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En el sistema educativo de Senegal, la oferta de formación lingüística está marcada por su gran variedad con el aprendizaje de tres lenguas extranjeras junto con la adquisición natural de los idiomas maternos desde la primera infancia. Este contexto escolar multilingüe y multicultural requiere la puesta en práctica de una pedagogía convergente y una didáctica integrada para sacar provecho de las lenguas en contacto. Así pues, el objetivo general del presente estudio consiste en aplicar la didáctica integrada y coordinada de las lenguas en la enseñanza secundaria en Senegal. Para ello, se contempla explicitar las bases teórico-conceptuales de dicho enfoque, realizar una programación unificada y secuenciada de lenguas extranjeras y proponer actividades que fomenten la conciencia metalingüística de los discentes y su competencia plurilingüe e intercultural. Como hipótesis, primero se supone que este enfoque permite evitar errores interlingüísticos; luego, coadyuva al desarrollo de la competencia metalingüística de los discentes. Para confirmar o infirmar dichas aseveraciones, nuestra investigación se articula en torno a dos partes complementarias: la primera equivale al marco de referencia teórica que conlleva las propuestas definitorias y las categorizaciones conceptuales y metodológicas sobre la didáctica integrada de las lenguas y las interferencias lingüísticas. La segunda corresponde al diseño metodológico, el cual reposa sobre la elaboración de una parrilla de análisis cualitativo a raíz del cruce de distintos instrumentos de recogida de datos, a saber: el análisis de documentos (programas, planificaciones didácticas y producciones escritas de alumnos), el cuestionario dirigido a profesores y asesores pedagógicos, así como la observación de lecciones. Los resultados del trabajo de campo estriban en la concepción: a) de un modelo de programación didáctica unificada y coordinada de lenguas extranjeras; b) de métodos, actividades y estrategias de aprendizaje y comunicación que propician su implementación en el aula.

This work deals with a subject less and less studied in Spanish literature: the literature of war and the literary and journalistic page. Based on José Díaz Fernándezʻs novel, we go on into the literary writing of the war between Spain and Morocco and we show that the writer mixes the military tale with the beauty of the descriptions and styles.Este artículo estudia un aspecto cada vez menos manido en la literatura española: la literatura de guerra y las características de la crónica periodístico-literaria. Tomando como base a la novelística de José Díaz Fernández, profundizamos en el tratamiento literario de la guerra hispano-marroquí y mostramos que el soldado-escritor compagina el relato bélico con la belleza del estilo y de las descripciones.

