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The most prevalent form of dementia in older persons is Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that results in a progressive loss of cognitive function and deterioration in reasoning abilities. Given the well-known multifactorial nature of AD, numerous pharmaceutical targets can be investigated. The widely recognized regulator glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in the development and subsequent progression of the pathophysiology of AD and regulates several crucial targets related to neuronal degeneration. GSK-3 inhibition has neuroprotective benefits, lowers -amyloid formation, and lowers tau hyperphosphorylation, all of which are linked to AD. Strong GSK-3 blockers with a wide range of structural variations have been discovered recently. There are negative impacts of these artificial compounds. Natural products are one of the most significant and conservative sources of pharmaceuticals for treating neurological conditions.A medicinal herb called Cassytha filiformis L. has historically been used to cure various illnessesas traditional Chinese medicine. In addition to being utilized medicinally in China, Indochina, Madagascar, and South Africa, this plant is more widely distributed throughout India. The plant's extracts contain aporphine alkaloid, cassyformine, filiformine, cathaformine, and other unique chemicals. Research on C. filiformis has revealed that it contains several chemical compounds that are biologically active and can potentially treat human health issues. To uncover the Cassytha filiformis plant's medicinal characteristics and its use in the pharmaceutical sectors, we have examined the plant's numerous aspects and collated its pharmacological applications, notably anti-Alzheimer's activity.

Introduction: Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis or Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a fungus that parasitizes ghost moth larvae and produces a fruiting body prized as herbal medicine, belonging to the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. Cordyceps species are also known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as it has wide applications in the pharmaceutical and health sectors. For thousands of years, Yarsagumba has been recognized in Nepal. It is one of the world's most promising medicinal mushrooms. Its unusual life cycle and wide range of medical applications piqued scientists' curiosity throughout the previous three decades. The purpose of this review is to compile information on Yarsagumba, including its history, cultivation, taxonomic characteristics, and many therapeutic uses, as well as phytochemical and pharmacological studies completed to date. Methods: Different sources and distribution of the fungus have been presented along with its life cycle, morphology, collection procedure, and history as traditional Chinese medicine. Various chemical constituents of the fungus have been presented in tabular form with their significance as nutrients and traditional medicine. Various pharmacological activities have also been presented in tabular form with their mechanism of action, which include antiasthmatic, antineoplastic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, cardioprotective, anti-cancer, immunomodulator, etc. Different adulteration methods and standardization approaches have also been summarized. Results: This review summarizes various aspects of yarsagumba relevant to its uses as traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion: Despite its scientific advancement, further research is needed, particularly in the design of dosage forms and analysis that will lead to the most effective use of this most expensive medicinal fungus.

Background: The World Health Organization describes traditional medicine as a variation of health practises, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs that include manual techniques, exercises, spiritual therapies, and medications derived from plants, animals, or minerals that are used separately or in combination to promote health and prevent disease. Approximately 3000 years ago, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which includes massage, moxibustion, acupuncture, and herbal treatment, was developed in China. TCM has grown in acceptance both in China and internationally in recent decades. Momordica charantia (also known as bitter melon or karela) is one of the essential medicinal herbs that naturally occurs in many countries, including India, China, South East Asia, the West Indies, and Mexico. It belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Many scientists focus on finding novel medications using natural ingredients or TCM. M. charantia has been used as a spice and condiment worldwide since antiquity. The pharmacological effects of karela are incredibly diverse. Its neutral non-nitrogenous principle is charantin, which yields glucose and a sterol when hydrolysed. There is no free pectic acid in the fruit pulp, only soluble pectin. The flesh is another source of galacturonic acid. The bitter gourd is high in many micronutrients, including thiamine, beta-carotene, folate, riboflavin, calcium, iron, phosphorus, manganese, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and dietary fibre. Bitter gourd juice increases physical endurance and reduces chronic weariness when consumed regularly. The beta-carotene content of this bitter gourd aids in managing eye conditions and improves vision. Methods: The overview of the present work is to summarize the scientific information of M charantia to provide a comprehensive insight into the preventive and therapeutic potential of M charantia in medicine. Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases have been searched to collect all the scientific information on M charantia using the terms herbal medicine and phytochemical. Conclusion: This review will make it simpler to understand the substantial pharmacological effects of karela, which will inspire scientists to keep researching them in the hope that they would one day shield people from various diseases and perhaps even work as a natural gold for the growth of civilization.

