. These findings highlight the influence of seasonal variations, RW quality, and the treatment process dynamics on the plant’s performance in removing NOM. There is a need to implement adaptable strategies to enhance NOM removal, accounting for seasonal fluctuations in RW quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Disinfection by-products used to obtain drinking water, including halomethanes (HMs) such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and BrCHCl2, induce cytotoxicity and hyperproliferation in human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5). Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) modulate these damages through their biotransformation processes, potentially generating toxic metabolites. However, the role of the oxidative stress response in cellular hyperproliferation, modulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), remains unclear. Methods: In this study, MRC-5 cells were treated with these compounds to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, phospho-NF-κB/p65 (Ser536) levels, and the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx. Additionally, the interactions between HMs and ROS with the IκBα/NF-κB/p65 complex were analyzed using molecular docking. Results: Correlation analysis among biomarkers revealed positive relationships between pro-oxidant damage and antioxidant responses, particularly in cells treated with CH2Cl2 and BrCHCl2. Conversely, negative relationships were observed between ROS levels and NF-κB/p65 levels in cells treated with CH2Cl2 and CHCl3. The estimated relative free energy of binding using thermodynamic integration with the p65 subunit of NF-κB was −3.3 kcal/mol for BrCHCl2, −3.5 kcal/mol for both CHCl3 and O2•, and −3.6 kcal/mol for H2O2. Conclusions: Chloride and bromide atoms were found in close contact with IPT domain residues, particularly in the RHD region involved in DNA binding. Ser281 is located within this domain, facilitating the phosphorylation of this protein. Similarly, both ROS interacted with the IPT domain in the RHD region, with H2O2 forming a side-chain oxygen interaction with Leu280 adjacent to the phosphorylation site of p65. However, the negative correlation between ROS and phospho-NF-κB/p65 suggests that steric hindrance by ROS on the C-terminal domain of NF-κB/p65 may play a role in the antioxidant response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada is considered a freshwater-rich country, despite this, several Indigenous reserves struggle with household water insecurity. In fact, some of these communities have lacked access to safe water for almost 30 years. Water quality in Canadian Indigenous reserves is influenced by several factors including source water quality, drinking water treatments applied, water distribution systems, and water storage tanks when piped water is unavailable. The objective of this multifaceted review is to spot the challenges and consequences of inadequate drinking water systems (DWS) and the available technical and microbiological alternatives to address water sanitation coverage in Indigenous reserves of Canada, North America (also known as Turtle Island). A comprehensive literature review was conducted using national web portals from both federal and provincial governments, as well as academic databases to identify the following topics: The status of water insecurity in Indigenous communities across Canada; Microbiological, chemical, and natural causes contributing to water insecurity; Limitations of applying urban-style drinking water systems in Indigenous reserves in Canada and the management of DWS for Indigenous communities in other high-income countries; and the importance of determining the microbiome inhabiting drinking water systems along with the cutting-edge technology available for its analysis. A total of 169 scientific articles matched the inclusion criteria. The major themes discussed include: The status of water insecurity and water advisories in Canada; the risks of pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., Escherichia coli and total coliforms) and other chemicals (i.e., disinfection by-products) found in water storage tanks; the most common technologies available for water treatment including coagulation, high- and low-pressure membrane filtration procedures, ozone, ion exchange, and biological ion exchange and their limitations when applying them in remote Indigenous communities. Furthermore, we reviewed the benefits and drawbacks that high throughput tools such as metagenomics (the study of genomes of microbial communities), culturomics (a high-efficiency culture approach), and microfluidics devices (microminiaturized instruments) and what they could represent for water monitoring in Indigenous reserves. This multifaceted review demonstrates that water insecurity in Canada is a reflection of the institutional structures of marginalization that persist in the country and other parts of Turtle Island. DWS on Indigenous reserves are in urgent need of upgrades. Source water protection, and drinking water monitoring plus a comprehensive design of culturally adapted, and sustainable water services are required. Collaborative efforts between First Nations authorities and federal, provincial, and territorial governments are imperative to ensure equitable access to safe drinking water in Indigenous reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as chloroacetic acids (CAAs) and N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are prevalent pollutants