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Dans le cadre de son plan d'élimination de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant du VIH , le Sénégal a adopté depuis 2012 l'option B+ de l'OMS consistant en une mise sous trithérapie systématique des femmes enceintes séropositives, associée à l'allaitement maternel et la mise sous prophylaxie antirétrovirale (ARV) de leurs nourrissons. L'objectif de notre étude était d'étudier les risques de transmission mère - enfant du VIH et le devenir nutritionnel des nourrissons dans l'option B+. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective descriptive réalisée du 1er septembre 2012 au 30 avril 2015 au Centre Hospitalier Roi Baudouin de Guédiawaye. Ont été inclus tous les nourrissons dont les mères ont été sous trithérapie, ayant bénéficié d'un allaitement maternel protégé et d'une prophylaxie ARV et chez qui la sérologie du 14ème mois a été réalisée. Les paramètres étudiés étaient l'âge et le profil sérologique de la mère, le statut sérologique du père, le partage du statut au sein du couple, la conduite de l'alimentation du nourrisson, la prophylaxie ARV reçue par le nourrisson, l'état nutritionnel à 6 et 12 mois et le statut sérologique du nourrisson à 14 mois. Sur 126 nourrissons suivis dans le cadre de la PTME, 42 soit 33,33% respectant les directives de l'option B+ ont été inclus dans l'étude. L'âge des mères variait entre 15 et 42 ans avec une moyenne de 31 ans. La majorité des mères (88,1%) étaient porteuses du virus de type 1 et 11,9% de type 2; 20 couples (47,62%) étaient séroconcordants, 14 sérodifférents tandis que le statut sérologique était inconnu ou non investigué chez 8 pères (19,05%). Une différence significative entre le profil sérologique des pères et le partage (p=0,05) était retrouvée. La majorité des enfants (88,1 %) était née par voie basse à terme (95,2%), avec un poids de naissance moyen de 2880 grammes. Concernant la prophylaxie reçue, la majorité des nourrissons était sous monothérapie prophylactique, 27(64,28%) sous NVP, et 4 (9,52%) sous AZT, alors que 11 (26,19%) étaient sous trithérapie à base de AZT+3TC+NVP. L'AME était effectif chez 80,9% des nourrissons et le sevrage à 12 mois chez 80,9% des nourrissons. Sur le plan nutritionnel, à 6 mois 12% et 7,1% avaient respectivement une MAM et une MAS. A 12 mois 19,1% avaient une MAM. La sérologie rétrovirale était négative chez l'ensemble des 42 nourrissons à 14 mois. L'option B+ reste une stratégie de lutte efficace pour réduire le taux de la TME. Cependant la malnutrition précoce des nourrissons exige un soutien nutritionnel des mères allaitantes de même qu'un accompagnement psychosocial de qualité.

Objectives: Although the foot remains the main localization of mycetomas, extrapodal attacks, which are rarely studied, are also possible and occur either initially or following an extension. The objectives were to describe the epidemiological, clinical and etiological features of extrapodal mycetomas in Senegal., Methodology: Cross-sectional and retrospective study with multicentric enrollment in four reference department, two of which are in dermatology and two in orthopedics and traumatology. We included the files of patients with extrapodal mycetoma followed from January 2000 to December 2020. The data were analysed with SPSS software. Any p less than or equal to 0.05 was statistically significant., Results: We collected 82 cases representing 39% of mycetoma cases (n = 210). The average age was 41.9. The sex ratio was 3.1. Professionally, most patients were active farmers in 51% of cases (n = 33), pastoralists and housewives in 9 % (n = 6) respectively. The mean duration of evolution was 7.5 years. Exclusively extrapodal topographies were noted in 84% of cases (n = 69). Foot and extrapodal locations were concomitant in 16% of cases (n = 13). Mycetoma foci were distributed as follows: 59 in the trunk, 47 in the lower limbs, 9 in the upper limbs, 1 in the scalp and 1 in the neck. The etiology was actinomycotic in 46% of cases (n = 38), fungal in 38% (n = 31). It was not specified in 16% of cases (n = 13). Bone involvement occurs after 5 years (p = 0.001) unrelated to the etiology (p = 0.6)., Conclusion: Extrapodal mycetomas are secondary to direct inoculation. However, extension to bone is exclusively due to diagnostic delay. Periodic consultations in endemic areas combined with training of resident health personnel are necessary for early diagnosis in order to improve the prognosis., (Copyright © 2022 SFMTSI.)