Background: The primary driving force behind the development of several small molecules for the treatment of tuberculosis is multi-drug resistance. A new fluorinated heterocyclic benzimidazole derivative gives extensive pharmacological activity against the FtsZ protein. FtsZ is a new validated target for tuberculosis drug design. It is a cell division filament protein present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other bacteria. Methods: Ligand preparation- The ligand molecules were selected from the previously published paper and analyzed for reliability with the FtsZ protein. The 3D structure of the ligand was prepared using Chem-Draw Pro (version 12.0). Protein preparation- The PDB format FtsZ protein was downloaded from RCSB (https://www.rcsb.org/). The FtsZ protein of PDBID 2q1y was taken for the docking studies. The binding pocket was determined using the Castp server (http://sts.bioe.uic.edu/castp/index.html?201l). Thereafter, the in-silico docking was performed using PyRx 1.0 software. Result: The docking result explains the importance of benzimidazole derivatives as potential FtsZ inhibitors. This study was focused on the in-silico development of new inhibitors and their chances to develop the candidate for oral delivery. The binding free energy, ADMET properties, and druglikeness characteristic of benzimidazole derivatives make them a perfect candidate for FtsZ inhibitors. Compound A-21 and A-20 had the best binding energy of −9.0 kcal/mol and −8.9 kcal/mol respectively. Molecular docking study revealed that Asn41, Thr42, Gly69, and Ala70 are required for conventional hydrogen bonding. The majority of the compounds (A-1, A-23 to A-32) are substrates for P-gp, which implies that their concentration inside the cell remain low due to P-efflux mechanism. Conclusion: Compound A-20 formed five H-bond with target proteins (Gln30, Thr200, Gly226, Asp296, Val305). Almost all the molecules fulfil the criteria of drug likeliness. From this result, it can be concluded that benzimidazole derivatives can be developed as a new anti-Tb agent.

The World Health Organization defines traditional medicine as a variety of health practises, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs that include manual techniques, exercises, spiritual therapies, and medications derived from plants, animals, or minerals that are used singly or in combination to promote health and treat or prevent disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a comprehensive system of healthcare that originated in China about 3000 years ago and entails massage, moxibustion, acupuncture, and herbal medication. TCM has gained popularity in China and across the globe in recent decades. One of the crucial medicinal plants that grow naturally in several nations, including India, China, South East Asia, the West Indies, Mexico, and other regions, is ginger. Since ancient times, this natural gold has been used as a spice and seasoning across the globe. For more than 200 years, Traditional Chinese Medicine has used ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a spice and medicine. Typically, 1-3 feet tall, ginger plants contain various chemical compounds such amaldehyde, gingerol, shogaol, and paradol, among others. It is beneficial to the human body and can treat many different disorders. Ginger has a wide range of pharmacological effects. Still, its neuroprotective and colon cancer-fighting properties have accelerated the development of new, less toxic, and more effective medications for treating these diseases. This review will make it easier to learn about ginger's significant pharmacological activities, which will encourage researchers to continue studying them in the hopes of protecting people from various ailments and possibly serving as a natural gold for the advancement of humanity.

Cancer is the second most reason for huge mortality in human life which has attributed to a drastic drift in anticancer drug discovery and development. Small molecules as anticancer agents have contributed tremendously for the treatment of cancer however plants based natural products have the cardinal foundation for traditional medicine schemes and still offer relief to cancer patients. Medicinal plants are known for producing numerous bioactive secondary metabolites that have been used since antiquity due to their medicinal properties. Copious advantages of natural products over conventional anticancer drugs have expanded their use in the health care industry which has been witnessed by the extensive use of natural products in the treatment of multiple cancers. The pleiotropic effects of plant products on targets in multiple ways, phytochemicals are considered as suitable source candidates for anticancer drug design and development. In this review, we attempted to compile structural and functional attributes of natural products with an emphasis on their anticancer properties.

