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Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies on conditional discrimination (CD) in humans have pointed out that linguistic contact with the properties and criteria of the task is critical both for acquisition and transfer, especially in extra-relational and extra-dimensional tests. Recentempirical and conceptual analyses have challenged this assumption. Studies in the field have generally included linguisticcomponents, but the effect of linguistic restriction through tasks that compete with verbal activity regarding tasks, such aslinguistic interference, has not yet been systematically explored. Two experiments were conducted: the first one used first-order matching-to-sample tasks (FOMST) and the second used second-order matching-to-sample tasks (SOMST), aiming to evaluate the effect of a linguistic interference task on the acquisition of conditional discrimination and functional adjustment in transfer tests (extra-instance, extra-modal, extra-relational, and extra-dimensional). Both experiments used an n = 1 design. A total of 24 college students participated, 12 in each study, and the effects of two experimental conditions were tested(Interference and No Interference, with six participants in each condition per study). The findings suggest that interference inlinguistic contact does not affect the acquisition of CD in FOMST or in SOMST, but it does affect the adjustment in transfer tests. In these, differential effects, by type, were observed in FOMST and SOMST.

En el contexto de algunas discrepancias experimentales sobre las contingencias de disponibilidad limitada de reforzamiento y el desarrollo del control del estímulo simple y condicional, se expuso a ratas a un procedimiento de discriminación condicional de dos opciones utilizando programas definidos temporalmente. Los subciclos tD y tΔ tuvieron 30 s de duración y las señales agregadas al subciclo tD fueron auditivas o visuales. Dentro de cada subciclo tD la primera respuesta en una de dos palancas disponibles produjo el reforzamiento, si y solo si la combinación señal-palanca igualó el arreglo predefinido experimentalmente. Excepto por una rata expuesta a señales auditivas, el porcentaje de respuestas correctas incrementó progresivamente a través de las sesiones. Adicionalmente, al final del experimento la frecuencia de respuestas durante el subciclo tD fue más elevada que durante el subciclo tΔ para todas las ratas. En línea con algunos de los estudios previos, los resultados confirman que las contingencias de disponibilidad limitada de reforzamiento no impiden el control del estímulo. Palabras clave: discriminación condicional, disponibilidad limitada de reforzamiento, modalidad del estímulo, programas definidos temporalmente, apretarla palanca, ratas.

Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A expansão da tríplice continência em unidades com quatro ou mais elementos abriu novas perspectivas para a compreensão de comportamentos complexos, como a emergência de respostas que derivam da formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes e que modelam comportamentos simbólicos e conceituais. Na investigação experimental, o procedimento de matching to sample tem sido frequentemente empregado para estabelecer discriminações condicionais. Em particular, a obtenção do matching de identidade generalizado é considerada demonstrativa da aquisição dos conceitos de igualdade e diferença. Segundo argumentamos, o fato de se buscar a compreensão desses conceitos a partir de processos discriminativos condicionais pode ter sido responsável pelos frequentes fracassos em demonstrá-los em sujeitos não humanos. A falta de correspondência entre os processos discriminativos responsáveis por estabelecer a relação de reflexividade entre estímulos que formam classes equivalentes e o matching de identidade generalizado, nesse sentido, é aqui revista ao longo de estudos empíricos e discutida com respeito às suas implicações.

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Translational research represents an effort to integrate the results derived from basic research in order to approach them to the applied field. This paper sets out the area of research in regards to the Differential Outcomes Effect (DOE) as a case of translational research, characterized by its contribution to conditional discrimination learning. A revision starting from several germinal works with laboratory animals and that moves into the first studies with humans. Afterwards, some studies that highlight the potential of the application of the Differential Outcomes Procedures (DOP) are revised as a tool for the treatment of persons with several ailments related to learning and memory deficits, as well as their application to the educational field under situations that involve conditional discrimination learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el procedimiento de consecuencias diferenciales (PCD) a un organismo se le presenta un estímulo (E1) en cuya presencia se requiere una respuesta (R1), que produce un reforzador específico (r1), y en presencia de un segundo estímulo (E2), se requiere una segunda respuesta (R2), que produce un reforzador distinto (r2), lo que resulta en un incremento en la velocidad de adquisición y precisión final en tareas de discriminación condicional. Una explicación basada en una teoría de dos factores establece que el uso de consecuencias diferenciales involucra la activación de expectativas del reforzador a través de un mecanismo pavloviano, las cuales promueven la activación de un sistema de memoria implícita en la solución de tareas de discriminación condicional. De acuerdo con esto, la expectativa del reforzador es una señal que guía la respuesta del organismo. Recientemente se ha demostrado el efecto del PCD en situaciones donde lo que se aprende no se observa directamente, como sucede en la manipulación de un intervalo de retención en la interferencia retroactiva.