Introduction: Facial soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) showed interracial dimorphism. Standard of these facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian might not be appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics between Senegalese and Moroccan adults., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Twenty four linear parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. For each variable mean and SD were calculated. In addition independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at p = 0.05., Results: Senegalese subjects had significantly more lips protrusion than Moroccan who had significantly a more elongated and more anterior positioned nose, a more chin prominence and a tendency to cutaneous class II than Senegalese., Conclusion: Further studies including different age groups subjects would allow having longitudinal data according to age.

Introduction: Upper airways obstruction can result in the reduction of the transversal dimensions of the maxillary arch which affect the vertical and the sagittal dimensions. The PNIF measure is an objec- tive and cheap way to assess the upper airways permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PNIF and dental arch sizes., Materials and Methods: Seventy eight patients (40 girls and 38 boys) age ranged 10-15 years were included in this cross sectional study. The PNIF was measured with a Youlten peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International, London, United Kingdom). The sagittal, vertical and transversal dimensions of the dental arches were evaluated on dental casts with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). T test was used to assess differences in PNIF and dental arches variables between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the dental arches sizes and the PNIF. The significance was set at p < 0.05., Results: PNIF rate was higher in girls than in boys but the difference was not significant. There were sexual dimorphism regarding the anterior and total lengths of the upper arch, the total length of the lower arch and the maxillary intermolar width which are significantly more important for boys (p respectively equal to 0.05; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.04). The PNIF was significantly and negatively correlated with the total length of the upper arch (r = -0.25). The others measurements did not show significant correlation with PNIF., Conclusion: Others parameters are needed to complement the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate for the respiratory disorders related dental arches sizes abnormalities diagnosis.

The term anterior open bite refers to a vertical space between the upper and lower front teeth in maximum intercuspation. This malocclusal trait can accompany many malocclusions of the Angle's classification. Two types of anterior open bite have been described: skeletal and dental open bite. The latter may have Non Nutritive Sucking Habits (NNSH) as causal factor and is deemed to aggravate without treatment. This article presents an interceptive approach based on the use of a fixed passive appliance interfering with sucking habit. It consists of a crib soldered to bands adjusted to the maxillary first permanent or temporary second molars. The device was globally well accepted by the patient and has been effective in breaking the sucking habit and subsequently in closing the bite after only 5 month. When psychological approach is not effective, a fixed deterrent device may be recommended for weaning children off nonnutritive sucking habits.

Introduction: Each ethnic group has its own characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population., Materials and Methods: Sixty two lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Conventional cephalomebic analysis was performed with 17 measurements (6 linear and 11 angular) t test was used to assess differences in age and cephalometric variable between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). A P value of < or = 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: No statistically significant differences were found between Senegalese men and women. This study shows an increase in the maxillary protrusion and a decrease in the mandibular protrusion with his corollary of skeletal class II. The mean of the vertical dimension measurements suggest a hyperdivergence. Protrusive lips were associated with incisors protrusion., Conclusion: These results which show morphological differences between Senegalese subjects and other populations consolidate the idea that the racial and ethnic characteristics must be taken into account during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

Sucking behaviours have been described in the literature under two facets i.e. nutritive and non nutritive. Nutritive sucking refers to breast feeding, bottle feeding or a combination of both. Non nutritive sucking habits are mentioned when children suck their thumb or another finger(s), a pacifier or any other object. Non nutritive sucking habits (NNSH) are suspected to potentially induce dentoalveolar anomalies and thus may constitute a public dental health problem. Anthropological and historical data suggest that non nutritive sucking habits are associated with modern pattern of life. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with NNSH in Senegalese children 5/6 years old. Data of this study were collected using a structured questionnaire administered by the investigators to mothers or caregivers of 443 children (231 boys and 212 girls) aged 5/6 years. Three types of data were collected: data on the social background of the children including place of residence (urban, suburban and rural) and the mother's occupation (workers, employee, executive, housewife), data regarding former and present sucking habits and information on the feeding pattern of the children when they were infants (breast feeding, bottle feeding or a combination of both). The results indicated a prevalence rate of 16.50% and 17.20% respectively for digit and pacifier sucking in this population. Also, a significant association was found between children's non nutritive sucking habits in one hand and the mothers' occupation and feeding pattern on the other hand. Breast fed children are less prone to develop a non nutritive sucking habit than bottle fed children. Longitudinal studies are necessary to verify the nature of these associations. The identification of factors associated with non nutritive sucking habits would permit to develop and target recommendations for the prevention of such habits.