The genus Ficus is a very useful and significant group of trees with various therapeutic properties. Ficus racemosa linn. is a standard-sized tree in the Moraceae family, often known as the cluster fig tree. Ficus racemosa is also known as yajnayoga, udumbara, goolar, dumar, bodda, heibong, jantuphalam, dimri, yogga dumur, and many more names. Ficus racemosa may be found in various countries, including Australia, Malaysia, South-East Asia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, New South Wales, and the Indian subcontinent. It grows naturally near bodies of water but may also be grown artificially. Ficus racemosa is a plant referenced in the old Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathic traditions with various medicinal activities like as, antidiuretic, antitussive, antiulcer or gastro-protective, anti-oxidant activity, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antipyretic, anticholinesterase, potential anticancer activity, antifilarial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, analgesic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, fungicidal, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal, renal anticarcinogenic, cognitive enhancing, and other properties. This Ficus racemosa review included detailed information on its plant description, habitat, microscopical characteristics, and therapeutic usefulness in many activities.

Background: As the unique value of medicinal Dendrobium species has gradually been recognized, the growing demand is causing pressure on wild populations. The present work aimed to perform in-silico study of a novel phytosterol isolated from Dendrobium ochreatum. From phytochemical analysis, the presence of steroids was observed only in chloroform extracts of the stem, and the antimicrobial activities supported the extracts to be the most significant one. Now we are going to perform the docking, and toxicity study of this phytosterol against cancer. Method: The docking study was performed by Autodock-Vina tools. The required proteins have been downloaded from RCSB website. Its toxicity class were predicted by the ProTox-II server (tox.charite.de/protox_II/). Result: The phytosterol has high binding energy against 1M17 protein as EGFR inhibitor. The molecule has been tested for its toxicity. From the result we have come to know that this phytosterol has only immunotoxicity and is under class 5 of toxicity. Conclusion: This isolated steroid was showed high binding energy against 1M17 protein. We have performed also the toxicity study of this scaffold. From the result we can conclude that is molecule is safe (belong to toxic class 5).

Background: - The present work aimed to isolate one steroidal molecule from Dendrobium ochreatum. From phytochemical analysis, the presence of steroids was observed only in chloroform extracts of the stem, and the antimicrobial activities supported the extracts to be the most significant one, so work was aimed at isolating the chloroform extracts of the stem. Method: About 250 gm of each leaf stem and root powder was filled in the thimble and extracted with hexane, chloroform, and ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor for 72 hrs. The extract solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper no.1, then concentrated using a rotary flash evaporator and stored in the refrigerator. All total of nine (9) extracts were prepared, and out of these nine extracts, the phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of phytosterol in the chloroform extract of the stem (SCDO). Therefore, the isolation was carried out for this particular extract. Result: The isolated compound was subjected to crystallization, and the melting point was found to be 242-244⁰C. The structure of the compound was determined by spectral analysis like U.V., I.R., N.M.R., Mass Spectroscopy, and lastly, X-Ray Crystallography. All the spectral data proved the compound to be a phytosterol/steroids “Dendrosterone” (molecular formula=C29H44O5; molecular weight = 472.66). Conclusion: This isolated steroid was further screened for antimicrobial activity (for the first time) against different gram +ve, and -ve strains of bacteria and other strains of fungi, and this phytosterol was found to be active against B.subtilis, and C. albincas among all the organisms tested.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) is a desired pharmacological target for cancer treatment. Despite its role in the development of various cancers, any target directing GSK-3 inhibitors have not been authorized for cancer treatment. The therapeutic importance of this enzyme is reflected in its monitoring character in autophagy, genetic material mismatch correction, tumor development, and invasion, which justifies medication combinations. GSK-3 controls various cell processes, including metabolism, signaling, and structural proteins. It modulates programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by phosphorylating target pro-oncogenes. New evidence on GSK-3 as a modulator of the antineoplastic immune response further highlights the potential uses of new GSK-3β selective antagonists currently being tested in humans. Indole, indazole, oxadiazole, isothiazolidinedione, and morpholine congeners are the privileged heterocyclic nucleus in drug discovery. These scaffolds produced numerous biological activities in which anticancer is important. The structure activity relationship studies may support to explore the design and synthesis of potential scaffolds in short time period. Therefore, in the present review, we tried to explore the structural aspects of GSK-3β with their structure–activity relationship against various targets for developing potential compounds. The GSK3β antagonists in clinical and preclinical trials have been reviewed in this study. And we tried to explore the structural aspects of several GSK-3β inhibitors with their structure–activity relationship for developing potential anticancer compounds, which will aid scientists in developing more target-specific therapeutic compounds with lower toxicity in the future.