Introducimos en este artículo una versión conductista de la autoconsciencia, basada en el análisis experimental del comportamiento, la ciencia natural de la conducta de los organismos fundada por B. F. Skinner (1938). Aunque para Skinner, y para otros autores conductistas, la autoconsciencia es una forma especial de conducta verbal (y por tanto exclusivamente humana), planteamos que la autoconsciencia debe entenderse con un proceso más básico: la autodiscriminación condicional, que es un tipo de control de estímulos, en la cual el estímulo discriminativo es algún aspecto del mismo individuo (como su imagen física, sus estados internos, su propia conducta, etc.), asociado condicionalmente a estímulos arbitrarios (en el caso humano a las autoclíticas verbales). La capacidad de autodiscriminación condicional ha sido demostrada en otras especies, lo que nos sugiere que la autoconsciencia es una capacidad aprendida, más extendida a lo ancho de la naturaleza y a lo largo de la evolución.

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: An experiment with pigeons was conducted for 46 months in order to test the multiple-exemplar training (MET) hypothesis of symmetry derivation. According to this hypothesis, symmetry is progressively derived after an extensive training of multiple examples of direct and inverse relations among arbitrary stimuli. Method: Four pigeons were given extensive training in direct (e.g., A1-B1; A2-B2) and inverse (e.g., B1-A1; B2-A2) arbitrary conditional discriminations. Once pigeons learned a complete reversal (e.g., AB and BA), a new reversal with different stimuli was trained (e.g., CD and DC, etc.). Subjects were assigned to two different stimulus sets, and sample-comparison order was counterbalanced. Results: Pigeons learned between 4 and 24 conditional discriminations, but none showed evidence of symmetry. Discriminability of samples and comparisons was identified as an i mportant factor because it affected direct and inverse discriminations differently. Conclusions: Despite the negative results reported, this study provides some insights that might help to improve current research on MET and symmetry: We describe some lessons learned about the design of long-term experiments involving a high number of stimuli and finally, we discuss some control strategies for stimulus discriminability that might also contribute to facilitate symmetry derivation in pigeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper was to assess, in two age groups, the effects of three types of instructions on the report verbal and execution. Matching-to-sample task was used and in each trial a question of multiple choices were included to be selected by the participants. In the experimental groups instructions made reference to the dimensions of the stimuli, the execution, and the relations of conditionality, while the control groups only were exposed to the task without instructions. Differences were found in execution and tests between children and adults, and differences according to the type of instruction in children. Also the types of correspondences varied both among populations as between types of instruction. The data are discussed in terms of the functional relationship between the verbal and the non-verbal behavior and in terms of linguistic development qualitatively different among children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Comportamentalia is the property of Instituto de Psicologia y Educacion de la Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The project aimed: 1. to teach a reading repertoire composed of words commonly used in the initial series, but related to each other; and 2. to create and systematize a collective teaching system based on a single-subject system. The subjects were 24 children, of both sexes, from a public school. The procedure was the conditional discrimination, used to gradually increase their ability to pair models and comparison stimuli, through a sequence of teaching steps. The teaching was carried out collectively, but the tests were administered individually. Because of the difficulty in establishing unified performance criteria to the whole class two groups -- one collective and the other individual -- were formed. Children of both groups read the words that had been taught, but only the children of the collective group were able to read the generalization words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a conditional discrimination task, the correct responses for a group of rats (DO) were reinforced with different probabilities (0.8 versus 0.4) depending the conditional cue; whereas for another group (NDO) the correct responses were reinforced with the same probability of reinforcement (0.6). After the training (acquisition), the retention interval and the delay of reinforcement were introduced in different phases. The subjects trained with differential outcomes (DO) had a faster acquisition and reached higher discrimination index than non-differential group (NDO). The retention interval results in lower discrimination index in NDO group than in DO group; no differential changes in accuracy were observed by the delay of reinforcement. The results extend the differential outcomes effect to a two-choice conditional discrimination task with rats varying the probability of reinforcement. The absence of delay of reinforcement effect is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three groups of college students were exposed to a second-order matching-to-sample task and three transfer