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the place of ultrasound in the positive diagnosis, etiology and choice of the therapeutic modality of acute intestinal intussusception., Material and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenterstudy, carried out over a period of 18 months (January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017) on 45 patient files collected in the radiologydepartments (Aristide Le Dantec and Albert Royer). Were included all patients aged less than 14 years, admitted with acute abdominal pain, whose diagnosis of IIA was retained on ultrasound. Pneumatic disinvagination was performed in patients without signs of severity. We studied the time of management, the ultrasound aspects of the invagination puddles, the therapeutic choice but also the radiosurgical concordance and the factors of failure of the pneumatic enema. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 21.0 software., Results: Ultrasound was used to make the diagnosis of IIA in 43 cases (95.5%). The sonographic characteristics were as follows: 27.9% of the IIA were located in the right hypochondrium, 19 cases were ileo-caecal, 10 (22.2%) ileo-caeco-colic, 9 (20%) ileo-colic, 4 (8.9%) colo-colic and one (2.2%) gregelic; 44 cases were idiopathic and one case was a Meckel's diverticulum The management time was less than 48 hours in 34% of cases and 66% more than 48 hours. Pneumatic reduction was performed in 18 cases (40%), with success in 14 cases (77.8%) and one case of pneumoperitoneum complication. Surgery was performed in 31 cases (68.8%). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of signs of severity were 77.7% and 78.9%. Good agreement was observed between the results of the Doppler ultrasound and the intraoperative findings. Ultrasound parameters associated with failed pneumatic deinvagination were: outer cylinder thickness ≥10 mm, adenopathy at the level of the small-axis bladder ≥10 mm, effusion in the bladder, and hypovascularization of the bladder head. Hypovascularization of the boudin head was the only factor independently associated with failure of pneumatic disinvagination., Conclusion: Ultrasound is a powerful imaging modality in the positive diagnosis, etiology, severity and therapeutic choice of IIA., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Oxidative stress would play a role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia (SCA). We tested the impact of common SCA genetic modifiers (alpha-thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, HbF quantitative trait loci; QTL) and pro/antioxidant genes polymorphisms ( SOD2 rs4880, XO rs207454, MPO rs233322) on oxidative stress biomarkers (AOPP, MDA, MPO, XO, MnSOD, CAT, GPx) and clinical severity in 301 Senegalese SCA hydroxyurea-free children at steady-state (median age 9.1 years, sex ratio H/F = 1.3). Plasma oxidative stress biomarkers were compared with those of a control group (AA). CAT activity, AOPP, and MDA levels were higher in SCA than in AA individuals while XO, GPX, and MnSOD activities were lower. The presence of alpha-thalassemia decreased MDA level and MPO activity but no effect of the HbF QTL or G6PD deficiency was observed. SCA children who experienced their first hospitalized complication before 3 years old had higher MnSOD and CAT activities than the other children while those with no hospitalized VOC in the previous 2 years presented higher GPX activity. Age of the first hospitalized complication and AOPP levels were affected by the MPO rs2333227 SNP. Our results suggest that alpha-thalassemia modulates oxidative stress in SCA, presumably because of a reduction in the MPO activity.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most incriminated genes in inherited breast/ovarian cancers. Several pathogenic variants of these genes conferring genetic predisposition have been described in different populations but rarely in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this study were to identify pathogenic variants of the BRCA genes involved in hereditary breast cancer in Senegal and to search for a founder effect. We recruited after free informed consent, 27 unrelated index cases diagnosed with breast cancer and each having a family history. Mutation screening of the genes identified a duplication of ten nucleotides c.815_824dupAGCCATGTGG, (p.Thr276Alafs) (NM_007294.3) located in exon 11 of BRCA1 gene, in 15 index cases (allelic frequency 27.7%). The pathogenic variant has been previously reported in African Americans as a founder mutation of West African origin. Haplotypes analysis of seven microsatellites surrounding the BRCA1 gene highlights a shared haplotype encompassing ~400 kb between D17S855 and D17S1325. This haplotype was not detected in none of 15 healthy controls. Estimation of the age of the pathogenic variant suggested that it occurred ~1400 years ago. Our study identified a founder pathogenic variant of BRCA1 predisposing to breast cancer and enabled the establishment of an affordable genetic test as a mean of prevention for Senegalese women at risk., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of imaging examinations in the presence of acute non-traumatic abdominal pain., Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study over 6 months in the radiology and medical imaging department of the Kaolack Regional Hospital, including any patient received for acute non-traumatic abdominal pain with informed consent in whom the etiological diagnosis is supported by an imaging examination. We investigated the etiologies of acute abdominal pain and compared the imaging findings with surgical exploration. Our data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and Excel 2013 with a coefficient of significance of less than 5%., Results: 106 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 32 years and the gender-ratio was 1.52 in favour of women. Acute abdominal pain was diffuse in 25.5% of patients and localized in 74.5%, of which 18.9% were at right iliac fossa.Abdominal X-ray was performed alone in 4 patients (3.8%), ultrasound alone in 46 patients (43.3%) and abdominal CT scan in 34 patients (32%). CT was combined with ultrasound in 6 patients (5.7%) and with abdominal X-ray in 16 patients (15%). The initial clinical diagnosis was corrected in 49.1% of patients. The sensitivity of the imaging compared to the final diagnosis retained was 96.2%., Conclusion: Imaging represents a turning point in the management of patients with acute non-traumatic abdominal pain by providing better diagnostic guidance and avoiding serious complications and unnecessary interventions., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Background: Our objective was to investigate the combined and differential effects of alpha-thalassemia -3.7 kb deletion and HbF-promoting quantitative trait loci (HbF-QTL) in Senegalese hydroxyurea (HU)-free children and young adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA)., Procedure: Steady-state biological parameters and vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) requiring emergency admission were recorded over a 2-year period in 301 children with SCA. The age of the first hospitalized VOC was also recorded. These data were correlated with the alpha-globin and HbF-QTL genotypes. For the latter, three different genetic loci were studied (XmnI, rs7482144; BCL11A, rs1427407; and the HBS1L-MYB region, rs28384513) and a composite score was calculated, ranging from zero (none of these three polymorphisms) to six (all three polymorphisms at the homozygous state)., Results: A positive clinical impact of the HbF-QTL score on VOC rate, HbF, leucocytes, and C-reactive protein levels was observed only for patients without alpha-thalassemia deletion. Conversely, combination of homozygous -3.7 kb deletion with three to six HbF-QTL was associated with a higher VOC rate. The age of the first hospitalized VOC was delayed for patients with one or two alpha-thalassemia deletions and at least two HbF-QTL., Conclusion: Alpha-thalassemia -3.7 kb deletion and HbF-QTL are modulating factors of SCA clinical severity that interact with each other. They should be studied and interpreted together and not separately, at least in HU-free children., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Pathogenic variants associated with hereditary breast cancer have been reported for BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes in patients from multiple ethnicities, but limited information is available from sub-Saharan African populations. We report a BRCA2 pathogenic variant in a Senegalese family with hereditary breast cancer., Methods: An index case from a consanguineous family and nineteen healthy female relatives were recruited after informed consent. Along with this family, 14 other index cases with family history of breast cancer were also recruited. For the control populations we recruited 48 healthy women with no cancer diagnosis and 48 women diagnosed with sporadic breast cancer without family history. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. All BRCA2 exons were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Sequences were compared to the BRCA2 GenBank reference sequence (NM_000059.3) using Alamut Software., Results: We identified a novel nonsense pathogenic variant c.5219 T > G; p.(Leu1740Ter) in exon 11 of BRCA2 in the index case. The pathogenic variant was also identified in three sisters and one daughter, but was absent in the controls and unrelated cases., Conclusions: This is the first report of a novel BRCA2 pathogenic variant in a Senegalese family with hereditary breast cancer. This result confirms the diversity of hereditary breast cancer pathogenic variants across populations and extends our knowledge of genetic susceptibility to breast cancer in Africa.