in surface waters, particularly with the increasing use of chlorine-based disinfectants. The entry of these DBPs into water bodies may increase accordingly, posing ecological risks to aquatic life. To assess the toxic effects of CAAs and NDMA on submerged macrophytes, Vallisneria natans was exposed to different concentrations of CAAs (1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 μg L−1) and NDMA (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg L−1). A RI value of <1 indicates that simultaneous exposure to CAAs and NDMA can produce an antagonistic effect. Both CAAs and NDMA adversely affect the photosynthetic system of plants. In the NDMA treatment group, chlorophyll a content decreases with increasing concentration, accounting for 96.03%, 60.80%, and 58.67% of the CT group, respectively. Additionally, it effectively triggers the plant's antioxidant response, with significant increases in SOD, POD, and GSH levels. Among these, the combined treatment group AN2 (10 + 1 μg L−1) showed the most significant change in SOD activity, reaching 3.57 times that of the CT group. Ultrastructural changes also revealed stress responses in leaf cells and damage to organelles. Furthermore, metabolomics provided insights into the metabolic responses induced by CAAs or NDMA in V. natans leaves, where the composition and metabolism of lipids, fatty acids, cofactors and vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and some antioxidants were regulated, affecting plant growth. This study provides preliminary information for the ecological risk assessment of submerged plants by complex contamination with the disinfection by-products CAA and NDMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement deflection is generally obtained by means of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests, which provide an evaluation of the structural behavior of highway constructions and indicate the evolution of pavement damage through time. This paper evaluated FWD data, backcalculated moduli, and deflection basin parameters (DBPs) (radius of curvature, area, structural curvature index, base damage index, and base curvature index) to analyze the structural performance of an experimental road pavement test section with four different asphalt pavement segments. The segments had different base layer materials, and they were constituted by one flexible structure (unbound granular base layer), one semi-rigid (cement-treated base layer), one cold recycled asphalt mixture layer stabilized with asphalt emulsion (CRAM-EM), and one cold recycled asphalt mixture layer stabilized with foamed asphalt (CRAM-AF). The field monitoring had eight surveys that included the evaluation of surface distresses and deflection measurements along 3 years of study. The backcalculated moduli of the asphalt layer, base, and remaining pavement structure presented an overall good correlation with the DBPs evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of society, more and more unknown halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) enter into drinking water and pose potential risks to humans. To explore the unknown halogenated DBPs in tap water, a selectively nontargeted analysis (SNTA) method was developed by conducting micro-liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (micro-LC-QTOFMS). In this method, two runs were employed: in the first run, the modes of TOFMS and precursor ion (the fragments were set as Cl35/Cl37, Br79/Br81, and I126.9) were performed, and the molecular ions or precursor ions of the halogenated organics could be obtained; in the second run, the product ion mode was conducted by setting the molecular ion screened above, and the MS/MS spectrums could be acquired to speculate concerning the structure. Two kinds of model DBPs (one kind had an aliphatic structure and the other was an aromatic compound) were used to optimize the parameters of the MS, and their MS characteristics were summarized. With this SNTA method, 15 halogenated DBPs were screened in two tap water samples and their structures were proposed. Of them, six DBPs had not been reported before and were assumed to be new DBPs. Overall, the detected halogenated DBPs were mostly acidic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Lucy Ellman's novel "Ducks, Newburyport" and its exploration of climate anxiety through the protagonist's musings on various topics, including environmental degradation. The novel employs a molecular form, focusing on the microscopic scale, to render environmental threats visible and evoke anxiety. The article examines the gendered and temporal dimensions of anxiety in the novel, as well as its portrayal of the interconnectedness between domestic concerns and global environmental crises. It also explores the politics of porousness, where environmental damage permeates human bodies, and the potential for collective consciousness and political action in the face of climate crisis. The novel "Ducks, Newburyport" explores the theme of hidden threats and the use of abbreviations, which adds to the sense of unease. The author uses lists and molecular language to describe everyday objects and their potential dangers, highlighting the permeability of boundaries between the inside and outside. However, the focus on molecular materiality should not be seen as inherently subversive, as it risks displacing human responsibility for political action. The novel also addresses settler-colonial violence and the complicity of domestic labor in ecological violence. The portrayal of food and foodwork challenges the binary frame of matter as either radical or conservative, emphasizing the complex ethical quandaries of consumption. The novel's exploration of the sublime anxiety of everyday life raises questions about individual choices and systemic issues. While the awareness of these complexities can be overwhelming, it also presents an opportunity for collective action and [Extracted from the article]