tests. The difference between groups consisted in the functional complexity of a contingency-descriptive text added to the feedback of performance during training. For one group, contingency-descriptive texts referred to pertinent matching instances. For the other two groups, texts referred to pertinent matching modalities and relations, respectively. Texts that referred to matching instances produced the highest percentage of correct responses during training. Texts that referred to matching modalities produced the highest percentage of correct responses during transfer tests. Texts that referred matching relations produced the lowest percentage of correct responses. These results are discussed in relation to comparable studies and the effects of partial and delayed feedback in matching-to-sample tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maintenance of equivalence classes is affected by many experimental variables. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of classes size on the formation and maintenance of the equivalence relations with students of the Fundamental School (9 to 14 age old), controlling the numbers of trials in the tests during the teaching of the stimuli relations. The matching-to-sample procedure was used to teach 3 sets of 3 equivalence classes with 3, 4 or 5 stimuli, depending of the group. From the 14 participants selected, only 9 completed al the phases of the procedure. Of these nine participants all of them demonstrated equivalence class formation and in the maintenance test, 1, 2 and 2 participants continued to show more than 90% of correct responses, when classes had 3, 4 or 5 stimuli, respectively. It was concluded that class size did not affected the formation of equivalence classes, but it was a small effect on the class maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out in which 10 pigeons were trained in a task of conditional discrimination of their own behavior. The birds learned that when the sample had consisted on responding to the left (right) with two white keys, they should choose the red (green) comparison to be reinforced. Once the animals had learned this task, they were passed to a test phase. In short, 5 pigeons were trained in a positive transfer, where the sample was now the red (green) key they had to choose the left (right) comparison to obtain the reinforcer. On the contrary, the other 5 pigeons received a training of negative transfer, where the task consisted in that with a red (green) sample they should choose the right (left) comparison to be reinforced. The obtained data indicate that the performance of those subjects of the group in which there was coherence among the phases went superior to that of those subjects of the group where there was not this coherence. The results are interpreted in connection with the importance that the discrimination of the own behavior has in the derivation of bidirectional relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of manipulating the type and order of presentation of transference tests. Twenty eight undergraduate students divided in 4 groups were exposed to a second order matching to sample procedure. The conditions of exposition were: ascending difficulty/complexity order of the tests, descending order and two randomly assigned orders. Results are discussed in terms of percentages of effectiveness; additionally, the latency is proposed as an alternative measure sensitive to the level of difficulty of this kind of tasks. Findings showed heterogeneity in the velocity of acquisition of the conditional discriminations during the training phase, even though the conditions of the task were equal for all the subjects. The exposition to the ascending and descending order seemed to affect negatively the effective behavioral adjustment, whereas one of the randomly assigned sequences seemed to be the best condition. The order of exposition to transference tests, in interaction with a history of early acquisition in the training phase, served to understand the findings of this study and to discuss the necessity of a systematical evaluation of the factors implied in the transference tests. It is suggested to assess the validity of different kind of transference tests and the convenience of some of them to be use in the investigation of the phenomena related to the effective and variable behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigeons were trained on a procedure of conditional discrimination using the space location of their behavior as samples. There were three experimental conditions based on the number of responses demanded as sample. The subjects of «one response group» had to choose between a red or green key (comparison component) after the emission of a single response to the left or right white keys (sample component). In the «five responses group», the sample of own's behavior to discriminate was increased up to 5 consecutive responses. In the «zero responses group», pigeons were trained on a similar task, but discriminating the space location of the one lighted white-key (right or left) being prevented to give differential responses to that exteroceptive sample (DRO contingency). The results are discussed in relation to the possible importance of the number of emitted responses to sample in the procedures of own's one behavior discrimination, as well as the competitive paper that the exteroceptive cues could play with respect to the propioceptive cues coming from the own's subject behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]