Introduction: Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative relies on (i) laboratory based surveillance of acute flaccid surveillance (AFP) to monitor the circulation of wild poliovirus in a population, and (ii) vaccination to prevent its diffusion. However, as poliovirus can survive in the environment namely in sewage, environmental surveillance (ES) is of growing importance as the eradication target is close. This study aimed to assess polioviruses and non polio enteroviruses circulation in sewage drains covering a significant population of Dakar., Methods: From April 2007 to May 2013, 271 specimens of raw sewage were collected using the grab method in 6 neighborhoods of Dakar. Samples were processed to extract and concentrate viruses using polyethylene glycol and Dextran (two-phase separation method). Isolation of enteroviruses was attempted in RD, L20B and Hep2 cell lines. Polioviruses were identified by RT-PCR and Elisa. Non Polio Enteroviruses (NPEVs) were identified by RT-PCR and microneutralisation tests., Results: Polioviruses and NPEVs were respectively detected in 34,3% and 42,8% sewage samples. No wild poliovirus neither circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) was detected. Neutralization assays have identified 49 non polio enteroviruses that were subsequently classified in 13 serotypes belonging to HEV-A (22, 4%), HEV-B (12, 24%), HEV-C (26, 53%) and HEV-D (6, 12%) species., Conclusion: This study is the first documentation of enteroviruses environmental detection in Senegal. It shows the usefulness of environmental surveillance for indirect monitoring of the circulation and distribution of enteroviruses in the community.

Beside human papilloma virus infection, several genetic factors have been involved in susceptibility to cervical cancer. The arginine allele at codon 72 in p53 tumor suppressor gene has been reported to be a risk-factor in different ethnic groups. Our aim was to study this polymorphism as a risk-factor in Senegal. We conducted a case-control association study by recruiting 30 patients with cervical cancer clinically followed up in the Curie Institute in Dakar, and 93 healthy female controls without diagnosed cervical cancer. For each individual, DNA was extracted from whole blood. The codon 72 polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP. We did not find any association between the arginine allele and susceptibility to cervical cancer in our population (P = 0.354). Moreover, any correlation between the arginine allele and histological lesions was observed. Even if we did not find any correlation between the arginine allele and susceptibility to cervical cancer, p53 as a tumor suppressor gene remains a good genetic marker in tumours biology.

Sickle cell anemia does not cause martial deprivation per se, but may worsen when iron deficiency exists, notably in tropical zone where infectious diseases and malnutrition are endemic mainly during childhood. This study was aimed to assess iron deficiency prevalence among children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and to determine the best parameters for its diagnosis. In addition to classical parameters, we measured transferrine's soluble receptors which can reveal an iron deficiency, either isolated or associated to another condition since its level is not influenced by chronic anemia. Assays were carried out in 40 homozygous SCD patients, aged 3 to 18 years, having an hemoglobin level < 11 g/dL and in 30 age-paired controls assumed to be healthy and having a negative Emmel test and an hemoglobin level < 11 g/dL. The results showed hyposideremia (serum iron < 60 microg/dL) in 17.5% of the patients. Ferritinemia, transferrinemia as well as total iron fixation capacity were in the normal range for the majority of SCD patients in spite of the frequency of hyposideremia and microcytic anemia (20%). Transferrine's saturation coefficient was low in 22.5% of patients, which can be due to martial deprivation or to inflammatory status. These results confirm the limitations of usual biochemical parameters in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in homozygous drepanocytosis. Soluble receptors' levels were increased in 60% of controls; that proves that iron deficiency prevalence is high in our countries. Higher levels were found in 97.5% of patients. However, receptors' levels are increased during haemolysis, thus it is difficult to ascertain the origin of the increase, but taking into account its index value can reduces misinterpretation. In addition, considering simultaneously microcytosis, hypochromia, transferrine's soluble receptor level and its index, we can speculate that martial deficiency occurs in 20% of SCD patients, a percentage close to the 17.1% obtained by other authors using only the combination of microcytosis and hypochromia. It results from this study that associating microcytosis and hypochromia could validly assess iron deficiency during drepanocytosis., (Copyright John Libbey Eurotext 2003.)