A batch electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminum electrodes was optimized for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and subsequent reduction in total trihalomethane (TTHM) formation potential from synthetic (SynW) and river water (RW) samples. Optimum operating conditions were found to be 45 min of electrolysis time, an initial NOM concentration of 10 mg/L , and an applied voltage of 15 V. Initial NOM concentrations tested were 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L and treatment efficiency increased with increasing initial concentration. The kinetic study demonstrated that NOM removal followed second-order kinetics. NOM removal resulted in the reduction of trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in treated water. THM concentrations were measured in untreated and EC-treated water. Bromodichloromethane had the highest removal (92.4%) compared to trichloromethane (89.5%) after 10 min. The TTHM concentration after a 10–30 min treatment was below the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 80 μg/L. After 60 min, the TTHM concentration in the RW samples was reduced by 77.5%, which was considerably less than the reduction in the SynW samples (89.7%) within 10 min. The lower THMFP removal from RW may be due to interference from natural or anthropogenic constituents. The total amount of sludge generated in experiments was compared with the estimate derived using Faraday's equation. A current efficiency of 1.4 was obtained, indicating super-faradaic behavior of the EC process at the optimum operating conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the generated sludge and entrapment of NOM in aluminum hydroxide [ Al(OH)3 ] flocs as the most likely removal mechanism. At optimum operating conditions, the energy consumption was 2.391 kWh/m2. Thus, EC is an effective method for reducing NOM and THMFP from RW samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peracetic acid (PAA) shows potential for use in drinking water treatment as an alternative to prechlorination, such as for mussel control and disinfection by-product precursor destruction, though its impact as a preoxidant during cyanobacterial blooms remains underexplored. Here, Microcystis aeruginosa inactivation and microcystin-LR and -RR release and degradation using PAA were explored. The toxin degradation rates were found to be higher in alkaline conditions than in neutral and acidic conditions. However, all rates were significantly smaller than comparable rates when using free chlorine. The inactivation of M. aeruginosa cells using PAA was faster at acidic pH, showing immediate cell damage and subsequent cell death after 15–60 min of exposure to 10 mg/L PAA. In neutral and alkaline conditions, cell death occurred after a longer lag phase (3–6 h). During cell inactivation, microcystin-LR was released slowly, with <35% of the initial intracellular toxins measured in solution after 12 h of exposure to 10 mg/L PAA. Overall, PAA appears impractically slow for M. aeruginosa cell inactivation or microcystin-LR and -RR destruction in drinking water treatment, but this slow reactivity may also allow it to continue to be applied as a preoxidant for other purposes during cyanobacterial blooms without the risk of toxin release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks; however, the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) to occupational populations are unknown. This study aimed to assess the exposure status of chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and the health risks to employees of large amusement parks. Methods Exposure parameters of employees of three large amusement parks in Shanghai were investigated using a questionnaire. Seven typical chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and spray samples were quantified by gas chromatography, and the health risks to amusement park employees exposed to chlorinated DBPs were evaluated according to the WHO's risk assessment framework. Results Trichloroacetic acid, dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and dichloroacetic acid were detected predominantly in recreational water. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five DBPs did not exceed the risk thresholds. In addition, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of mixed exposure to DBPs were within the acceptable risk limits. Conclusion Typical DBPs were widely detected in recreational water collected from three large amusement parks in Shanghai; however, the health risks of DBPs and their mixtures were within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "New trends in the environmental analysis of pollutants" published in Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry highlights the importance of monitoring pollutants to protect human and environmental health in the face of climate change. Various review articles in the collection discuss topics such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), disinfection byproducts (DBPs), high-throughput effect-directed analysis (HT-EDA), non-targeted screening (NTS) with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), and analyzing organic micropollutants in vertebrate liver tissues. The authors provide insights into the latest advances, current state of the art, and future perspectives in environmental analysis of pollutants. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the whole desalination process, this paper reviewed the source and fate of risk factors in concentrated seawater including salinity, temperature, chemicals used for pretreatment, chemicals required in desalination process, by-products, corrosion products, and filter backwash. According to the hazard and toxicological thresholds combined with the no-effect concentration for marine species, the risk factors of brine discharge to seawater environment were further identified. The results showed that the risk factors contained ferric salt, aluminium salt, acrylamide, phosphates and total phosphorus, residual chlorine, total chlorine and disinfection by-products, isothiazolinone, sodium bisulfite, and heavy metals/metalloids such as copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, zinc, lead, titanium, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, mercury and barium. After the preliminary assessment, it was necessary to further monitor the risk factors in situ and know their actual concentration level in brine from seawater desalination, so as to provide a scientific basis for accurately assess the environmental influence of discharge brine in the seawater.

Developing sustainable cost‐effective strategies for valorization of field‐spent granular activated carbon (s‐GAC) from industrial water treatment has gained much interest. Here, we report a cost‐effective strategy for the regeneration of s‐GAC as an adsorbent in a large‐scale drinking water treatment plant and used as an efficient and durable ozonation catalyst in water. To achieve this, a series of samples is prepared by subjecting s‐GAC to thermally controlled combustion treatments with and without pyrolysis. The catalytic performance of the optimized sample is evaluated for oxalic acid degradation as the model pollutant under batch (>15 h) and continuous flow operations (>200 h). The partially deactivated catalyst upon reuse is restored by thermal treatment. Electron paramagnetic resonance and selective quenching experiments show the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) during catalytic ozonation. The GAC‐ozonation catalyst is efficient to minimize the formation of chlorinated disinfection by‐products like trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in an urban wastewater effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a correlation between trihalomethanes and disease progression, such as allergic diseases. As we know, only few studies focused on the relationship between trihalomethanes and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Objective: The aim of this study was to further explore the associations between blood trihalomethane concentrations and diabetes mellitus in older adults in the US. Methods: Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) database in the survey cycle during 2013 to 2018, including 2,511 older adults in the US whose blood trihalomethane concentrations were measured, involving chloroform (TCM) and brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMs). Br-THMs include bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM). Meanwhile, the concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) was also measured later. A multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were used to examine the relationship between blood THMs and diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, we performed a subgroup analysis, which aims to explore the stability of this relationship in different subgroups. In order to further consider the impact of various disinfection by-products on diabetes, we also used weighted quantile sum (WQS). To explore the correlation in trihalomethanes, we plot a correlation heatmap. Results: Adjusting for potential confounders, we found that there was a significant negative association between chloroform and diabetes mellitus [Model 1 (adjusted for covariates including age, sex, and race, OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.50-1.02; p = 0.068; p for trend = 0.094); Model 2 (adjusted for all covariates, OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.96; p = 0.029; p for trend = 0.061)]. In the bromodichloromethane, we reached a conclusion that is similar to TCM [Model 1 (adjusted for covariates including age, sex, and race, OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.82; p = 0.005; p for trend = 0.002); Model 2 (adjusted for all covariates, OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.82; p = 0.003; p for trend = 0.002)]. Meanwhile, the restricted cubic spline curve also further confirms this result (p overall = 0.0027; p overall< 0.001). Based on the analysis in the subgroups, we found that the value p for interaction in the majority of subgroups is higher than 0.1. Trihalomethanes and diabetes were inversely associated, and in the WQS, chloroform and bromodichloromethane were found to be the major contributors to this relationship. In the correlation analysis, we found that most trihalomethanes have a weak correlation, except for TBM and TCM with a strong correlation. Conclusion: Our results in this study showed that blood chloroform, bromodichloromethane concentrations, and diabetes mellitus in older adults