Nephropathy is one of the complications occuring during diabetes and it is diagnosed via microalbuminuria. From 1992 to 1999, five hundred and eighty seven (587) diabetic patients were recruited and distributed into two groups, A (n = 270) and B (n = 317). Microalbuminuria was determined by immunonephelemetry for group A and immunoturbidimetry for group B. The results showed respectively 15.5% and 20.19% pathological cases in the two groups (NS). Considering the distribution of patients with microalbuminuria according to the type of diabetes, there were 16.12% type 1 and 15.07% type 2 in group A against 22.60% and 18.13% in group B; no statistically significant differences were observed either in the same group or from one group to another. These frequencies might reflect the situation in the nineties; they are lower than those encountered in other populations. Nevertheless monitoring is needed through a regular schedule to prevent nephropathy.

Nephropathy is one of the complications occuring during diabetes diagnosed via microalbuminuria. From 1992 to 1999, five hundred and eighty seven (587) diabetic patients were recruited in groups A (n = 270) and B (n=317). Microalbuminuria was determined by immunonepheletry for A and immunoturbidimetry for B. The results pointed out respectively 15.5% and 20.19% pathological cases (NS). Considering the distribution of patients with microalbuminuria according to the type of diabetes there were 16.12% type 1 and 15.07% type 2 in group A against 22.60% and 18.13% in group B ; no stastically significant differences were observed either in the same group or from one group to another. These frequencies would reflect the situation in the nineties; they are lower than those encountered in other populations. Nevertheless monitoring is needed through a regular schedule to prevent nephropathy.

The lyophilisat of Persea gratissima Gaertner almonds was administered in various quantities to eighty four rats divided in three groups of twenty eight. in the first group (negative reference group), each animal was forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water on a daily basis, in the second group (positive reference group), the rats were forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water per day, after they were intoxicated with 0,3 ml of carbon tetrachloride under cutaneous injection, in the third group (experimental animals), each animal after it was intoxicated by the same quantity of carbon tetrachloride, was forcefed on a daily basis with 14mg/100g PV of lyophilisat of avocado almonds diluted with 5 ml of distilled water. The results showed that the lyophilisat of avocado almonds have a anti-icteric activity which is reflected in the stimulation of the liver to conjugate and eliminate bilirubin, as well as hepatoprotective activity characterised by the normalisation of the aminotransferases enzymes (ASAT, ALAT) and the healing of hepatic lesions within 10 days.

Monoclonal gammapathies are detected because of clinical symptoms and biological tests confirm their presence. Wishing to investigate these diseases, we carried out a series of biochemical tests on 14 patients from October 1995 to July 1996: protein, cryoglobulin, electrophoresis of proteins, proteinuria of BENCE JONES, C-reactive protein, weight measuring of immunoglobulins (Ig), immunofixation of Ig, creatinine and calcium. The results we obtained confirmed the presence of 14 cases of myeloma with: -9 IgG myelomas with 6 kappa light chains and 3 lambda light chains -4 IgA myelomas with 2 kappa light chains and 2 lambda light chains -1 IgG kappa, Ig lambda biclonal gammapathy united to a cryoglobulin of class I. We observed a predominance of the IgG over the others Ig and the kappa over the alpha light chains. The proteinuria of BENCE JONES was present among 3 patients, hypercalcemia among 4 patients and hypercreatininemia in 1 patient with chronic renal failure.

At the Gyneco-obstetric service of the Yaounde CHU, we have studied 361 cases of couple sterility. In 38%, the man was responsible. Among these patients, less than 50% had a complete hormonal checkup. The hormonal cause of sterility was confirmed in 63 patients by static tests using the radio-immunologic method. These hormonal abnormalities were most the result of a primary testicular insufficiency (23.8%) and seminifer tube abnormalities (38.5%).