in the US are negatively correlated, suggesting that chloroform and bromodichloromethane can be protective factors for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oily wastewater treatment is a major problem for a large variety of industrial sectors. Membrane filtration is quite promising for oil-in-water emulsion treatment by virtue of numerous eminent advantages. Here, microfiltration carbon membranes (MCMs) were prepared by the blends of phenolic resin (PR)/coal as precursor materials for efficient removal of emulsified oil from oily wastewater. The functional groups, porous structure, microstructure, morphology and hydrophilicity of the MCMs were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, bubble-pressure method, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and water contact angle, respectively. The effect of coal amount in precursor materials on the structure and properties of MCMs was mainly investigated. Under operation at 0.02 MPa for trans-membrane pressure and 6 mL min−1 for feed flowrate, the optimal oil rejection and water permeation flux are correspondingly attained to 99.1% and 21,388.5 kg m−2 h−1 MPa−1 for MCMs made by the precursor containing 25% coal. Besides, the anti-fouling ability of the as-prepared MCMs is greatly improved in comparison with the one merely made by PR. In summary, the result indicates that the as-prepared MCMs are very promising for oily wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid-binding proteins (NABPs), including DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), play important roles in essential biological processes. To facilitate functional annotation and accurate prediction of different types of NABPs, many machine learning-based computational approaches have been developed. However, the datasets used for training and testing as well as the prediction scopes in these studies have limited their applications. In this paper, we developed new strategies to overcome these limitations by generating more accurate and robust datasets and developing deep learning-based methods including both hierarchical and multi-class approaches to predict the types of NABPs for any given protein. The deep learning models employ two layers of convolutional neural network and one layer of long short-term memory. Our approaches outperform existing DBP and RBP predictors with a balanced prediction between DBPs and RBPs, and are more practically useful in identifying novel NABPs. The multi-class approach greatly improves the prediction accuracy of DBPs and RBPs, especially for the DBPs with ~12% improvement. Moreover, we explored the prediction accuracy of single-stranded DNA binding proteins and their effect on the overall prediction accuracy of NABP predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion of urban areas and the increasing demand for water resources necessitate substantial investments in technologies that enable the reuse of municipal wastewater for various purposes. Nonetheless, numerous challenges remain, particularly regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs), especially carcinogenic compounds such as N-nitrosamines (NTRs). To tackle the ongoing issues associated with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, this study investigated the rejection of NTRs across a range of commercially available RO membranes. In addition, the research aimed to improve rejection rates by integrating molecular plugs into the nanopores of the polyamide (PA) layer. Hexylamine (HEX) and hexamethylenediamine (HDMA), both linear chain amines, have proven to be effective as molecular plugs for enhancing the removal of NTRs. Given the environmental and human health concerns associated with linear amines, the study also aimed to assess the feasibility of diamine molecules as potential alternatives. The application of molecular plugs led to changes in pore size distribution (PSD) and effective pore number, resulting in a decrease in membrane permeability (from 5 to 33%), while maintaining levels suitable for RO processes. HEX and HDMA exhibited a positive effect on NTR rejection with ACM1, ACM5 and BW30LE membranes. In particular, NDMA rejection, the smallest molecule of the tested NTRs, with ACM1 was improved by 65.5% and 70.6% after treatment with HEX and HDMA, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acid (HA) is an organic compound naturally present in aquatic environments. It has been found to have detrimental effects on water color, the transport of heavy metals, and the elimination of disinfection by-products (DBPs), thereby exerting an impact on human health. This study introduced four synergistic ultraviolet/advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs) systems aimed at eliminating HA from water. The research explored the effect of solution pH, duration of illumination, initial reactant concentration, and oxidant concentration on the degradation of HA. The results indicated that the mineralization rate achieved by individual UV or oxidant systems was less than 15%, which is significantly lower compared to UV/AOPs systems. Among these methods, the UV/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) process demonstrated the highest effectiveness, achieving a mineralization rate of 94.15%. UV/peroxydisulfate (UV/PDS) and UV/sodium percarbonate (SPC) were subsequently implemented, with UV/sulfite (S(IV)) demonstrating the lowest effectiveness at 19.8%. Optimal degradation efficiency was achieved when the initial concentration of HA was 10 mg/L, the concentration of PMS was 3 mmol/L, and the initial pH was set at 5, with an illumination time of 180 min. This experimental setup resulted in high degradation efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, and HA, reaching 96.32%, 97.34%, and 92.09%, respectively. The energy efficiency of this process (EE/O) was measured at 0.0149 (kWh)/m3, indicating the capability of the UV/PMS system to efficiently degrade and mineralize HA in water. This offers theoretical guidance for the engineered implementation of a UV/PAM process in the treatment of HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious waste disinfection is an essential process in medical waste management that may cause release of some pollutants. In this study, the PAHs concentration at the disinfection was investigated. The change in the release rate of PAHs in two including infectious waste reduction and increasing the segregation ratio was estimated. The results showed that the PAHs concentration was 1172 – 2066 ng/m3. The specific concentration of PAHs was 852 ng/ton of infectious waste in average. The annual emission of the PAHs resulting from infectious waste disinfection is estimated to be 612.6 kg. Reduction of infectious waste caused by redefining infectious waste and increasing the segregation ratio leads to reduction of PAHs concentration by 50%. Increasing the ratio of segregation and redefinition of infectious waste that led to reduced waste loading volume are essential measures that reduce the emissions of pollutants as by-products of disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrate (Fe(VI): HFeO4-/FeO42-), a potent oxidant, has been investigated as an alternative chemical disinfectant in water treatment due to its reduced production of disinfection by-products. In this study, we assessed the disinfecting ability of potassium ferrate against a variety of microorganisms, including waterborne pathogens, under varying pH and water temperature conditions. We presented CT values, a metric of ferrate concentrations (C) and contact time (T), to quantify microbial inactivation rates. Among the tested microorganisms, human adenovirus was the least resistant to ferrate, followed by waterborne bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, and finally, the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis. We further investigated the impact of two pH values (7 and 8) and two temperatures (5 and 25 °C) on microbial inactivation rates, observing that inactivation rates increased with lower pH and higher temperature. In addition to showcasing ferrate's capacity to effectively inactivate a range of the tested microorganisms, we offer a ferrate CT table to facilitate the comparison of the effectiveness of various disinfection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication in water reservoirs releases algal organic matter (AOM), a key precursor to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection process. Typical drinking water treatment is not efficient for AOM removal, and advanced treatments are necessary for the removal of residual AOM before chlorination. UV-based technology with PS and TiO2 is widely used as a pre-oxidation step in water treatment; however, no publications have focused on them for AOM degradation. In this context, this work investigated the effect of oxidant concentration (0.1 to 0.5 g∙L−1) and pH (6 to 10) on AOM degradation with TiO2/UV and persulfate (PS)/UV using response surface methodology. In general, PS/UV was more effective in removing protein, while TiO2/UV was more effective in carbohydrate degradation. TiO2/UV removals varied from 27 to 57% for protein and from 48 to 86% for carbohydrates. The optimal condition (57% for protein and 86% for carbohydrates) was obtained using 0.5 g∙L−1 TiO2 at pH 10. PS/UV removals varied from 33 to 81% for protein and from 24 to 53% for carbohydrates. The optimal condition (81% for protein and 53% for carbohydrates) was obtained using 0.5 g∙L−1 PS concentration at pH 8. Degradation kinetics showed a good fit to the pseudo-first-order model (R2 > 95%) for both processes. The DBP formation reductions observed with TiO2/UV—trihalomethane (THM) (85 to 86%) and chloral hydrate (CH) (94 to 96%)—were similar to the efficiencies observed for PS/UV—THM (87 to 89%) and CH (83 to 88%). These results show the efficiency of UV-based technology for AOM degradation and the control of DBP formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural organic substances (NOM) found in drinking water are a major contributor to disinfection by-product formation and are potentially toxic to humans. Conventional water treatment techniques may not always effectively treat NOMs. Therefore, an advanced treatment method such as adsorption can be inexpensive, simple and efficient. The selected adsorbent's and the NOMs properties both affect the removal effectiveness of the adsorption method. Activated carbon (AC), which is widely used in real-scale water treatment plants, has been modified and used in recent years in order to oxidize the porous carbon surface, raise its acidic qualities, eliminate mineral components, and enhance the surface's hydrophilic qualities. In this research, AC was modified with nitric acid (M-PAC) and NOM removal was investigated. In addition, it is discussed how the modification with nitric acid changes the adsorbent structure and chemistry. A morphology with smooth and irregular voids was observed as a result of nitric acid modification of the original AC by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The particle size increased from 387.65 nm to 502.07 nm for the M-PAC adsorbent. The fourier transform infrared spec trophotometer (FTIR) spectrum indicates that structures connected to aromatic rings get formed in the M-PAC adsorbent as a result of the modification. The highest NOM removal for the original powdered activated carbon (PAC), 47%, was observed at 36 hours of contact time. On the other hand, M-PAC adsorbent achieved 40% NOM removal at contact times of 72 hours and above. It was concluded that the pseudo-second order kinetic model better represented NOM adsorption for both adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a halogenated disinfection by-product of growing concern due to its high cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruptor effects, and potential carcinogenicity. However, the data on distribution and excretion of IAA after ingestion by mammals are still scarce. Here, we developed a reliable and validated method for detecting IAA in biological specimens (plasma, urine, feces, liver, kidney, and tissues) based on modified QuEChERS sample preparation combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The detection method for IAA exhibited satisfactory recovery rates (62.6–108.0%) with low relative standard deviations (RSD < 12.3%) and a low detection limit for all biological matrices ranging from 0.007 to 0.032 ng/g. The study showed that the proposed method was reliable and reproducible for analyzing IAA in biological specimens. It was successfully used to detect IAA levels in biological samples from rats given gavage administration. The results indicated that IAA was found in various tissues and organs, including plasma, thyroid, the liver, the kidney, the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and others, 6 h after exposure. This study provides the first data on the in vivo distribution in and excretion of IAA by mammals following oral exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromhexine and ambroxol are among the mucolytic drugs most widely used to treat acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Entering the municipal wastewater and undergoing transformations during disinfection with active chlorine, these compounds can produce nitrogen- and bromine-containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, primary and deep degradation products of ambroxol and bromhexine obtained in model aquatic chlorination experiments were studied via the combination of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was shown that at the initial stages, the reactions of cyclization, hydroxylation, chlorination, electrophilic ipso-substitution of bromine atoms with chlorine, and oxidative N-dealkylation occur. Along with known metabolites, a number of novel primary DBPs were tentatively identified based on their elemental compositions and tandem mass spectra. Deep degradation of bromhexine and ambroxol gives twenty-four identified volatile and semi-volatile compounds of six classes, among which trihalomethanes account for more than 50%. The specific class of bromhexine- and ambroxol-related DBPs are bromine-containing haloanilines. Seven of them, including methoxy derivatives, were first discovered in the present study. One more novel class of DBPs associated with bromhexine and ambroxol is represented by halogenated indazoles formed through dealkylation of the primary transformation products containing pyrazoline or tetrahydropyrimidine cycle in their structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensified sanitation practices amid the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak might result in the increased release of chloramine disinfectants into surface water, significantly promoting the formation of nitrosamine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Unfortunately, these nitrosamine DBPs exhibit significant genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, whereas chlorinating disinfectants remain in global practice. The current review provides valuable insights into the occurrence, identification, contamination status, exposure limits, and toxicity of the new unregulated disinfection by-products (nitrosamine DBPs) in drinking water. As a result, concentrations of nitrosamine DBPs far exceed allowable limits in drinking water, and prolonged exposure has the potential to cause metabolic disorders, a critical step in tumor initiation and progression. Importantly, based on recent research, we have concluded the role of nitrosamines DBPs in different metabolic pathways. Remarkably, nitrosamine DBPs can induce chronic inflammation and initiate tumors by activating sphingolipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Regarding amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, nitrosamine DBPs can inhibit tryptophan metabolism and de novo nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, inhibition of de novo nucleotide synthesis fails to repair DNA damage induced by nitrosamines. Additionally, the accumulation of lactate induced by nitrosamine DBPs may act as a pivotal signaling molecule in communication within the tumor microenvironment. However, with the advancement of tumor metabolomics, understanding the role of nitrosamine DBPs in causing cancer by inducing metabolic abnormalities significantly lags behind, and specific mechanisms of toxic effects are not clearly defined. Urgently, further studies exploring this promising area are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]